FLUIDIZED BED OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION INTEGRATED WITH CO 2 PROCESSING UNIT

Transcription

1 FLUIDIZED BED OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION INTEGRATED WITH CO 2 PROCESSING UNIT Rafał KOBYŁECKI, Artur BŁASZCZUK and Wojciech NOWAK Czestochowa University of Technology Czestochowa, Poland rafalk@is.pcz.czest.pl 18th Symposium on Fluidization and Particle Processing Nov., 8-9, 2012, Osaka, Japan

2 Oxy mode High CO 2 concentration stream is generated

3 GENERAL OVERVIEW OXYFUEL PROJECTS IEAGHG web site

4 Flue gases from oxyfuel combustion boilers are almost pure CO 2, which allows its immediate sequestration suitable for modernization of old boilers, only by addition: ASU - Air Separation Unit, CPU - CO 2 Processing Unit and FGR - Flue Gas Recirculation

5 CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS

6 The European Commission is calling for increased ambition in EU climate legislation. Brussels to argue for 25% CO2 reduction target in 2020, at least 80 percent in 2050 from 1990 level World primary energy demand over the 20 years will increase by approx. 30%. Poland plans to meet the 2020 EU emission targets by introducing atomic energy in almost equal measure with renewables as well as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Poland relies on carbon-intensive coal for more than 90 percent of its electricity Poland blocked an EU declaration on climate policies and has repeatedly said it would oppose any more stringent climate policies than those already agreed

7 National Centre for Research and Development Strategic programme (started in May 2010) Advanced Technologies for Energy Generation 1. Development of high-efficiency, zero-emission technology for coal power plants integrated with CO 2 capture 2. Development of oxy-combustion technology for pulverised and fluidized bed boilers integrated with CO 2 capture Institute is the Leader 3. Development of coal gasification for effective power and fuel production 4. Development of integrated technologies for production of fuels and energy from biomass, agriculture and other wastes

8 What are the possibilities? Pre-combustion developed under the Strategic Project: Research Tasks No. 3 Post-combustion: Strategic Project: Research Task No. 1 Strategic Project: Research Task No. 2 Source: Vattenfall Materials OXYFUEL COMBUSTION in PC and CFB Boilers

9 Propriety Relative differences in gas properties and hydrodynamic parameters λ thermal conductivity 1.0 C p specific heat 1.6 ρ density 1.7 ρc p thermal heat capacity 1.7 α convection heat transfer 0.6 D CH4 diffusion coefficient 0.8 u mf minimum fluidization velocity 1.2 u t transport velocity 0.92

10 OXYCFB: Effect of oxygen enrichment 21 % O2 60 % O2 2 CASES, 600 MWth: O2 21 %: Air combustion, O 2 = 21 %. O2 60 %: 60 % of gas fed to the CFB is O 2. The flue gas flow is 40 % from normal air combustion. Total volume reduced to 38 % m x 20.3 m x 9.4 m 45.0 m x 12.5 m x 5.3 m

11 Technology options Pulverized coal boiler CFB boiler Pressurized CFB boiler All three options are being considered in Research Task No. 2

12 Full research scale Cyclone pre-combustor CFB Boiler 154 MW t Numerical model Physical model Solids concentration distribution in the cyclone burner Measuring ports in the boiler View from inside

13 0.1 MW th CFB pilot plant Technological research scale pilot CO 2 and O 2 supply fuel supply control system

14 Pilot-plant research 0.2 MW th PCFB pilot plant 30 kw bubbling fluidized bed

15 Feasibility study CFB demo scale: CO 2 purification Case study: Tauron Łagisza 460 MW e supercritical OTH CFB boiler Flue gas channel from CFB boiler Connection to PSA installation Control room PSA installation to capture CO 2

16 PSA installation: Tauron Wytwarzanie SA Łagisza 460 MWe CFB OTH

17 Feasibility study CFB d emo scale: C C S Case study: PGE GiEK SA Turów MWe CFB MWe Compact CFB MWe new PC CO2 pipelines to geological storage Pipelines routs Pipelines shortest rout Power plant Geological structure Nature 2000,

18 Pre-feasibility study 30 MW e CFB and PC demo scale VR model integrates objects and datas from different applications

19 Understanding the population of German federal states Awareness of the Polish population N I M B Y S y n d r o m e L U L U S y n d r o m e Not In My Back Yard Locally Unacceptable Land Use N I M E Y S y n d r o m e Not In My Election Year

20 INCREASED INTERNAL POWER CONSUMPT Chalmers Univ. Technology

21 THE CARBONIZATION OF BIOMASS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CARBON SINK

22 Carbon cycle: the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans [billions of tons of carbon per year] Yellow numbers natural fluxes, red human contributions [billions of tons/year]. White numbers stored carbon

