The practicalities of urban air quality management in large European cities

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The practicalities of urban air quality management in large European cities Martin Lutz Senate Department for Health, Environment and Consumer

1 The practicalities of urban air quality management in large European cities Martin Lutz Senate Department for Health, Environment and Consumer Protection Directorate IX, Environment Policy where are we with PM & NO 2 abatement? what have cities done? how to deal with the gap? plea for concerted action! 1

2 state of compliance PM10 Exceedance of 24h-PM10 limit value in urban areas (EEA member countries), Source: EEA,

3 state of compliance NO 2 Trend of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Berlin Concentration [µg/m³] 2004 korr Aug NO urban traffic NO2 urban traffic sites NO2 urban backround sites NO2 sites at the city periphery limit value year insufficient downward trend of NO 2 levels 3

4 What have cities done? focus for action: traffic 200 Ranking of the sources of pollutions: Number of entries where the six main sources of pollution were ranked first, second, etc. 400 Number of entries Other Natural sources Commercial and residential Agriculture Industry PM10 NO2 SO2 Benzene Pollutant Number of entries Other Natural sources Commercial and residential Agriculture Industry Source: Ranking (1 to 6) 4

5 What have cities done? stationary sources tons per year (t/a) 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 Emissions of PM 10 in Berlin for various source sectors other sources other transport road traffic (non-exhaust) road traffic (exhaust) small business house heating installations subject to licensing 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, Trend 2005 Trend

6 What have cities done? stationary sources industry, power plants investment in Best Available Technology needs proper regulation on national & EU level house heating: fuel switch district heating & Heat Power Cogeneration insulation, enhanced energy efficiency of buildings Challenge: rising fossil fuel prices trend to wood burning higher PM emissions 6

7 What have cities done? transport small scale traffic bans by banning road traffic in selected areas we were achieving a significant reduction of PM10 pollution scope: ~10% PM reduction, less for NO 2 spatial shift of pollution: no net improvement in larger cities 7

8 What have cities done? transport speed limits scope: few % reduction for PM10, ~ none for NO 2 more benefits for noise control & road safety short term action: traffic ban during episodes (e.g. Graz, Bozen, Lombardia) scope: ~5% reduction of PM10 & NO 2 peaks need exemptions for commercial traffic no reduction of long-term exposure needs lot of effort for management 8

9 What have cities done? transport renewal of municipal vehicle fleet retrofit programmes (CRT, SCR in the future) shift to Compressed Natural Gas vehicles money needed for such investment congestion charging/city toll (e.g. London, Stockholm) scope: ~10 % reduction for PM10, less for NO 2 competition with peripheral shopping malls low emission zones: durable ban of polluting vehicles (e.g. Scandinavian cities, Rome, Berlin, London) scope: ~10% reduction for PM10. less for NO 2 no major exemptions, but sufficient transition period ambitious emission criteria economic incentives for retrofitting 9

10 What have cities done? transport transport planning aim: change in modal split, less motor traffic scope in Berlin: ~10% less PM & NO 2 in 10 years long-term impact, need larger investments needs push & pull (i.e. disbenefits for motor traffic ancillary benefits for urban quality of life common precondition: common precondition: public support for/pressure on policy makers/regulator raising awareness of people for harmful effects of air pollution for their personal concern for the general and individual benefits of action transparent, easy-to-understand information on air quality and its health effects 10

11 Example: : Up-to to-date exceedances of PM10 limit value in Germany 11

12 What have cities done? is it sufficient? Compliance forecast by cities City Main source NO 2 (2010) PM10 (2005) Graz Vienna Brussels Yes Copenhagen Yes x Paris Marseille Munich, Industry n.a. NO 2 : 2 out of 9 PM10: none Berlin Stuttgart Milan Bozen n.a. x x: no exc. n.a.: no information available Amsterdam and other cities Bratislava n.a. n.a. Košice n.a. x Madrid Barcelona Industry n.a. n.a. Source: Stockholm x London 12

13 What have cities done? is it sufficient? Compliance forecast for Berlin 6, , of residents affected 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 non-attainment PM10. of residents affected ,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 Length in km Trendscenario2010 Low emission zone Low emission zone and StEP Transport Residents on roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2 Length of roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2 non-attainment NO Length in km Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone Low emission zone and StEP Transport Residents on roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value Length of roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value 13

14 Where do cities see problems? reason for inaction not specified no legal competence other no effect technical time scale costs Source: lack of legal competence: e.g. vehicle emission standards 14

15 2005 new stricter standards earlier! consistency with AQ compliance needs of new CAFÉ Directive vehicle emission standards & deadline for entry into service EURO 4 PF: denox: cars LDV HDV 3 years EURO 5 PF: denox: HDVs EURO 5 PF: denox: cars LDV 3 years EURO 6 PF: denox: HDV 5 years EP EP ~5 years EURO 6 PF: denox: cars LDV EP PM10 NO2 PM10 ultimately EP EP PM2.5 NO2 ultimately air quality standards & deadline for attainment 15 EP

16 new stricter standards earlier! needs for Euro 5/6 from a city perspective new standards should reflect Best Available Technology require particle filter to curb PM emissions require denox-technology (e.g. Selective Catalytic Reduction) would solve the problem of direct NO2 emissions both is essential for future Euro 6 for HDVs type approval needs to reflect real-world emissions introduction of new emission standards to be consistent with time-table for compliance with the air quality standards 16

17 new stricter vehicle standards earlier! launching a city initiative drafting of a resolution and position paper call for comments finalise draft resolution & paper call for support of the resolution & position paper by the city networks (EUROCITIES, POLIS, IMPACTS) by individual cities dissemination to key people in EP (rapporteurs, chairs of committees, etc.) in Council (ministers of MS governments) Commission (Verheugen, Dimas) Please tell me if your city might be willing to support this 17

Berlin s Luftreinhalteplan on the web: http://www www.stadtentwicklung.

18 Berlin s Luftreinhalteplan on the web: /umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/ Thank you! děkuji! 18

POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March Round Table on Clean Zones

POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007 Round Table on Clean Zones Problems with PM10-pollution in European cities EU-limit value Brüssel Barce lona 2002 2003 2004 Berlin Dresden Frankfurt Graz Ham burg