Trends in Refrigeration System Architecture and CO 2. Derek Gosselin Hillphoenix

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1 Trends in Refrigeration System Architecture and CO 2 Derek Gosselin Hillphoenix

2 Impact of Systems Architecture Refrigerants Impact on the Environment Different Types of System Architectures Energy s Impact on System Designs TCO Investing in New Technology

3 Impact of Systems Architecture Refrigerants Impact on the Environment

4 Refrigerants Impact on the Environment

5 Alternate Refrigerants Strategy

6 Pressure or Capacity Alternate Refrigerants Strategy A1 Non Flammable A2L Mildly Flammable A3 Flammable B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam. CO 2 NH 3 R HFO 1234yf HFO 1234ze? HFO+R32 Blends HFO+R32 Blends DP: DR2; HWL: N12 ARK: ARC R32 R450A (N13) R513A (XP10) ~600 HFO R448A (N40) R449A (DR33) R22 Like HFO+R32 Blends < GWP Level R134a R407C R407F R22 HFC R407A R410A R404A Qualitative Chart Not To Scale

7 Impact of Systems Architecture Refrigerants Impact on the Environment Different Types of System Architectures

8 System Architectures to Reduce or Eliminate High-GWP Refrigerants Distributed 100% HFC charge Reduced GWP w/hfo Blends Secondary Glycol or CO 2 +/-50% charge reduction with ability to use natural refrigerant CO 2 Cascade 60 to 70% charge reduction with ability to use natural refrigerant CO 2 Booster 100% natural refrigerant

9 CO 2 Secondary (Pumped) Architecture Liquid CO 2 is circulated to provide refrigeration. +/- 50% reduction in carbon footprint over traditional DX technology. Simple system design with On/Off solenoid operation for temperature control.

10 CO 2 Secondary (Pumped) Architecture SNMT2 MT CO 2 Secondary SNLT2 LT CO 2 Secondary

11 CO 2 Cascade Architecture Utilizes DX CO 2 on the lower cascade and an HFO blend-based DX system on the upper cascade. Eliminates all LT HFC s. Significantly reduces carbon footprint over traditional DX technology.

12 CO 2 Cascade Architecture

13 CO 2 Cascade Architecture

14 CO 2 Cascade Architecture SNLTX2 LT CO 2 DX cascade SNLTX2MT Combination system LT CO 2 DX cascade with MT CO 2 secondary With HFC Primary

15 CO 2 Booster Architecture Benefits of CO 2 Booster Technology HFC-free system, CO 2 only CO 2 is a natural refrigerant; GWP=1 High-quality heat reclaim opportunities Simple oil management system Electronic expansion valves in all cases Familiar components to traditional DX system Low-temp system very similar to cascade system

16 CO 2 Booster Architecture CO 2 Booster Technology Review Electronic Expansion Valves GAS COOLER AND HEAT RECLAIM LOADS Case Controllers Used to maintain the superheat at the outlet of the case/coil Can be pulse or stepper valves HIGH PRESSURE EXPANSION VALVE FLASH TANK (INTERCOOLER) FLASH GAS CONTROL VALVE TRANSCRITICAL COMPRESSORS EEV MT DISPLAY CASES MT Cases Case controllers are required for CO 2 booster design SLHE SUBCRITICAL COMPRESSORS LT DISPLAY CASES EEV LT Cases

17 CO 2 Booster Architecture Leading edge field trials with some having full adoption

18 CO 2 Booster Architecture CO 2 transcritical systems are gaining global traction.

19 Evolution of CO 2 Architecture in North America 200+ Secondary 40+ Cascade 130+ Booster More than 25 locations in California

20 Impact of Systems Architecture Refrigerants Impact on the Environment Different Types of System Architectures Energy s Impact on System Designs TCO

21 Relationship Between Energy and Global Warming

22 Continuous Investment in CO 2 Booster Technology: CO 2 Warm Climate Technologies High-pressure sub-coolers Removes additional heat after air-cooled gas cooler Requires chilled water; likely HVAC water in urban buildings (w/ 5 8% overall annual energy benefit), or from Combined Heat and Power system absorption chiller (w/ 12 15% annual energy benefit) Market ready Enables booster system operation in the highest dry bulb ambient temperatures (as does adiabatic) Adiabatic gas coolers Peak savings %; annual savings 8 12% Market ready Parallel compression systems Peak savings 12 20%; annual savings 6 8% Currently operational in R&D lab Sub-cooler PARALLEL COMPRESSOR Adiabatic gas cooler

23 CO 2 Application in a Warmer Climate Elimination of HFCs and Reduce the Carbon Footprint Energy Comparison With the Customer s Traditional R-407A System Adiabatic Condenser Applied to the System for Warm Climate

24 CO 2 Application in a Warmer Climate

25 Continuous Investment in CO 2 Booster Technology: CO 2 Warm Climate Technologies Ejector Works in combination with parallel compression PARALLEL COMPRESSOR Peak savings 15 20%; annual savings 8 10% Under development in the R&D lab Advansor has delivered a beta system, and it is operating in Europe EJECTOR Ready for U.S. beta site testing in 2016 Parallel Compression With Ejector Ejector

26 Impact of Systems Architecture Refrigerants Impact on the Environment Different Types of System Architectures Energy s Impact on System Designs TCO Investing in New Technology

27 Challenge and Focus on First Cost $ CO 2 system costs are coming down.

28 Understanding Challenges & Benefits of CO 2 Booster Systems CHALLENGES Increased Capital Cost CO 2 systems do currently cost more Driving systems cost reduction to a closer parity with HFC DX systems Cases require EEV s and case controllers Availability of Refrigeration Contractors The CO 2 booster systems are similar to traditional DX systems, but require some additional training for installation, startup and maintenance that is available through the Hillphoenix Learning Center. Impact on Energy Performance With the low critical point of CO 2 versus traditional DX systems, ambient conditions impact the performance of the systems. Adiabatic condensers and parallel compression are recommended in warmer climates. Tangible Benefits (Things we can calculate) Savings on start-up refrigerant charge Savings on refrigeration installation Savings on electrical installation Savings on case performance with EEV s Savings on energy Intangible Benefits (Things we know but are hard to calculate) Future cost avoidance of HFC retrofits Relief from leak & recordkeeping requirements Savings PM program w/ lower cost refrigerant Better quality product w/ better case controls Impact on social responsibility $

29 Supporting the Purchase of New Technology $

30 Focus on Total Cost of Ownership $

31 Focus on Total Cost of Ownership $

32 Lessons Learned Change is coming, and we need to understand our options so we can make good business decisions. New lower GWP HFO blend refrigerants provide an alternative in traditional DX refrigeration. The trend is moving to natural refrigerants globally and can be a long-term solution. CO 2 system costs are decreasing along with rapid improvement in technology for warm climate energy efficiency. $

33 Thank You! Questions? DISCLAIMER Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all toxicity data and safety measures are indicated herein or that other measures may not be required.