Review of the Ukrainian market of municipal heat supply

Transcription

1 Institute of Engineering Ecology Review of the Ukrainian market of municipal heat supply Alexandr Sigal Vilnius

2 District Heating in Ukraine boiler houses are in DH system in Ukraine nowadays, including: 28% Solid fuel fired на твердом топливе Liquid fuel fired на жидком топливе 1% 71% Gaseous fuel fired на газообразном топливе 2

3 District Heating in Ukraine (2) 640, 1,8% 195, 0,5% 3625, 10% до Below 3 Гкал/ 3,5 MW час 12% от 3, до MW 20 Гкал/час до до MW 100 Гкал/час 49% 19% , 87% от Above 100 и 116 более MW Гкал/час 20% Boiler houses capacities Heat energy produced by boiler houses of different capacities 3

4 Fuel consumption for heat energy generation (data from statistical reports) Boiler houses Power plants Specific, tce/gcal 0,1666 0,1662 Annual, million of tce 7,26 15,92 According to the Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine, specific fuel consumption for heat energy generation at present is 166,6 kg of coal equivalent/gcal which corresponds to the boilers integral efficiency of 85,8%. In 2004, capability of energy efficiency increasing in heat production was equal to the difference between 170 and 150 kg of coal equivalent/gcal. It means that during the last 12 years we have realized 25% of this capability. 4

5 District Heating in Ukraine (3) of boiler houses actually operate in municipal DH systems of Ukraine with annual gas consumption 6-8 billion m 3. Coupled with individual heating annual gas consumption, general consumption is billion m 3. In total, population consumes 17 billion m 3 per year for heating and hot water supply. Heat distribution networks length is more than 31 thousand kilometers in two-pipe calculus, including 4,8 thousand kilometers old and dilapidated. Actual losses of heat energy are up to 40%, while statutory ones are 13%. According to official statistic, losses in period since 2004 to 2010 increased from 11,0 to 13,9%, those difference is more than 25%. 5

6 District heating in EU and Ukraine Share of district heating, % Iceland Latvia Denmark Lithuania Ukraine Estonia Poland Finland Sweden Slovakia Czech Republic Romania Austria Slovenia Germany France Italy Norway 6

7 Energy losses in the whole fuel cycle Production and preparation of fuel 22-32%; Chemical underburning 1.5-2%; Mechanical underburning 5%; Flue gases 8-25%; Total output from the boiler 50% Networks losses 8-25%; Local consumption losses 25-30%. USEFUL USAGE 10-20% (Usually considered 20+32=52%) 7

8 The possibility and feasibility of boiler s modernization in Ukraine Quantity, pcs Small capacity boilers, 0,1-1 MW various Boilers, total Boilers operating more than 20 years Boilers requiring replacement 8

9 The possibility and feasibility of boiler s modernization in Ukraine Quantity, pcs Medium capacity boilers, 1-10 MW various Boilers, total Boilers operating more than 20 years Boilers requiring replacement 9

10 Boiler capacity The possibility and feasibility of boiler s modernization in Ukraine Type of the boiler Total Quantity Need to be modernized Efficiency increasing, % Decreasing of natural gas consumption, million m 3 /year 1 unit All units Large capacity, MW Medium capacity, MW Small capacity, 0,1..1 MW PTVM-100 PTVM-50 TVG-8 TVG-8m KVG-7,56 KVG ,2 3 1,1 0, , ,6 NIISTU-5 and others ,

11 The results of the overall monitoring of the technical state of НИИСТУ-5 boilers existing in district heating system of Ukraine кількість, од. Pcs by region Operating over 20 years pcs Operating less than 20 years 1832 pcs, Modernized pcs Mm 3 of natural gas could be saved after modernization

12 Emissions of nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere From stationary sources, total: NO tons; NO tons; Municipal district heating tons of NO or more than tons of NO 2 (including oxidized). Together with individual heating up to tons of NO 2. Power plants: NO х tons; From mobile sources: tons. 12

13 The possibility and feasibility of small capacity boilers modernization in Ukraine Efficiency of the old boilers < 80% Efficiency of the modern boilers > 92% Number of small capacity boilers ~ pcs Subject to priority replacement ~ 7200 pcs Reduction of natural gas consumption ~ 230 million m 3 /year Annual cost savings ~ $100 million/year The total capital investments (including project work, installation and commissioning of the new equipment) ~ $200 million Estimated payback period 2 years 13

14 The possibility and feasibility of medium capacity boilers modernization in Ukraine Efficiency of the old boilers % Efficiency of the modem boilers % Number of small capacity boilers 4818 pcs Subject to priority replacement 1439 pcs Reduction of natural gas consumption ~ 250 million m 3 /year Annual cost savings ~ $75 million/year The total capital investments (including replacement of the burners, automation, replacement of convective heating surfaces) ~$132million Estimated payback period 1,8 years 14

