CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Mar. 2005,16 (3) CH 4 CH 4 N 2 O

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1 CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Mar. 2005,16 (3) , ( 1, ; 2, ; 3, ) / CH 4 N 2 O., ( ) CH mg m - 2 h - 1, mg m - 2 h - 1, mg m - 2 h - 1 ; CH 4, CH 4 CH %1 ( ) CH mg m - 2 h - 1, CH %. N 2 O., CH 4 N 2 O mg m - 2 h g m - 2 h - 1, mg m - 2 h g m - 2 h - 1, CH 4 N 2 O 302 % 128 %. CH 4 N 2 O., 500, N 2 O CH %, CH 4, N 2 O. CH 4 N 2 O (2005) S153 ;X511 A CH 4 and N 2 O emission from a winter2time flooded paddy f ield in a hilly area of Southwest China. J IAN G Changsheng 1,3, WAN G Yuesi 1, ZHEN G Xunhua 1, L I Jing 1, HUAN G Yao 1, HAN Guangxuan 2, ZHAN G Zhongjie 2,ZHU Bo 2 ( 1 Institute of A t mospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China ; 2 Institute of Mountain Haz ards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu , China ; 3 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China). 2Chin. J. A ppl. Ecol.,2005,16 (3) : By the method of static opaque chamber/ modified gas chromatography,a one2year field experiment was conduct2 ed to measure in situ the CH 4 and N 2 O emission from a winter2time flooded paddy field in a hilly area of South2 west China. Gas samples were taken simultaneously from rice2involved and rice2uninvolved plots. The results showed that during rice growth period,the CH 4 emission from the winter2time flooded paddy field was higher than that from other paddy fields,but largely lower than many previous reports for the similar regions in South2 west China. The average flux of CH 4 emission from rice2involved plots was mg CH 4 m - 2 h - 1 dur2 ing rice growth period, mg CH 4 m - 2 h - 1 per year,and mg CH 4 m - 2 h - 1 during non2rice growth season ; while that from rice2uninvolved plots was only mg CH 4 m - 2 h - 1 per year,markedly lower than those from rice2involved plots. During rice growth season,the mean emission rate of CH 4 and N 2 O was mg CH 4 m - 2 h - 1 and g N 2 O m - 2 h - 1 from rice2uninvolved plots,but reached to mg CH 4 m - 2 h - 1 and g N 2 O m - 2 h - 1 from rice2involved plots,respectively. Rice involvement resulted in 302 % increment of CH 4 and 128 % increment of N 2 O emission. There was a clear trade2off between CH 4 and N 2 O emission in paddy fields. Even with a span of 500 years,our calculation showed that in this winter2time flooded paddy field,the GWP contributed by N 2 O production was 719 % of the CH 4 contribution,and thus,the greenhouse effect of N 2 O production from this field was very small. Key words Winter2time flooded paddy field, CH 4, N 2 O, Emission rate. 1 CH 4 N 2 O. 20, CH 4 N 2 O CO [2 ]. CH 4 N 2 O 70 % 90 %, [14 ]. CH 4 N 2 O [1,5,7,11,12,30,31,33 ]., CH 4 CH 4 3 ( KZCX12SW201201B) ( , ) E2mail cerm. ac. cn ,

