Chemistry in Context: Chapter 4: Energy, Chemistry, and Society Practice Problems: All Ch. 4 problems with the blue codes or answers on Page
|
|
- Matthew Burns
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chemistry in Context: Chapter 4: Energy, Chemistry, and Society Practice Problems: All Ch. 4 problems with the blue codes or answers on Page Figure 4.4 on Page 144 Annual U. S. Energy Consumption Energy and Society Energy drives industrial and economic progress; energy production and use correlates well with gross national product, life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy. Energy use has increased in stages from the earliest hominids to 2000 years ago (discovery of fire and domestication of animals) to the Industrial Revolution (use of coal) and to the present day (petroleum refining). Fig. 4.4 on Page 155 (a) U.S.A. (b) World -More hydroelectric power used in the world than the U.S. -Geothermal, wind, and solar energy sources are grouped under the Other category
2 Conservation of Energy Energy is neither created nor destroyed (First Law of Thermodynamics); it is converted from one form to another. Energy of universe is constant. Sun is the ultimate MAJOR source. Fossil fuels store chemical energy that can be converted to heat or electrical energy. Fig. 4.2 on Page 153 Definition of Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do work (W) W = applied force (f) x distance (d) Movement of an object over a specified distance constitutes work. Kinetic energy refers to the energy of a moving object. Heat Energy Heat Energy Thermal energy or heat can be determined indirectly by knowing the specific heat capacity (C H ) of the object heated and its temperature (T) that is characterized by the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. Heat (kj) = C H (kj/g- C) x mass (g) x T ( C) Temperature is commonly measured in K or C by scientists but the F is popular among meteorologist. K = C and C = ( F-32)/1.8 As heat is applied, atoms or molecules gain kinetic energy and move further apart and eventually overcome the intermolecular forces during melting and boiling.
3 Fig. 4.5 on Page 156 Schematic Drawing of a Bomb Calorimeter Units of Measurement for Energy Joule and calories are the more common units for energy joule (J) = 1 calorie One calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure liquid water by 1 C Temperature is a property that determines the direction of heat flow; heat flows from a hotter to a colder body. Units of Measurement for Energy Measure of heat or thermal energy 1 kcal = 1000 calories 1 Calorie = 1 kcal (Cal cal) Calorie = food or nutritional calorie Other energy units are British Thermal Units, ergs, & foot-pounds. Energy of fuels are usually expressed as kj/mole or kcal/mole. Combustion Chemical reaction of fuel with oxygen to form products and energy. Potential energy of reactants > than that of products CH O 2 CO H 2 O + Energy Heat of combustion refers to the amount of heat given off when a substance is burned in oxygen.
4 Chemical Reaction Atoms are rearranged in reactants to form new products with different structures; this involves the breaking and making of chemical bonds Energy is needed to initiate a reaction usually (spark plug, match). Two types of chemical reactions are classified according to the energy levels of products relative to reactants. Figure 4.6 on Page 157 Heat of combustion is negative for exothermic reaction Exothermic Reaction Chemical or physical change that releases heat. Energy required for bond breaking is smaller than the energy released by bond formation. Energy (products)<energy (reactants) Energy change (E products -E reactants ) is negative. Endothermic Reaction Chemical or physical change that absorbs energy. Energy required for bond breaking is greater than the energy released by bond formation. Energy (products)>energy (reactants) Energy change (E products -E reactants ) is positive.
5 Bond Energy (BE) Amount of energy needed to break a specific chemical bond Single < double < triple (BE trend) BE increases as the atomic number of the bonded homonuclear atoms decreases for H, C, N, and O. BE increases as the polarity of a bond increases from iodine to fluorine in their bonds to H, C, N, and S. Table 4.1 on Page 159 -Net energy change is also called heat or enthalpy of reaction ( H)( -Bond breakage requires energy (+ve or up) -Bond formation releases energy (-ve or down) Fig. 4.8 on Page 161 Activation Energy & Fuels Activation energy (AE) is the energy needed to start a reaction. Slow reactions, higher AE, poor fuels. Fast reactions, low AE, explosions result, poor fuels. Useful fuels, moderate reactions and AE.
6 Figure 4.11 page 163 Rate of Reaction Increase surface area, smaller particles (e.g. fluidized-bed power plant less pollutants) Increase temperature to overcome activation energy barrier Use a catalyst to lower AE via alternate reaction pathways. Solar Radiation as an Energy Source Plants captured sunlight via chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and cellulose. Prehistoric photosynthesis also provided plant matter that were turned into fossil fuels under extreme heat and pressure below ocean floor or sedimentary formation. Photosynthesis Energy (hν) + 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Energy = 2800 kj per mole of C 6 H 12 O 6 or 15.5 kj/g of C 6 H 12 O 6 Photosynthesis is endothermic since it requires solar energy. Provides food from crops as well as fuel in the form of bioethanol, biodiesel, and fossil fuels.
