Water Supply and Conveyance Systems. "Pure water is the best of gifts that man to man can bring"

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Richard Fowler
6 years ago
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stress will increase in many areas by 2025 due to growing water

1 billion of the poorest people in our world lack the most

stress / physical water scarcity / economic water scarcity From

clothes, to generate electricity, to distinguish fire, to

..... Domestic water usage aquaculture / domestic / industrial

thermoelectric power Homa aqueduct from ancient water

1 "Pure water is the best of gifts that man to man can bring" Technical English - II 8 th week Supply and Conveyance Systems stress will increase in many areas by 2025 due to growing water use and rising temperatures. 1.1 billion of the poorest people in our world lack the most basic stuff of life: safe drinking water water demand / water stress / physical water scarcity / economic water scarcity From ancient times humans have tried to manage G water and to bring it to their homes. to stay alive, to grow vegetables, to clean our body and clothes, to generate electricity, to distinguish fire, to process industrial activities Domestic water usage aquaculture / domestic / industrial / irrigation / livestock / mining & oil / public supply / thermoelectric power Homa aqueduct from ancient water conveyance system of Side. This picture was taken in 1980, during the construction site visit, which was arranged for civil engineering students, of Oymapınar Dam at the Manavgat River Basin, in Antalya region. 1

2 Rock-cut Canals Kırkçeşme supply system in Istanbul Foca (Phocea) 2 nd Century AD Elaiussa Sebaste probably between 1 st and 2 nd Century AD Side 2 nd Century AD Mağlova aqueduct L=248m, h=35m 1564 AD Topuz dam, h=10m 1620 AD Güzelce aqueduct h=32m 1563 AD Topuzlu dam, h=16m 1750, 1786 AD Selimiye Mosque, in Edirne Süleymaniye Mosque, in Istanbul Collection water from source Conveyance through to drainage Purification Fountains, as the last point of water distribution systems, displayed during the especially Ottoman periods a fine combination of architectural art beyond their usual functions. Distribution Treatment Wastewater Removal watershed / reservoir / water supply / water collection & purification & distribution 2

Resources Fresh Surface Groundwater Rivers Lakes

Springs Sea Salt or Brackish Brackish Rivers & Lakes

wells / brackish water The Dumanlı spring, now

the Oymapınar Dam, had an estimated mean discharge of

in the world issuing from a single opening.

springs 97% of the water is salt water, and is found in

on which we depend Approximately three-fourths of the

But, how much fresh and clean water is useable?

water / brackish water / salt water / salinity range /

advection / precipitation / runoff / infiltration

3 Resources Fresh Surface Groundwater Rivers Lakes Rainwater Natural Springs Wells Oceans Rivers Lakes Springs Sea Salt or Brackish Brackish Rivers & Lakes surface water / groundwater / rainwater / springs / wells / brackish water The Dumanlı spring, now submerged by 120 m of water after the construction of the Oymapınar Dam, had an estimated mean discharge of 50 m 3 /sec making it possibly the largest karst spring in the world issuing from a single opening. water resources / oceans / lakes / ponds / rivers / springs 97% of the water is salt water, and is found in the oceans of the world 3% of the water is fresh water on which we depend Approximately three-fourths of the earth is water. But, how much fresh and clean water is useable? available water budget / availability / usability fresh water / brackish water / salt water / salinity range / ppt (parts per thousand) evaporation / condensation / advection / precipitation / runoff / infiltration ground water table /evaporation / transpiration / condensation / precipitation rain / snow/ surface runoff / infiltration / percolation / stream flow / swamp 3

4 Spring Aslantaş dam (Energy + Irrigation + Flood c.) Lake Spring water; A historical water collection chamber in Alabanda, Çine, Aydın Well Keban dam (Energy + Flood control) Dam Rivers Balçova dam ( Supply) lake / dam / spring / river / well / weir / intake structure / sluice gate / impervious irrigation / hydropower / energy / flood control / recreation / navigation / fish breading Profile and Typical Cross-Sections of a Supply Conduit Lined canal Canals Conduits Pipes large diameter reinforced concrete pipes water conveyance / lined canal / conduit / pipe conduit / lined canal / grade tunnel / pressure tunnel / cut-and-cover tunnel / siphon SAMSUN WATER PURIFICATION PLANT flocculation&coagulation / softening / settling / recarbonation / filtration / chlorination 4

The term water distribution can refer to any system that transports water from a source to a user and the system are intended to deliver water at all times.