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24 Atmospheric GHG (as indicated by IPCC): H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, O 3, CFC Contribution to the GHE (taking GHG potential into consideration): H 2 O 36 72% CO % CH 4 4 9% O 3 3 7% Clouds change of Earth s albedo (the effect is being investigated)

25 Some natural methane emission sources: Natural Gas primary natural source of methane. Wetlands the largest methane producer on the planet, responsible for about 80% of the world's natural emissions. Termites believed to be the second largest producer. They produce methane gas as part of their digestive process. Wildfires incomplete combustion, and increased microbial activity caused by the increased temperatures. Animals enteric fermentation in animals stomach (cows, sheep, goats, etc. NZ case) & methane created from manure and from gas the animals belch. Hydrates CH4 gets released when there are temperature changes, fluctuations in salt concentrations and pressure changes or earthquakes more research needed!

26 Simple immediate large-scale reduction of CO 2 & other GHGs that is available today BIOMASS COFIRING no comments on the economics & boiler operation Problem Lack of proper biomass for cofiring Agromass operational problems Waste biomass not suitable directly for PC- or CFB-based power generation

27 Biomass source of zero-co 2 renewable energy Carbon sequestration by photosynthesis: carbon neutral Problem for large-scale implementation lack of sufficient resources Nowadays still mainly PC & CFBC O.K. for the time being, but some technologies cannot accept all biomass types (e.g. PC) Carbon release More agromass more problems biomass processing required Soil carbon

28 Carbon release Carbon release Electricity Soil carbon No carbon into soil

29 Environment Protection Law in Poland, The Act of Apr. 27, 2001 (D.U. Nr 62, poz. 627 ze zm. 1) The soil has to be protected & maintained at high quality The combustion of biomass no microelements and C in soil Less than 26 tc/ha degradation of the soil recultivation required The majority of agricultural soils in Poland (for the soil thickness of 25cm) just Mg C /ha ( % C)

30 Biomass processing and production of the biocarbon and storage of the biocarbon meets the same criteria as classical CCS (sequestration) However: Cheaper, Stable, No need to control any leakage, No uncontrolled GHG emission from biomass, Improvement of soil properties & productivity, Better soil permeability, Promising fertilizer. The replacement of: CUT & BURN by CUT & CHAR

31 Carbon release Pyrolysis Electricity Biocarbon sequestration: carbon negative activity (reduced emission from biomass)

32 BIOCARBON CzUT:

33 Biomass and biocarbon Various fuels similar product

34 Structure of the biocarbon Nutrient-poor soil Poor soil transformed into fertile one using the biocarbon Surface area of the biocarbon [m 2 /g] Pyrolysis temperature [ 0 C]

35 The main benefits to carbonize biomass and sequestrate the biocarbon: No combustion-associated CO 2 emission, The biocarbon increases soil fertility (better cation exchange capacity, i.e. the plants may take up nutrients more easily, The nutrients are captured by the biocarbon less are washed off by rains). Both the above mechanisms effectively increase the productivity of fertilizers and reduce the leaching of N into the water table - a serious problem of intensive agriculture, The biocarbon provides environment for the proliferation of soil microorganisms it is believed that the terra preta may regenerate itself, The biocarbon improves the soil aeration and water retention capability, The biocarbon may neutralize acid soils + may capture pollutants, The biocarbon significantly reduces the release of CH 4 and N 2 O from natural decay processes in the soil.

36 Biomass (e.g. straw), waste biomass, etc. Heat/Chill & Electricity No fermentation, No putrefaction No uncontrolled GHG & CO 2 Biocarbon N-containing agents +H 2 O Fertilizer

37 PHOTOSYNTHESIS CO 2 Increased CO 2 concentration CO 2 Gradual release of the nutrients Rain C+NH 4 HCO 3 CO 2 NH 4 + HCO 3 - Faster growth Higher yield CaO CaCO 3 CO 2

38 Test field, summer 2012 Plant: charlock Natural fertilizer Biocarbon + NH 4 HCO 3 solution

39 Enhanced biomass-to-energy and CO 2 removal cycle Photosynthesis: CO 2 absorption Biomass & Agromass: thermal treatment electricity generation & biocarbon production Biomass & Agromass: plant grow Biocarbon: sequestration

40 CLIMATE CHANGE RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY BIOCARBON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Biocarbon sequestration small- or large-scale the real chance to turn biomass business into a GHG- and CO 2 -negative industry No additional CCS plant required!!!