7 Respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O kj Respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis and is equivalent to combustion reaction. Energy released sustains various activities of our bodies. Properties of Coal Better fuel than wood with energy of 30 kj/g compared to kj/g). Mixture of compounds approximated by C 135 H 96 O 9 NS Si, Na, Ca, Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Hg. Anthracite and bituminous coal have more energy than lignite due to the lower oxygen %. Coal reserves are times that of petroleum; coal gasification needed. Table 4.2 on Page 166 Ethanol 29.7 Petroleum 48 Disadvantages of Coal Disadvantages of Coal Underground mining is dangerous present day > 100,000 workers killed in coal mines Cave-ins, fires, explosions, poisonous gases, and respiratory diseases. Strip mining causes environmental damage in the form of erosion. Coal is a dirty fuel and emits soot, SO x, NO x, and CO 2 (greenhouse gases). Coal cannot be pumped readily like petroleum and gas.
8 Figure 4.12 on Page 168 Oil embargo Petroleum Major energy source in US Petroleum can be more easily collected and transported than coal. Energy content at 48 kj/g is higher than that of coal. Gasoline from petroleum is the fuel of choice for automobile or internal combustion engines. Low sulfur and other elements. Figure 4.14 page 169 Refining Process Refining Process Fractions = compounds with similar properties Distillation is used to fractionate or separate fractions of hydrocarbons according to their boiling points (bp). Distillation towers allow fractions to be collected at various heights. Hydrocarbons have higher bp as their size or molecular weight increases.
9 Figure 4.15 Page 170 Petroleum Uses Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used as fuels and feedstocks for making plastics. Gasoline and diesel are used as motor fuels. Gas oil is used for home heating and as a feedstock for cracking into gasoline fraction. Lubricating oil stock (C16-C20). Asphalt and waxes (>C20 or bp>370 C) Solvents and starting materials for many products Figure 4.16 on Page 171 Natural Gas Natural Gas Major component is methane, CH 4. Heats 2/3 homes in US and widely used in gas stove or range for cooking. Compressed natural gas is used as a transportation fuel but lacks driving range and refueling stations. Clean burning fuel with little SO 2 and NO x emissions; produces 30% and 43% less CO 2 than oil and coal, respectively, on a per joule basis.
10 Petroleum Refining Cracking or conversion of large gas oil molecules (C15- C18) into smaller gasoline molecules (C5-C12) allows more gasoline to be produced from petroleum. C 16 H 34 C 8 H + 18 C 8 H 16 C 16 H 34 C 5 H + 12 C 11 H 22 &. Reforming improves the octane rating of gasoline by removing hydrogen atoms and converting hydrocarbon chains into ring structures. Cracking and reforming are carried out with catalyst to reduce energy requirements of thermal cracking. Isomers The formula C 8 H 18 is shared by 18 different structures or isomeric compounds. Isomers have similar chemical and physical properties. Octane is linear but isooctane is branched Octane boils at 125 C vs. isooctane at 99 C. Octane is susceptible to pre-ignition and engine knock but not isooctane. Fig on Page 173 Octane Rating Octane Rating Isooctane is used as a standard for measuring smoothness of engine combustion for gasoline fuels. Isooctane = 100; heptane = 0 87 octane = 87% isooctane and 13% heptane. Reform octane to isooctane using catalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir) to avoid the need for tetraethyl lead, Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 4 ; 1976 phaseout. Lead oxide emitted into environment is a neurotoxin and a catalyst poison.
11 Isomers of Octane Page a) Fill in hydrogen atoms to show C8H18 b) Any duplications of structures? c) C-C-C bond angle? d) C-C-C bond angle constant in all structures? e) Write the structural isomer of one more isomer. Oxygenated Gasolines Oxygenated additives improve octane rating and reduce CO formation. Clean Air Act Amendments require MTBE, methanol, and ethanol to be blended at 2.7% O for winter gasoline. Reformulated gasoline (RFG) with a lower % of volatile and reactive hydrocarbons has been used to curb ozone and CO pollution; RFG has benzene < 1% & oxygenate > 2%. Risk: MTBE leaks into groundwater Synthetic Gasoline Synthetic Gasoline C + H 2 O CO + H 2 CO & H 2 are referred to as water gas and used for producing synthetic gasoline (C5- C8) or CH 4. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis uses iron or cobalt catalyst. Feasible in countries (South Africa) where oil and natural gas are scarce but coal is plentiful.