15 Priority measures for modernization of small capacity boilers Small capacity boilers (НИИСТУ-5, etc.) may be divided into 3 groups: Operating as the main equipment in basic mode; Operating in peak mode; Backup boilers. Basic boilers should be replaced with modern ones, while peak boilers should be modernized. For backup boilers it is advisable to reconstruct them for usage of coal. Saving of natural gas could be 110 Mm 3, with capital investments about $15M. 15

16 Potential for natural gas saving Replacement of boilers, 5% Total gas consumption after implementing of the measures, 53% Replacement of pipes, 3% Heat utilization, 2% Individual heat units for communal buildings, 4% Individual heat units for administrative buildings, 5% Modernization of heat source, 4% (incl. automation 1,5%, replacement of burners 1%) Insulation of buildings, 24% 16

17 Potential for natural gas replacement Using coal instead of gas in НИИСТУ-5 boilers, 5% Waste incineration, 9% Biomass, 6% Total gas consumption after implementing of the measures, 56% Electric heating, 14% Heat pumps, 29% 17

18 Potential for natural gas saving and replacement Modernization of heat sources, 2% Individual heat unit for administrative buildings, 2% Individual heat unit for communal buildings, 1% Heat utilization, 1% Using coal instead of gas in НИИСТУ boilers, 1% Total gas consumption after implementing of the measures, 21% Waste incineration, 6% Biomass, 3% Electric heating, 19% Replacement of pipes, 1% Replacement of boilers, 2% Insulation of buildings, 21% Heat pumps, 18% 18

19 Required capital investments Replacement of boilers, $1B (2%) Replacement of pipes, 62,4 $7,8B (14%) Electric heating $0,65B (1%) Biomass $0,25B (0,4%) Using coal instead of gas in НИИСТУ boilers, $0,015B (0,03%) Heat pumps, $11,3B (20%) Waste incineration $6,375B (11%) Insulation of the buildings, $20B (36%) Heat utilization, $0,25B, (0,4%) Individual heat units for administrative buildings, $6,25B (11%) Individual heat units for administrative buildings, $1,95B (3%) Modernization of heat sources $0,58B (1%) Total value of required capital investments is $56,8B. 19

20 Specific cost of implementation of leastcost measures for natural gas saving 12 Specific cost of the measure, thousand USD/thousand m³ of saved gas Using coal instead of gas in Перевод котлов НИИСТУ-5 на уголь НИИСТУ boilers Using biomass Сжигание биомассы Heat utilization Установка теплоутилиз аторов Electric heating Электроотоп ление Replacement of boilers Замена котлов Modernization of heat sources Модернизац ия теплоисточн иков 20

21 The payback period for implementation of measures for natural gas saving 15 Payback period, years Using coal instead of gas in Перевод котлов НИИСТУ-5 на уголь НИИСТУ boilers Using biomass Сжигание биомассы Modernization of heat Модернизац ия теплоисточн иков sources Electric heating Электроотоп ление Heat utilization Установка теплоутилиз аторов Replacement of the boilers Замена котлов Individual heat units for administrative buildings Установка ИТП (админздани я) Heat pumps Электроотоп ление с тепловыми насосами Waste incineration Сжигание мусора 21

22 Estimation of the possibility to replace natural gas with biomass For the use of biomass in cities it is expedient to install mini-chp with capacity of at least 10 MW, and only if additional biofuel remains - install small biomass fired heating boilers. In DH of Ukraine the possibility exists to replace 1750 small gas boilers by ones combusting biomass: Straw Wood waste Peat Natural gas saving ~ 840 million m 3 /year 22

23 Possibilities to use low-calorific gas: SER of metallurgical and coke production; Accompanying oil gas; Landfill gas; Biogas from food industry, municipal waste water, etc; Coal mine methane 23

24 Possibilities to recuperate waste heat: For boilers with over 6 Mw capacity, it is advisable to install heat utilizers. Programme for installation of 4000 HU units for DH system is created, including: Priority installation of 1800 HU units. Implementation of the Programme will annually save about 500 Mm 3 of gas and has a payback period of about 2 years. 24

25 CHP plants working on municipal solid waste Ukraine annually produce about 14 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW). Its calorific value is 11.8 MJ/kg. The use of the MSW energy potential through the implementation of CHP plants working on MSW will speed up solution of energy, environmental and social problems. Attraction of investment for the construction of CHP plants working on MSW in all cities of Ukraine with population over 700 thousand is advisable. This will save up to 0.5 billion m 3 /year of natural gas. Payback period of CHP working on MSW is about 8 years. 25

26 Measures for using MSW, electricity and peat Electricity The use of electricity may be increasingly important as Ukraine plans to increase electricity sales abroad, hence the result is the ability to use a larger amount of electricity through the night tariff. The limiting factor is the economic policy. MSW The limiting factor of using waste as a fuel is lack of financial resources in the form of large investments with a term of return of about 8-9 years (long-term loans). Peat The use of peat is an essential resource. Transportation of peat is impractical; gasification at the peat production site and construction of pipelines to supply low-calorific gas to the city is suitable. 26