These systems vary greatly in size and complexity from systems with only a handful of pipes to those with millions of components and from pipes only a few inches in diameter to pipes that a human can

Because individual components of system can fail water distribution are designed with a great deal of redundancy so that the system can perform adequately even some individual components are out of

useful storage / inlet / outlet / drain / overflow / elevated tank / service reservoir water distribution / closed pipes / pipe and components / redundancy / adequately distribution systems are

While water source development and water treatment may be more visible components of an overall water supply system, the water distribution system often represent the largest capital investment for

The major portion of water distribution systems is buried underground and is not fully understood or appreciated by customers who simply know that when they open the tap water comes out.

5 The term water distribution can refer to any system that transports water from a source to a user and the system are intended to deliver water at all times. It will refer to systems of closed pipes flowing full water to municipal, industrial and fire protection customers. These systems vary greatly in size and complexity from systems with only a handful of pipes to those with millions of components and from pipes only a few inches in diameter to pipes that a human can easily walk through. system are constructed provide water in sufficient quantity to user at an suitable pressure and quality as economically as possible. Because individual components of system can fail water distribution are designed with a great deal of redundancy so that the system can perform adequately even some individual components are out of service. useful storage / inlet / outlet / drain / overflow / elevated tank / service reservoir water distribution / closed pipes / pipe and components / redundancy / adequately distribution systems are constructed and operated by water utilities which may be owned by a public entity but operated by private firms under some contractual arrangement. While water source development and water treatment may be more visible components of an overall water supply system, the water distribution system often represent the largest capital investment for utility. According to studies distribution systems generally account for more than 80 percent of the capital associated with water utility investment. The major portion of water distribution systems is buried underground and is not fully understood or appreciated by customers who simply know that when they open the tap water comes out. However there are numerous components that must work together to deliver water. public entity / private firms / capital investment / buried pipes / tap water KOZANOĞLU, C. Award Winning Precast Concrete Tower Concrete International, American Concrete Institute, U.S.A., Sept precast concrete water tower Dispersion of seeds (by birds) Struggle to survive (by plants) Disregard of maintenance (by human beings) pump station Pump stations pump an several million liter of clean drinking water each day by using water network consists of several kilometers of transmission and distribution mains in the service areas. pump station / transmission and distribution water main water main / service pipes / fitting / valve / meter 5

Domestic (sanitary) wastewater: Wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional, and similar facilities Industrial wastewater: Wastewater in which industrial waste