12 Biomass Biomass materials are renewable. Burning wood; but trees use CO 2 and combustion generates CO 2. Wood-burning stoves are still common in developing countries. Soot particles affecting human health is generated. Ethanol Fermentation of starch or sugar by yeast C 6 H 12 O 6 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 OH +3 O 2 2 CO H 2 O kj C 2 H 4 + H 2 O C 2 H 5 OH (non-renewable) Gasohol 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline Ethanol (29.7 kj/g) has a lower energy density than gasoline (octane value of 47.8 kj/g) Agricultural interests; food vs. fuel. Acetaldehyde in smog is a respiratory irritant. Ethanol producers will gain from MTBE ban. Resource Recovery from Garbage 140 power plants in US burn garbage to generates electricity; one truckload (27,000 lb) 21 barrels of oil. Targets energy recovery and waste disposal. Japan & Germany rely more on energy-to-waste technology; 10 % residue to landfill. Rural China & India ferment animal and vegetable wastes into biogas ( 60% CH 4 ) 2 cows produce enough CH 4 for 1 family s energy needs for light and cooking fuel. Operations of a Power Plant Figure 4.23 on Page 181 Chemical energy in fossil fuels is transformed into heat energy in the boiler that vaporizes liquid water to steam for turning the turbine. The shaft of turbine is connected to a large coil of wire that rotates in the magnetic field of the generator, thereby producing electricity.
13 Table 4.4 on Page 182 Overall efficiency = 0.60 x 0.90 x 0.75 x 0.95 x 0.98 (electrical heat) = 0.34 Example: Heat needed = heat used x overall efficiency Heat used = (3.4 x10 7 kj) / 0.34 = 1.0 x 10 8 kj Mass of CH4 needed = 1.0 x 10 8 kj x 1g/50.1 kj = 2.0 x10 6 g CH4 Transforming Energy The overall efficiency of energy conversion is the product of individual steps of transformation including the efficiencies of theoretical maximum, boiler, turbine, electrical generator, and power transmission. The theoretical maximum efficiency of power plant is determined by the conversion of heat to work as given by Theo. Eff. = (Highest T - Lowest T)/Highest T = (823K - 303K)/ 823K = 63% Fuel combustion at elevated pressure helps raise the boiling point and compresses steam. Figure 4.22 on Page 181 Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Fossil fuels are limited; conventional oil reserves will last 43 years at current rate of consumption, heavy crude, bitumen, and oil shale will last another 170 years. World oil demand increasing at > 2% per year; faster increase in developing nations. Oil is a valuable feedstock for chemicals. Increase power plant efficiency to %. Increase the fuel efficiency (mpg) of cars. Require SUVs and pickup trucks to meet fuel economy standards of passenger cars.
14 Figure 4.13 on Page 168 Fig on Page 186 Regional Sources of Oil Imported by the U.S. in 2000; recent shift to Western hemisphere from the volatile Middle East Figure 4.25 on Page 187 Fig on Page 190
15 Energy Conservation Energy Conservation New designs for appliances and cars Green chemistry concepts in production. Recycling of metals such as aluminum. Energy efficient light bulbs Mass transportation Smart buildings Automation using computers
Fig Figure 4.1a on Page 138. Heat Energy. Definition of Energy. Energy, Chemistry, and Society
Energy, Chemistry, and Society Fig. 4.12 Figure 4.1a on Page 138 Practice Problems: 1, 3, 5-8, 10a, 12a, 13, 20, 22, 26, 27, 36, 46, 47, 48 Definition of Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do
More informationChemistry 500: Chemistry in Modern Living. Topic 4: Energy, Chemistry, and Society. Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Fossil Fuels
Chemistry 500 Dr. Hunter s Class Topic 4. Chemistry 500: Chemistry in Modern Living 1 Topic 4: Energy, Chemistry, and Society Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Fossil Fuels Chemistry in Context, 2 nd Edition:
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam 2 CHEM 1100 Summer School 2017 PRACTICE EXAM Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The heat of combustion of ethane, C 2 H
More informationTopic 6 National Chemistry Summary Notes. Fuels. Fuels and Combustion
Topic 6 National Chemistry Summary Notes Fuels LI 1 Fuels and Combustion Coal, oil, gas and wood can all be used as fuels. These fuels have energy-rich chemical bonds which were created using the energy
More informationIn the U.S., fossil fuel combustion provides 70% of electricity 85% of total energy. Fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO 2
In the U.S., fossil fuel combustion provides 70% of electricity 85% of total energy Fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO 2 The supply of fossil fuels is finite, and may be running out (estimates vary)
More informationCrude Oil National 4
Fuels National 4 A fuel is a chemical which burns to give out energy. When a fuel burns the chemical reaction is known as combustion. When combustion takes place the fuel is reacting with oxygen from the
More informationAlternative Energy Resources. Environmental Earth Science Rev 2018, Spds 2011
Alternative Energy Resources Environmental Earth Science Rev 2018, Spds 2011 Energy Sources Sun is the ultimate source of most energy on Earth. The Sun s energy is transferred from photosynthetic organisms
More informationESA Study Guide Year 10 Science
Then and now 1. Complete the following sentence: Questions from page 76 of ESA Study Guide Year 10 Science Fuels are substances that, when burned, turn chemical a. b. and light. energy into useful 2. What
More informationENERGY. Reading: Supplemental Text Materials Chapter 11: pages
ENERGY Reading: Supplemental Text Materials Chapter 11: pages 225-238 Energy Ability to do work Unit: Joule (J) J = (kg x m 2 )/s 2 Power Energy over time Watts (W) 1 W = 1J/s Power is energy over time
More informationENERGY. Energy. Power is energy over time. Power. Mechanical Energy. Types of Energy. Ability to do work Unit: Joule (J) J = (kg x m 2 )/s 2
Energy ENERGY Ability to do work Unit: Joule (J) J = (kg x m 2 )/s 2 Reading: Supplemental Text Materials Chapter 11: pages 225-238 Power Power is energy over time Energy over time Watts (W) 1 W = 1J/s
More informationOrder wood, Coal, Natural Gas (methane), gasoline (C 8 H 18 ), and ethanol in terms of energy content (per gram) using Table 4.3
How do we access chemical energy? Carry out chemical transformations which change the types (and strengths of) chemical bonds Why do combustion reactions give off energy? X-O bonds tend to be stronger
More informationAlternative Fuels, How to improve air quality
Alternative Fuels, How to improve air quality 1 1 1 1 1 1 Introduction Nearly one-fifth of pollution in the USA is caused by cars and trucks. Fossil fuel-powered transportation is the primary contributor
More informationAPPA 2017 Fuels 1. Energy Fuel Types Fuel consumption What fuels are we using? What are we using it for?