27 Our experience in combustion of low-calorific gas (biogas) in the existing boilers 27

28 The burner working on biogas in the DKVR-6,5/13 steam boiler 28

29 Combustion of biogas and natural gas in the DKVR 6.5/13 boiler Concentration of NО x while combustion of: 1 natural gas; 2 biogas (СН 4 :СО 2 = 60:40) The maximum temperature of the flame depending on the CO2 content in fuel (gas) 29

30 Characteristics of biogas from different sources Biogas from Kiev sewage plants Biogas from a dairy farm Biogas from distillery CH 4 66,2 % C 2 H 6 0,66 % C 3 H 8 0,25 % C 4 H 10 0,04 % C 5 H 12 0,25 % CO 2 28,3 % H 2 1,39 % H 2 S 0,03 % N 2 2,88 % Q р н 5970 Kcal/m 3 ρ г 1,1 kg/nm 3 CH 4 51,2 % CO 2 46,35 % H 2 S 0,18 % N 2 2,27 % Q р н 4400 Kcal/m 3 ρ г 1,3 kg/nm 3 CH 4 69,3 % CO 2 30,2 % O 2 0,3 % N 2 0,2 % Q р н 5940 Kcal/m 3 ρ г 1,1 kg/nm 3 Influence of CO 2 content on the normal propagation velocity of the flame 30

31 Distillery in Moscow region. Flare for burning biogas and actual burning of biogas in DKVR 10/13 boiler 31

32 Distillery in Moscow region 8 tanks. Discharge of biogas up to 38 thousand m 3 /day. Temperature t = 40 ºC. Composition: CH 4 = 69%; CO 2 = 28%; H 2 = 1%; H 2 S = 0,15%; H 2 O = 0,3%; other=1,55% 32

33 Luzhany distillery Biogas reactor Biogas measurement unit 33

34 Luzhany distillery Steam boiler with installed burner for combined combustion of natural gas and biogas: 1 biogas pipeline; 2 natural gas pipeline. 34

35 Burner for combined combustion of natural gas and biogas Biogas Natural gas Air Air 1. Air duct; 2. Body; 3. Biogas ring collector; 4. Biogas nozzles; 5. Blades; 6. Biogas duct; 7. Natural gas ring collector; 8. Natural gas duct; 9. Natural gas nozzles; 10. Embrasure. 35

36 Burner for combustion of biogas 36

37 Flare for emergency combustion of biogas, diary farm, Kiev region 37

38 Flare for emergency combustion of biogas, diary farm, Kiev region 38

39 Current and regulatory concentrations of toxic substances in emissions Solid particles Actual average emissions Actual regulatory standard Standard according to the Directive 2010/75/EU Actual average emissions Actual regulatory standard Standard according to the Directive 2010/75/EU Actual average emissions Actual regulatory standard for solid fuel Actual regulatory standard for gaseous fuel Standard according to the Directive 2010/75/EU (solid) Standard according to the Directive 2010/75/EU (gas) 39

40 Two-stage burner for combustion of natural gas with reduced NO x emissions Natural gas 40

41 Scheme of burner with recirculation gases feeding into fuel (natural gas) air recirculation gases natural gas 41

42 Burner (10 MW capacity) capable to operate at a small load for staged combustion of natural gas Natural gas for small load burner Natural gas Air Secondary air Air 42

43 Reconstruction of the convective heating surface 43

44 Secondary emitting elements 44

45 Structure of torch inside fire-chamber Without emitter With emitter 45

46 Scheme of co-operation of boilers on solid and gaseous fuels (patented) Allows to fire solid fuel (leafs, wood, straw, etc.) directly at the city territory Solid fuel (wood, straw, peat) Flue gases Air Natural gas Air 1 solid fuel boiler; 2 dust cyclone; 3 mixing device; 4 gas burner; 5 gas boiler; 6 convective packages; 7 smoke exhauster; 8 chimney 46

47 Centrifugal filter for gas treatment for energy-intensive industries Number of canals in the filter, n Сapture ratio

48 Centrifugal filter for gas treatment for energy-intensive industries (2) 48

49 Modern system for dust removal Institute of engineering ecology together with Dr. Pranas Baltrėnas e.a. from Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) has developed and patented the modern system of cyclone separator for high efficient dust removal. This system could be used for boilers working on biomass Parameter Cyclone СИОТ 9 Our system ЦФ Gas flow rate, m 3 /h Temperature, 0 С Median diameter of the dust, microns 11 7,2 Speed in the inlet pipe, m/s - 14,3 Speed inside filter, m/s - 1,13 Hydraulic resistance, Pa; Inlet concentration, mg/m 3 ; Outlet concentration, mg/m 3 ; Capture ratio, η (%) 69 97,8 Dust loss ratio, Е (%) 31 2,2

50 Demonstration of new system 50

51 Thank you for attention! Dr.-Ing. Alexandr Sigal, Member of Building academy of Ukraine, Director of Institute of engineering ecology, Kiev, Ukraine t: ( ) t/f: ( ) W-site: 51