Paper and Water: A Guide for Conservators
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1 Paper and Water: A Guide for Conservators Foreword from the perspective of the conservator xiv Kate Colleran Foreword from the perspective of the conservation scientist Jan Wouters Introduction Gerhard Banik and Irene Brückte User's Guide Acknowledgements xv xvii xxm xxix 1 Relevant Chemistry 1 Gerhard Banik 1.1 Basic pnnciples Covalent and lonic bonding Electronegativity Hydrogen bonding Van derwaalsforces Carbon and glucose 16 Summary 21 2 Properties of Water 23 Gerhard Banik 2.1 Molecular structure Surface tension Viscosity Volatility Aggregate states of water 34 Paper and water: a guide for conservators 2011 VII digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern
2 2.6 Dissolution. dissolvmg abihty Solubility of organic hquids in water lonic components in natural water Hardness of water Water punfication Purified water in paper conservation 52 Summary 52 Interaction between water molecules (DVD Video 2.1) 3 Dissociation of Water: Acids and Bases 57 Gerhard Banik 3.1 Dissociation of water Acids and bases The hydronium Ion (h^o" 1 ") Strength of acids and bases The ph concept The ph of salt solutions Buffer solutions - the carbonate buffer 76 Summary 78 4 Structure and Properties of Dry and Wet Paper 81 Irene Brückte 4.1 Cellulose structure States of water absorption in cellulose Gel and hysteresis properties of cellulose The structure of dry and wet paper The porosity of paper The strength of paper in relation to Its moisture content Using the paper model 113 Summary 115 The structure of paper (DVD Videos ) WH
3 5 Effect of Pulp Processing on Paper-Water Interactions 121 Irene Brückte 5.1 The native fibre Chemical processes Effect of chemical processing on fibre composition Effect of chemical processing on fibre porosity Effect of chemical processing on fibre reactivity Beatmgand refining 138 Summary 140 Effect of water on different papers (DVD Videos ) 6 Effect of Sizing on Paper-Water Interactions 145 Gerhard Banik, Irene Brückte, Reinhard Lacher and Günther Wegele 6.1 Sizing technologies Surface sizing with gelatme Gelatine sizing in relation to paper properties Internal sizing with rosin Rosm sizing in relation to paper properties Internal reactive sizing agents Reactive sizing in relation to paper properties Properties of sized paper in general 165 Summary 168 Effect of water on different types of paper (DVD Videos ) 7 Paper Drying in the Manufacturing Process 173 D. Steven Keller 7.1 Water removal in paper manufacturing Drying of individual lignocellulosic fibres Drying of the fibrous network Network shnnkage from fibre shnnkage Structural factors that control shrinkage 192 ix
4 7.6 Drying of the web in papermaking Histoncal drying of paper Rewetting and humidity response of paper 205 Summary 211 Formation of the paper structure (DVD Videos ) 8 Paper Ageing and the Influence of Water 219 Paul M. Whitmore 8.1 Major changes in paper with ageing Cellulose cham-breaking reactions Discolouration reactions The study of paper ageing Stabihzation of paper 246 Summary The Introduction of Water into Paper 255 Irene Brückte and Gerhard Banik 9.1 Humidity Humidity and paper Liquid water and paper Water transport mechamsms in paper Paper in humid environments Water introduction as conservation treatment Paper and liquid water plus wetting agents Factors influencing water absorbency of paper objects 282 Summary 285 Response of paper to wetting treatments (DVD Videos ) 10 The Rate of Discolouration Removal from Paper by Washing 289 Vincent Daniels 10.1 The nature of discoloured material in paper Paper washing compared with textile washing 292 X
5 10.3 Diffusion and mass transfer Moving discolouration out of paper Effect of paper thickness on washing rate Effect of treatment duration on washing rate Effect of temperature on washing rate Effect of previous moisture content on washing rate Effect of Surfactants on washing rate Effect of deacidification on washing rate 309 Summary 310 Methods of Controlling water flow (DVD Videos ) 11 Washing Paper in Conservation 313 Joanna M. Kosek 11.1 Background Washing pnnciples Preparatory considerations Washing treatments Immersion washing Float washing Blotter washing Suction table washing Combining washing methods Treatment evaluation 334 Summary 335 Methods of directing water flow (DVD Videos ) 12 Aqueous Deacidification of Paper 341 Anthony W. Smith 12.1 lon-exchange properties of fibres Deacidification pnnciples The chemistry of deacidification solutions The alkalinity of deacidification solutions Alkaline reserve 375 XI
6 12.6 Protective effects of alkaiine earth carbonates Specification of aqueous deacidification processes Practica! considerations Evaluating deacidification treatment 382 Summary 384 The lon-exchange capacity of oxidized cellulose Neutralization of carboxyl groups (DVD Videos 12.1 and 12.2) 13 Drying Paper in Conservation Practice 389 Irene Brückte and Gerhard Banik 13.1 Water removal in papermakmgand conservation Pnnciples of drying Effects of free air-drying on sheet dimensional qualities Preparatory considerations before conservation drying Restramt-free or air-drying Modified air-drying Restraint-drying by pressure in a Stack Restraint-drying by pressure in a Stack enforced by friction Lateral restraint-drying Restraint-drying by pressure in a Stack under enforced air flow Considerations for drying paper objects 413 Summary 414 Drying of albumen photograph (DVD Video 13.1) 14 Aqueous Treatment in Context 419 Irene Brückte 14.1 Considenng risk and benefit of aqueous treatment Focus on risk factors Consideration of scientific pnnciples in treatment decision-making Strategizing conservation decision-making 431 XII
7 Appendices 1. Physical quantities and Sl units Tables of conversion Measures of concentration Periodic table (extract) Water activity, chemical reactions and biological growth Makmg proton migration and transfer visible Simplified hygrometnc chart Hygrometnc chart Relative humidity (RH) over selected salt solutions Setting up Workshops Suggested seminar schedule Suggested seminar readings La b o rato ry s afety Suggested seminar expenments Methods for measunng the ph of paper Methods for testing the water absorption and wetting of paper Identification of the reducing properties of detenorated cellulose Testforlignin Testsfor paper additives 484 Glossary 491 Index 527 About the Authors 539 XIII
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