Barry Mielke, PE South Dakota State University Energy Fuel Types Fuel consumption What fuels are we using? What are we using it for? APPA 2017 Fuels 1 As defined by your science teacher, Energy is the
More informationName Class Date. Conventional Energy Resources
Energy Resources SECTION 25.1 Conventional Energy Resources In your textbook, read about energy resources on Earth. For each statement below, write true or false. 1. The Sun is the ultimate source of most
More informationGTL. and Edited and Revised 2016 by H M Fahmy
GTL Taken Partly from the Internet and Edited and Revised 2016 by H M Fahmy STEPS TO GET OIL FROM SEA OR EARTH SEISMIC SHOOTING SEISMIC INTERPRETATION ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES PREPARATION OF RIG DRILLING OIL
More informationEnvironmental Resources: Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources & Energy
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Renewable Resources & Energy Segment 1. Renewable Resources Are significant resources which can be replenished and reused to reduce negative environmental Are used as a
More informationA is any natural material that is used by humans.
Chapter 5 Notes Energy Resources Section 1 Natural Resources Describe how humans use natural resources. Compare renewable resources with nonrenewable resources. Explain three ways that humans can conserve
More informationName Class Date. What is an energy resource? How do we use nonrenewable energy resources? What are renewable energy resources?
CHAPTER 5 4 Energy Resources SECTION Energy and Energy Resources BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is an energy resource? How do we use nonrenewable
More informationChemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels
Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels HAROLD SCHOBERT The Pennsylvania State University and North-West University CAMBRID GE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Preface page xv Acknowledgments xvii Acknowledgments
More informationNational 4 Chemistry. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes
National 4 Chemistry Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes Success Criteria I am confident that I understand this and I can apply this to problems? I have some understanding but I need to revise this
More informationName Date Class. How do fuels provide energy? What are the three major fossil fuels? Why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable resources?
Chapter 12 Energy and Material Resources Section 1 Summary Fossil Fuels How do fuels provide energy? What are the three major fossil fuels? Why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable resources? A fuel
More informationTransportation and Air Pollution Glossary
Transportation and Air Pollution Glossary air pollution any substance in the atmosphere commonly recognized as harmful to humans or the Earth. Common air pollutants are carbon dioxide, sulfurous oxides,
More informationIntroduction to Energy
Introduction to Energy Get Energized! What are two types of energy? Energy is the ability to cause change. Energy takes many different forms and causes many different effects. There are two general types
More informationEnergy Task Cards Corrections
Energy Task Cards Corrections #1 Most of the energy we use originally came from the A) the sun #2What do you call the energy an object has while its in motion? A) kinetic energy #3Which object has the
More informationName Class Date. The statements below are false. For each statement, replace the underlined term to make a true statement.