2 [4,6,16,17,29 ]. ( ),, hm hm 2 [19 ]., 12 %, CH 4 CH 4 45 % [3 ]. N 2 O,?,, ( E,31 16 N, 420 m)., 1713, 826 mm., (J 3 p), p H (1 215) 8113, g kg - 1, N 1122 g kg - 1, P 0154 g kg - 1, K 1714 g kg - 1, N mg kg - 1, P 7166 mg kg - 1, K mg kg m 6 m (, ),, II 162,, 15 cm 25 cm ,9 24. : 133 kg hm kg hm kg hm - 2,3, ( ). 2003, 2002,4 30,9 18.,,, mm 500 mm 500 mm, 1. 5 m, 30 mm,,., [10 ],, ;., [26,36 39 ].. 1 mm 304 K,, 500 mm 500 mm 500 mm,.,, ml 1, 10 min 100 ml, 30 min. 4.. [26 ]. ( :CH mol mol - 1 N 2 O mol - 1 ).,30 min CH 4 ( P < 0105), 89 % N 2 O ( P < 0105).,, , 9 :00 11 :00 2., F46 2 m, 40 cm., 5 cm, J M624 ( ). 4, [11,33 ]. CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 1, ( ) CH 4 ( , ).,CH 4., CH 4,, ( 2014 mg m - 2 h - 1 ), 20 d,,,, (4611 mg m - 2 h - 1 ),,.,., 3,,, [7,8,33 ].,.,,. 2003, 15 d,, 3 cm. ( ),CH 4,, CH 4

3 3 : ( ,,n = 3) Fig. 1 Seasonal variations of greenhouse gases emission rate,temperatures and water depth in paddy field( n = 3).. Rice2involved plots ;. Control plots. The same below. a) Turning green stage ; b) Early tillering stage ; c) Late tillering stage ; d) Stem elongation stage ; e) Heading and flowering stage ; f) Seed swelling and yellow ripe stage. 1) 5 cm Soil temperature (5 cm depth) ;2) Air temperature.. CH 4,. 2A, CH kg hm - 2, CH kg hm - 2,., :,, CH 4 [9,18 ] ; O 2 CH 4 [8 ] ; CH 4,, CH 4 [15,25 ], CH 4 [23 ]. CH 4, CH 4 CH %, 8612 %, [4,29 ]., CH mg m - 2 h mg m - 2 h mg m - 2 h - 1, : [6 ] 5 CH mg m - 2 h mg m - 2 h - 1 ; Khalil [16,17 ] 7 30 mg m - 2 h - 1 ; [29 ] 3319 mg m - 2 h mg m - 2 h - 1. /, /

4 CH 4 N 2 O (, n = 3) Fig. 2 Accumulative emissions and mean emission rates of CH 4 during each rice growth stage ( n = 3). A : All round a year ;B : The stage from rice transplanting to reaping ;C : No2rice growing stage ;D : Turning green stage ; E : Early tillering stage ; F : Late tillering stage ; G: Stem elongation stage ; H : Heading and flowering stage ; I : Seed swelling and yellow ripe stage..,, ;, [11 ].. CH 4,. 2B, CH 4, mg m - 2 h - 1, CH 4, mg m - 2 h - 1. CH 4, 3419 %., 2,. CH 4,, 9119 mg m - 2 h - 1, ( )., CH %. ( 9 cm),. 312 N 2 O 1, N 2 O,,.,,, N 2 O Eh, N 2 O, 266, 5 d,n 2 O, 269, 3 cm,n 2 O. 2, N 2 O 3101 kg hm - 2, 34 g m - 2 h - 1 ; 1145 kg hm g m - 2 h - 1., N 2 O 2149 kg hm - 2, 8217 %, 73 g m - 2 h - 1 ;, N 2 O 1110 kg hm - 2, 7519 %, 32 g m - 2 h - 1, N 2 O 128 %, ( ), N 2 O [20,31 ], N 2 O [7 ], N 2 O. Mosier [21 ] N 2 + N 2 O, N 2 + N 2 O, N. 313 CH 4 N 2 O 1,CH 4 N 2 O.,,N 2 O, CH 4 ;,CH 4,N 2 O.. Smith [24 ], p H, N 2 O Eh mv ;Wang [27 ], Eh mv CH 4. CH 4