6 Domestic (sanitary) wastewater: Wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional, and similar facilities Industrial wastewater: Wastewater in which industrial waste predominate Infiltration/inflow(I/I): Infiltration is extraneous water that enters the sewer system through leaking joints, cracks, and breaks, or porous walls. Inflow is storm water that enters the sewer system from storm drain connections, roof leaders, or through manhole covers Storm water: Runoff resulting from rainfall and snowmelt. sewer / storm sewer /combined sewer overflow / treated water / influent / effluent sanitary / domestic / predominate / infiltration / leaking joints / porous /snowmelt Solids - ion, molecule, colloidal, suspended solids, etc. Biodegradable Organics -proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. They are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), and COD (chemical oxygen demand) Refractor Organics - Surfactants, phenols, and agricultural pesticides Priority Pollutants - Carcinogenic and toxic organic and inorganic compounds Pathogens - Pathogenic organisms Nutrients - Nitrogen and Phosphorus, along with carbon Heavy metals - from commercial and industrial activities Dissolved organics - calcium, sodium, and sulfate as a result of water use Proteins 65% 99.9% Fats 15% Domestic Sewage Organics 70% Solids 0.1% Inorganics 30% Carbohydrates 25% Metals 15% Salts 35% Grit 50% colloidal / biodegradable / refractor / carcinogenic / nutrients / dissolved organics domestic sewage /organic / inorganic/ proteins / fats / carbohydrates / grit Physical Residue settle able, suspended and dissolved solids, Temperature Color & Odor Chemical Inorganic ph, Nutrients, Toxicity Organics phenols, oxygen demands (TOC, BOD, COD) Wastewater plants for municipalities are usually designed for a flow rate that will occur from 10 to 25 years in the future. This requires a population projection for the design period and estimate of the wastewater flow per capita for the future period. For industries, projection is 5 to 10 years. Because industries prefer stagewise expansions due to uncertainty of the future market and less initial expense. residue / temperature / color & odor / inorganic / nutrients / toxicity / organics population projection / design period / floe per capita / stagewise / uncertainty 6

Coarse debris screen A mixer in treatment facility

& grit removal / aeration / disinfection Monitoring

(at least two) Influent Before disinfection After

Samples Composite Samples Automated sampling pump

period / water consumption Households water

measurements (short and long tem measurement

Households water consumption (liters per capita per

/ discharge rate period / water consumption

capita worldwide in 2013, by select country (in

q i n In Turkey, water consumption in municipal

on 2014 TUIK data) period / water consumption 2)

lift / head losses / suction head / pump head /

7 Coarse debris screen A mixer in treatment facility basin wastewater / coarse debris / screening / sand & grit removal / aeration / disinfection Monitoring room Sampling locations of sewage treatment plants (at least two) Influent Before disinfection After disinfection Effluent Automated sampling Grab Samples Composite Samples Automated sampling pump estimated growth & population / census data / design period / water consumption Households water consumption (liters per capita per day) Field measurements (short and long tem measurement devices) Determining; Available water resources Households water consumption (liters per capita per day) water demand / field measurements / water depth / discharge rate estimated growth & population / census data / design period / water consumption Information source: Annual water consumption per capita worldwide in 2013, by select country (in cubic meters) Network Design 1) Head losses H i = k.q i n In Turkey, water consumption in municipal areas is about 200 liters per person per day (Based on 2014 TUIK data) estimated growth & population / census data / design period / water consumption 2) Continuity at joints Q outflows = Q inflows static lift / head losses / suction head / pump head / efficiency / pump power 7

Cast Iron (CI) Pipes Steel Pipes Galvanized

Polythene (PVC, CPVC, or HDPE) Concrete Pipes

!...) PVC (stand for polyvinyl chloride) CPVC

HDPE (stands for high-density polyethylene)

1728 Hamuşan fountain and water balance tower

must protect our values and our cultural

8 Cast Iron (CI) Pipes Steel Pipes Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes Copper/Brass Pipes Plastic or Polythene (PVC, CPVC, or HDPE) Concrete Pipes Asbestos Pipes (?!...) PVC (stand for polyvinyl chloride) CPVC (stands for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) HDPE (stands for high-density polyethylene) Large diameter pipes are generally used for major water supply works. The fountain of Sultan Ahmet III, built in 1728 Hamuşan fountain and water balance tower (su terazisi) in Istanbul (above right) We must protect our values and our cultural heritages cast & galvanized iron / steel / iron / copper / brass / polythene / concrete / asbestos Trevi fountain in Rome 8

Hydrology and Water Quality. Water. Water 9/13/2016. Molecular Water a great solvent. Molecular Water

Hydrology and Water Quality. Water. Water 9/13/2016. Molecular Water a great solvent. Molecular Water Hydrology and Water Quality Water Molecular Water Exists as an equilibrium But equilibrium altered by what is dissolved in it Water Molecular Water a great solvent In reality, water in the environment