Skills Worksheet Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS The statements below are false. For each statement, replace the underlined term to make a true statement. 1. A liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon compounds
More informationNuclear Hydrogen for Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Transport Fuels
Nuclear Hydrogen for Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Transport Fuels Charles W. Forsberg Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 Email: forsbergcw@ornl.gov Abstract Liquid fuels (gasoline,
More informationUnit C1, C1.4 and C1.5
rude oil, fuels and other useful substances from crude oil 1. rude oil is a resource from which fuels can be separated. (a) The name of the main fuel fractions and one of the hydrocarbons in each fraction
More informationEXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC. Fossil Fuels, Chemistry of Fuels. Exothermic Reaction. Reaction energy. Endothermic reaction. Energy and Chemical Reactions
Energy and Chemical Reactions Fossil Fuels, Chemistry of Fuels Supplemental Textbook Materials Chapter 11 Pages 225-238 Heat released or consumed in chemical reactions Measured in calories Food calorie
More informationFT-GTL UNLOCKS VALUE FROM NATURAL GAS
FT-GTL UNLOCKS VALUE FROM NATURAL GAS Doug Miller Michael Goff Black & Veatch Corporation Ken Agee Emerging Fuels Technology April 2017 Introduction An estimated 147 billion cubic meters of gas was flared
More informationThermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008 Chapter 2 ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS SUMMARY DR. MUNZER EBAID Dr. Munzer
More informationFossil Fuels, Chemistry of Fuels. Supplemental Textbook Materials Chapter 11 Pages
Fossil Fuels, Chemistry of Fuels Supplemental Textbook Materials Chapter 11 Pages 225-238 Energy and Chemical Reactions Heat released or consumed in chemical reactions Measured in calories Food calorie
More informationFossil, Biomass, and Synthetic Fuels
Fossil, Biomass, and Synthetic Fuels Why do we care about heat engines? Waste heat U. S. electricity generation = 1.3 x 10 19 J/y Assuming 40% efficiency = 8 x 10 18 J/y waste heat Volume Lake Superior
More informationCore topics. Core topics
Option C: Energy 15/25 hours 140 Essential idea: Societies are completely dependent on energy resources. The quantity of energy is conserved in any conversion but the quality is degraded. C.1 Energy sources
More informationUnit 2: Electricity and Energy Resources
9 9 Table of Contents Unit 2: Electricity and Energy Resources Chapter 9: Energy Sources 9.1: Fossil Fuels 9.2: Nuclear Energy 9.3: Renewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels 9.1 Using Energy You can see energy
More informationEnergy and Global Issues
Energy and Global Issues Chemical reactions Reactions that release heat are exothermic Reactions that absorb heat from surroundings are endothermic The energy involved in chemical reactions is measured
More informationEnergy Test Study Guide
Energy Test Study Guide 1. Briefly describe the first law of thermodynamics.energy cannot be created or destroyed it can change form 2. Give several storage forms of chemical energy. (Is sugar an example?)sugar
More informationRenewable Energy Options Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. Lecture-1. Prof. C.S. Solanki Energy Systems Engineering, IIT Bombay
Renewable Energy Options Solar Photovoltaic Technologies Lecture-1 Prof. C.S. Solanki Energy Systems Engineering, IIT Bombay chetanss@iitb.ac.in Contents Energy Energy Conversion processes Direct and indirect
More informationCPC field-specific training
CPC field-specific training C10G, C10L1/00-C10L1/08 José Carlos Pardo Torre Examiner, European Patent Office June 2018 Table of contents Introduction What and where to classify Neighbouring fields Specific
More information4/30/12. Chapter: Energy Sources
Table of Contents Chapter: Energy Sources Section: Section : Section : Using Energy You can see energy being used in many ways, throughout the day. Furnaces and stoves use thermal energy to heat buildings
More informationEnergy: Conservation and Transfer
Energy: Conservation and Transfer Energy: Conservation and Transfer 8.P.2 Explain the environmental implications associated with the various methods of obtaining, managing and using energy resources. 8.P.2.1
More informationIntroduction to Engineering
Introduction to Engineering Lecture 36: Alternate Energy Sources Approximate Runtime: 38 minutes Copyright Baylor University 006 1 Introduction Steven Eisenbarth, Ph.D. Associate Dean of Engineering and
More informationBiomass. The latter is not a new concept, homes and industries were, at one time, heated and powered by wood.
Biomass Energy Content Biomass Conversion of Biomass in Energy Thermochemical Processes Extraction Processes Biological Processes Waste to Energy Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) Biofuels Biomass
More informationEarth s Energy and Mineral Resources
Earth s Energy and Mineral Resources Chapter 5, Section 1, Nonrenewable Energy Resources 1) is the ability to cause change. 2) Most current energy sources that are used to generate electricity are, which
More informationPreliminary Assessment of Energy and GHG Emissions of Ammonia to H2 for Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications
Preliminary Assessment of Energy and GHG Emissions of Ammonia to H2 for Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications Michael Wang, Ye Wu, and May Wu Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory Argonne
More informationThe methanol synthesis. Antal Tungler Emeritus professzor MTA Centre for Energy Research 2017
The methanol synthesis Antal Tungler Emeritus professzor MTA Centre for Energy Research 2017 BME Contents: Introduction History of the methanol and it s uses Properties of the methanol Methanol Production
More informationUNIT 10: ENERGY ISABEL CORONADO ROMERO
UNIT 10: ENERGY ISABEL CORONADO ROMERO 1. WHAT IS ENERGY? Definition: Energy is a physical quantity which produces a change or an effect Unit: International System Joule (J) Other Calorie (cal) 1cal =4,19J
More informationENVI.5720 Energy and Environment
ENVI.5720 Energy and Environment British thermal unit (Btu) = amount of heat needed to raise one pound of water at maximum density through one degree Fahrenheit. 1Btu = 1.055 10 3 joules tonne of oil
More informationChapter 16. Energy efficiency and renewable energy
Chapter 16 Energy efficiency and renewable energy Energy efficiency Measure of how much work we can get from each unit of energy we use Improving in US but far behind Europe and Japan 43% is unnecessarily
More informationVoltage: electrical energy that is used to push electricity through a wire
Energy Resources Wednesday, March 25 th, 2015 EQ#12 Block #3 EQ: What is a KWH? How big is it? Kilo-Watt Hour, 3,600,000 J AA: If the period of a pendulum is 3 s when the bob has a mass of 100 g, what
More information2010 Culver Media, LLC 1
Alternating current Also known as AC power, alternating current is electricity that reverses direction within a circuit. The electricity we use in our homes does this 120 times per second. Appliances Devices
More informationNon-Renewable Energy Resources: How do dead things power our lives?