5 3 : 543, CH 4., CH 4, CH 4. N 2 O. O 2, NO 3 - ; O 2, N 2 [22 ]., N 2 O O 2, N 2 O [35 ]., CH kg hm - 2,N 2 O 3101 kg hm , CH 4 N 2 O ( GWP) CO [2 ],, N 2 O GWP CH %. 100, CH 4 N 2 O GWP CO [23 ], N 2 O GWP CH %. ; 500, CH 4 N 2 O GWP CO [2 ], N 2 O GWP CH %. N 2 O,,, 500 GWP CH CH 4, CH 4 ( CH %)., CH N 2 O,. 500, N 2 O ( GWP) CH %, N 2 O CH CH 4 N 2 O, CH 4 N 2 O 302 % 128 %, CH 4 N 2 O.,. 1 Abao EB, Bronson KF, Wassmann R, et al Simultaneous records of methane and nitrous oxide emissions in rice2based crop2 ping systems under rainfed conditions. N utr Cycl A groecosyst,58 : Boucher O,Haigh J, Hauglustaine D, et al Radiative forcing of climate. In : Climate Change, IPCC Scientific Assessment Cambridge :Cambridge University Press Cai Z2C( ) Progress of research on methane emission from flooded rice fields in China. Soil ( ), (3) : (in Chinese) 4 Cai ZC, Tsuruta H, Gao M, et al Options for mitigating methane emission from a permanently flooded rice field. Glob Change Biol,9 : Cai Z2C( ),Xie D2T( ),Xu H( ), et al Factors influencing CH 4 emission from a permanently flooded rice field during rice growing period. Chin J A ppl Ecol ( ),14 (5) : (in Chinese) 6 Chen D2Z( ),Wang M2X( ),Shangguan X2J ( ), et al Methane emission from paddy fields in the south2 west China. A dv Earth Sci ( ), 8 ( 5) : (in Chinese) 7 Chen GX, Huang B, Yu KW, et al Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil2plant systems. N utr Cycl A groecosyst, 49 : Conrad R,Rothfuss F Methane oxidation in the surface layer of a flooded rice field and the effect of ammonium. Biol Fert Soils, 12 : Dannenberg S, Conrad R Effect of rice plants on methane production and rhizospheric metabolism in paddy soil. Biogeo2 chemist ry,45 : Du R( ), Wang G2C ( ),L D2R ( ), et al A study of chamber method for in2site measurements of greenhouse gases emission from grassland. Chin J A t mos Sci ( ),25 (1) :61 70 (in Chinese) 11 Ghosh S,Majumdar D,Jain MC Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an irrigated rice of North India. Chemosphere,51 : Hou A2X( ),Chen G2X ( ), Wu J ( ) Relationship between CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from rice field and its microbiological mechanism and impacting factors. Chin J A ppl Ecol ( ),8 (3) : (in Chinese) 13 Huang Y( ),Jiang J2Y( ), Zong L2G( ), et al Influence of planting density and precipitation on N 2 O e2 mission from a winter wheat field. Environ Sci ( ), 22 (6) :20 23 (in Chinese) 14 Iserman K Agriculture s share in the emission of trace gases affecting the climate and some cause oriented proposal for reducing this share. Environ Poll,83 : Jean LM, Pierre R Production,oxidation,emission and con2 sumption of methane by soils :A review. Eur J Soil Biol,37 : Khalil MA K,Rasmussen RA,Shearer MJ, et al Factors af2 fecting methane emissions from rice fields. J Geophys Res, 103 (D19) : Khalil MA K, Rasmussen RA, Shearer MJ, et al Measure2 ments of methane emissions from rice fields in China. J Geophys Res,103 (D19) : Kristin G, Ralf C Fermentation pattern of methanogenic degradation of rice straw in anoxic paddy soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol,31 : Lee Q2K( ) ed Paddy Soils of China. Beijing : Science Press (in Chinese) 20 Lensi R,Chalamet A Absorption of nitrous oxide by shoots of maize. Plant Soil,59 : Mosier AR,Mohanty SK,Bhadrachalam A, et al Evolution of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide from the soil to the atmosphere