Non-Renewable Energy Resources: How do dead things power our lives? Life requires energy it is stored, transferred, and converted Ultimate source of energy for life the Sun For humans, our source of energy
More informationGreen Chemistry Five ways in which the Chemical industry can become Greener Changing to renewable sources Use of alternatives to hazardous chemicals
Green Chemistry Green Chemistry refers to the processes in the chemical industry that are being reinvented to make them more sustainable. The term sustain means to keep going. If we use resources faster
More informationChapter 14 area strip mining contour strip mining high-grade ore low-grade ore mineral mineral resource mountaintop removal open-pit mining
Vocabulary: Directions: Review key vocabulary, words may appear in quizzes and/or tests. You are not required to write the definitions but are encouraged to review them online Chapter 14 area strip mining
More informationChapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board,
More informationRenewable Energy Alternatives
Renewable Energy Alternatives Reasons for Alternative Energy Fossil fuels won t last forever Renewable unlikely to run out Decrease air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions Less dependent on other nations
More informationEnergy Sources. As demand increased, reliable sources were required Oil, coal, and natural gas represent
Chapter 22 Energy Sources Energy Sources As demand increased, reliable sources were required Oil, coal, and natural gas represent 90% of the world s commercially traded energy These are non-renewable energy
More informationBIOMASS AS A FUEL A Lesson Plan developed for Teachers of Agriculture This lesson plan is designed to assist teachers in guiding the learning process
BIOMASS AS A FUEL A Lesson Plan developed for Teachers of Agriculture This lesson plan is designed to assist teachers in guiding the learning process in students as they learn more about biomass as an
More informationActivity. Hydrogen for Transportation? Overview. Background Information
1 Activity 1 2 class sessions Hydrogen for Transportation? Overview A PowerPoint presentation and a short video introduce this module s focus on the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technology as
More informationFuels. N4 & N5 Homework Questions
St Peter the Apostle High school Chemistry Department Fuels N4 & N5 Homework Questions Answer questions as directed by your teacher. National 4 level questions are first followed by National 5 level questions.
More informationHydrogen- future society. From International Society of Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen - Overview Hydrogen- future society From International Society of Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen Hydrogen is not a source of energy, while solar, wind, natural gas and oil are. There are no naturally
More informationPeriod 26 Solutions: Using Energy Wisely
Period 26 Solutions: Using Energy Wisely Activity 26.1: Comparison of Energy Sources for Generating Electricity 1) Comparison of energy sources a) Fill in the table below to describe the advantages and
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SYSTEMS (ELE 210 ) Lecture 03 (Nonrenewable Energy)
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SYSTEMS (ELE 210 ) Lecture 03 (Nonrenewable Energy) COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a
More informationU. S. Energy sources over time
Energy Resources Includes food energy and sources of energy used to sustain the activities and structures of modern society Fossil fuels Alternative energy sources Hydroelectic Nuclear New renewables Earth
More informationZn(s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 e - Oxidation Anode Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 e - Cu (s) Reduction Cathode
Zn(s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 e - Oxidation Anode Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 e - Cu (s) Reduction Cathode Anode: H 2 (g) 2 H + (aq) + 2 e - Cathode: ½ O 2 (g) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e - H 2 O (l) Net: ½ O 2 (g) + H 2 (g) H 2 O (l)
More informationPETROLEUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
SECTION B PETROLEUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE People have used petroleum for almost 5000 years. The first oil well was drilled in the United States in 1859 in Pennsylvania. Since then, human life has been greatly
More informationsucceeding in the vce, 2017
Unit 3 Chemistry succeeding in the vce, 2017 extract from the master class teaching materials Our Master Classes form a component of a highly specialised weekly program, which is designed to ensure that
More informationChapter 13 Achieving Energy Sustainability. Monday, February 26, 18
Chapter 13 Achieving Energy Sustainability Module 37 Conservation, Efficiency, and Renewable Energy After reading this module you should be able to describe strategies to conserve energy and increase energy
More informationChapter 13 The Earths Atmosphere
Chapter 3 The Earths Atmosphere Name: Class: Date: Time: 79 minutes Marks: 79 marks Comments: Page of 28 The bar chart shows some of the gases in the atmospheres of Earth today and Mars today. (b) Complete
More informationBiomass. Coal. 10 Intermediate Energy Infobook Activities. Description of biomass: Renewable or nonrenewable: Description of photosynthesis:
Biomass Description of biomass: Description of photosynthesis: Ways we turn biomass into energy we can use: Who uses biomass and for what purposes: Effect of using biomass on the environment: Important
More informationWhere will our energy come from? Ch. 16. All from the Sun
Where will our energy come from? Ch. 16 All from the Sun A problem: Dependence on imported oil Cost to the economy: 350 billion dollars per year (2011 prices) Transferred to foreign (hostile) oil producers,
More informationChapter 18 Renewable Energy
Chapter 18 Renewable Energy MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Habitat loss, soil erosion, and air pollution are disadvantages of which renewable energy source? a. solar c. biomass fuel b. wind d. moving water C DIF:
More information1 Monday, May 16, 16
1 Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources Nonrenewable Energy Nonrenewable energy resources- fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels. U.S. Energy Use 13% 1% 19% 42% 25% Coal Natural Gas
More informationOverview of GHG emissions from energy generation
of GHG emissions from energy generation of greenhouse gas emissions and the contribution from energy generation Electricity generation Greenhouse gas emissions by sector Contribution from electricity generation
More informationFinal Exam Review Activity Section I Section II
Final Exam Review Activity Physics 100 May 9, 2018 Professor Menningen Section I. Answer True (+) or False (O) Name: 1. Molecules at 200 ºC have twice the average kinetic energy than molecules at 100 ºC.
More informationREET Energy Conversion. 0 Introduction. Energy. the ability or capacity to do work
REET 3020 Energy Conversion 0 Introduction Energy can be defined as: Energy the ability or capacity to do work or the property of a system that diminishes when the system does work on any other system,
More informationENERGY 1: RESOURCES. Ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
ENERGY 1: RESOURCES Ppt. by Robin D. Seamon Types of Energy Energy: the ability to do work (joules) (amt. of E to lift an apple 1m) Energy comes in many forms. FORMS of ENERGY: Thermal energy: energy from
More information3 (a) (b) Assuming ideal behaviour: PV = nrt. Density / g m 3 Energy / kj cm 3 = / = 91.0 = /8.
Answers Chapter 14 Exercises 1 (a) Solar heating, solar electricity, hydroelectricity, wind power, biomass. (b) Fossil fuels. (c) Tidal is due to the presence of the moon, nuclear fission due to presence
More informationENERGY. Crude oil, natural gas, pitch, coal, wind, water, sun (solar energy), uranium, plutonium (nuclear energy)
ENERGY ENERGY Energy is the force which generates the capacity to work In order to perform mental and physical activities, man uses energy. This energy is derived from food. Man utilizes different skills
More informationCarbon dioxide is formed during the complete combustion of octane. + 12½O 2 8CO 2... [1] Why does incomplete combustion sometimes take place?
1 Crude oil is a source of hydrocarbons which can be used as fuels or for processing into petrochemicals. Octane, C 8 18, is one of the alkanes present in petrol. Carbon dioxide is formed during the complete
More informationThe names and formulae of three hydrocarbons in the same homologous series are: Which homologous series contains ethane, propane and butane?
Q1.This question is about hydrocarbons. (a) The names and formulae of three hydrocarbons in the same homologous series are: Ethane C 2 H 6 Propane C 3 H 8 Butane C 4 H 10 The next member in the series
More informationPossible Exam Questions for Other Topics in Chemistry 10
Climate Change (first exam) Possible Exam Questions for Other Topics in Chemistry 10 1. Convert between the following terms and definitions Anthracite = the highest rank of coal harder, glossy black coal
More informationBiology 112 Introduction to Ecology. QUIZZAM Energy. Chapter Number 10
Chapter Number 10 1. Which of the following is a true statement regarding sustainable building design? 1. Construction costs are usually less than traditional building practices. 2. There are currently
More informationRenewable Energy Today
Chapter 18 Renewable Energy Today Renewable Energy energy from a source that is constantly being reformed. Many governments are planning to increase their use of renewable energy resources. This will reduce
More informationWELCOME TO PERIOD 12: CONSEQUENCES OF USING CHEMICAL ENERGY Homework #11 is due today.