6 through rice plants. Biol Fert Soils,9 : Parton WJ,Mosier AR,Ojima DS, et al Generalized model for N 2 and N 2 O production from nitrification and denitrification. Glob Biogeochem Cycl,10 (3) : Sch tz H,Seiler W,Conrad R Processes involved in forma2 tion and emission of methane in rice paddies. Biogeochemistry,7 : Smith KP,Wright MX,Partick J W H The effect of soil ni2 trous oxide. J Environ Qual,12 : Wang M2X( ) Methane Emission from Paddy Fields of China. Beijing :Science Press. 107 (in Chinese) 26 Wang YS, Wang YH Quick measurement of CH 4,CO 2 and N 2 O emissions form a short2plant ecosystem. A dv A t mos Sci,20 : Wang ZP Soil redox and p H effects on methane production in a flooded rice soil. Soil Sci Soc A m,57 : Wang ZY, Yu YC,Li Z, et al A four year record of methane emission from irrigated rice fields in the Beijing region of China. N ut r Cycl A groecosyst,58 : Wei C2F( ), Gao M ( ), Huang Q ( ), et al Effects of tillage2cropping system on methane emissions from year2round flooded paddy field in southwest China. Acta Pedol Sin ( ),37 (2) : (in Chinese) 30 Xiong Z2Q ( ), Xing G2X ( ), Shi S2L ( ), et al Effects of cropping systems on nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soil during the rice2growing season. Chin J A ppl Ecol ( ),14 (10) : (in Chinese) 31 Xu H( ), Zhang X2J ( ), Han S2J ( ), et al N 2 O emission by trees under natural condition. Environ Sci ( ),22 (5) :7 11 (in Chinese) 32 Xu XK, Boeckx P, Wang YS, et al Nitrous oxide and methane emissions during rice growth and through rice plants : Ef2 fect of dicyandiamide and hydroquinone. Biol Fert Soils,36 : Yagi K, Tsuruta H,Minamik K The effect of water manage2 ment on methane emission from a Japanese rice paddy field :Auto2 mate methane monitoring. Glob Biogeochem Cycl, 10 ( 2) : Yang SS,Liu CM,Lai CM, et al Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from paddy fields and uplands during in Taiwan. Chemosphere,52 : Zheng X2H( ),Wang M2X ( ),Wang Y2S( ), et al CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from rice paddy fields in south2 east China. Chin J A t mos Sci ( ), 21 ( 2) : (in Chinese) 36 Zheng X2H ( ), Xu Z2J ( ), Wang Y2S ( ), et al Determination of net exchange of CO 2 between paddy fields and atmosphere with static opaque2chamber2based measure2 ments. Chin J A ppl Ecol ( ), 13 (10) : (in Chinese) 37 Zheng XH,Wang MX,Wang YS, et al Impacts of soil mois2 ture on nitrous oxide emission from croplands :A case study on the rice2based agro2ecosystem in Southeast China. Chemosph2Glob Change Sci,2 : Zou J W,Huang Y,Zheng XH, et al Static opaque chamber2 based technique for determination of net exchange of CO 2 between terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere. Chin Sci B ull,49 : Zou J W, Huang Y, Zong L G, et al Effects of water regime and straw application in paddy rice season on N 2 O emission from following wheat growing season. A gric Sci China,2 :68 74,,1974 9,,, 6. Tel : ; E2mail com or cern. ac. cn

NO 3 N 2 O 3 3. CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Aug. 2000,11 (4) , NO

NO 3 N 2 O 3 3. CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Aug. 2000,11 (4) , NO 2000 8 11 4 CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Aug. 2000,11 (4) 577 581 NO 3 3 3 (, 100029) (, 2101280) NO,NO. NO,, NO 5 7, NO., NO,9 00 14 00.,NO, 18 00 4 00, 8 00 16 00. NO NO emission from winter