WELCOME TO PERIOD 12: CONSEQUENCES OF USING CHEMICAL ENERGY Homework #11 is due today. Midterm 1 grade curve: A 29-33: 17% (of 166 students) B 25-28: 34% C 20-24: 32% D 15-19: 14% E 0-14: 3% Average score
More informationUN Climate Council Words in red are defined in vocabulary section (pg. 9)
UN Climate Council Words in red are defined in vocabulary section (pg. 9) To minimize the negative effects of global climate change, scientists have advocated for action to limit global warming to no more
More informationEnergy and Energy Resources
Energy and Energy Resources Energy Defined as the ability to do work or the ability to cause change. Two types of energy: Kinetic energy- energy of motion; anything that moves has kinetic energy, cars,
More informationGeneral Energy Use & Conservation Measures
General Energy Use & Conservation Measures What is Energy? The ability to do work (create motion or change matter) Ways to Measure Energy Joule (J) BTU British Thermal Unit amount of energy needed to heat
More informationSection V: Energy Energy Concepts Non-Renewable Fuel Sources: Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, & Natural Gas) and Nuclear Coal CO2 SO2 Clean Coal Technology
Section V: Energy Energy Concepts 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is not created or destroyed; transferred from one form to another 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy; No energy transformation is 100%
More informationNonrenewable Energy Resources 5.1
Nonrenewable Energy Resources 5.1 I. Energy Some energy resources on Earth are being used faster than nature can replace them these are called nonrenewable energy resources Most of the energy resources
More informationGASIFICATION THE WASTE-TO-ENERGY SOLUTION SYNGAS WASTE STEAM CONSUMER PRODUCTS TRANSPORTATION FUELS HYDROGEN FOR OIL REFINING FERTILIZERS CHEMICALS
GASIFICATION THE WASTE-TO-ENERGY SOLUTION WASTE SYNGAS STEAM CONSUMER PRODUCTS HYDROGEN FOR OIL REFINING TRANSPORTATION FUELS CHEMICALS FERTILIZERS POWER SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS W W W. G A S I F I C A T
More informationTorrefaction, Pyrolysis, and Gasification- Thermal Processes for Resource Recovery and Biosolids Management
Torrefaction, Pyrolysis, and Gasification- Thermal Processes for Resource Recovery and Biosolids Management Jeanette Brown, PE, BCEE, D.WRE, F.WEF,F.ASCE NEWEA-Annual Conference January 24, 2018 Presentation
More informationSUBJECT: Integrated Science TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: GRADE: 7 DURATION: 2 wks GENERAL TOPIC: The Sun As The Main Source Of Energy / Fuels and
SUBJECT: Integrated Science TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: GRADE: 7 DURATION: 2 wks GENERAL TOPIC: The Sun As The Main Source Of Energy / Fuels and their uses in the home. The Sun As The Main Source Of
More informationState one factor that makes a good fuel. (1) (b) Bioethanol is a fuel that can be obtained from the plant, sugar beet.
1 (a) Some fuels are better fuels than others. State one factor that makes a good fuel....... (b) Bioethanol is a fuel that can be obtained from the plant, sugar beet. (i) Bioethanol and petrol can both
More informationChapter: Conserving Resources
Table of Contents Chapter: Conserving Resources Section 1: Resources Section 2: Pollution Section 3: The Three Rs of Conservation Chapter 19 Section 1- Natural Resources What are fossil fuels? *Fossil
More informationLecture 1: Energy and Environment
Lecture 1: Energy and Environment Energy is a prime mover of economic growth and is vital to sustain the economy. Energy consumption is an indicator of economic growth of a nation Economic growth depends,
More informationUNIT 1 - ENERGY SECTION 1 - ENERGEIA. What Is Energy? Vocabulary. Energeia Energy is the ability or capacity to do work.
UNIT 1 - ENERGY SECTION 1 - ENERGEIA Vocabulary atom chemical energy compound electrical energy electricity electromagnetic radiation electron energy energy conversion exothermic reaction friction gamma
More informationChapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources. Monday, February 5, 18
Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources Module 34 Patterns of Energy Use After reading this module, you should be able to describe the use of nonrenewable energy in the world and in the United States.
More informationUnit 4 Energy Review. Student. 1. Which is a problem with using wind turbines to produce energy? A. Wind turbines are efficient only in certain areas.
Unit 4 Energy Review Student 1. Which is a problem with using wind turbines to produce energy? A. Wind turbines are efficient only in certain areas. B. Wind turbines occupy a small area of land. C. Wind
More informationHYDROCARBON INDUSTRIAL. Pni. Handbook of. ^m r11?* f 1 ^» La 1 J ELSEVIER. JAMES G. SPEIGHT PhD, DSc AMSTERDAM BOSTON NEW YORK
Handbook of INDUSTRIAL HYDROCARBON Pni ^m r11?* f 1 ^» La 1 J JAMES G. SPEIGHT PhD, DSc ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON NEW YORK HEIDELBERG LONDON OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
More information10 Energy Consumption. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
10 Energy Consumption Copyright Overview of Chapter 10 Energy Consumption and Policy Energy Efficiency and Conservation Electricity, Hydrogen and Energy Storage Energy Policy Energy and Climate Change
More information