Sustainable Construction

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3 Sustainable Construction

5 Sustainable Construction Green Building Design and Delivery Third Edition Charles J. Kibert JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

6 Cover image: Photo courtesy of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Cover design: Andrew Liefer This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright ª 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at For more information about Wiley products, visit Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Kibert, Charles J. Sustainable construction : green building design and delivery / Charles J. Kibert. 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN (cloth); ISBN (ebk); ISBN (ebk); ISBN (ebk);isbn (ebk); ISBN (ebk) 1. Sustainable buildings United States Design and construction. 2. Green technology United States. 3. Sustainable architecture. I. Title. II. Title: Green building design and delivery. TH880.K '6 dc Printed in the United States of America

7 For Charles, Nicole, and Alina, and in memory of two friends and sustainability stalwarts, Ray Anderson and Gisela Bosch

9 Contents Foreword Preface xiii xv Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1 The Shifting Landscape for High-Performance Buildings 3 Sustainable Development and Sustainable Construction 6 The Vocabulary of Sustainable Development and Sustainable Construction 7 Sustainable Design, Ecological Design, and Green Design 10 Rationale for High-Performance Green Buildings 12 State and Local Guidelines for High-Performance Construction 13 Green Building Progress and Obstacles 14 Book Organization 16 Trends in High-Performance Green Building 16 Case Study: Kroon Hall, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 22 Summary and Conclusions 25 Notes 25 References 27 Part I Green Building Foundations 29 Chapter 2 Background 33 Ethics and Sustainability 35 Basic Concepts and Vocabulary 43 Major Environmental and Resource Concerns 52 The Green Building Movement 60 Case Study: OWP 11, Stuttgart, Germany 70 Summary and Conclusions 72 Notes 73 References 76 vii

10 viii Contents Chapter 3 Ecological Design 79 Design versus Ecological Design 80 Historical Perspective 82 Contemporary Ecological Design 88 Key Green Building Publications: Early 1990s 89 Key Contemporary Publications about Ecological Design 92 Future Ecological Design 97 Thermodynamics: Limits on Recycling and the Dissipation of Materials 104 Thought Piece: Regenerative Development and Design: Working with the Whole by Bill Reed 109 Summary and Conclusions 111 Notes 111 References 112 Part II Assessing High-Performance Green Buildings 115 Chapter 4 Green Building Assessment 119 Major Green Building Assessment Systems Used in the United States 121 International Building Assessment Systems 123 BREEAM CaseStudy: AHVLA Stores Building, Weybridge, United Kingdom 127 Green Star Case Study 133 Thought Piece: Shifting Emphasis in Green Building Performance Assessment by Raymond J. Cole 138 Summary and Conclusions 141 Notes 141 References 142 Chapter 5 The US Green Building Council LEED Building Rating System 143 Brief History of LEED 144 Structure of the LEED Suite of Building Assessment Systems 145 LEED Credentials 146 The LEED Process 147 LEED Categories 152 Case Study: The Heavener Football Complex, University of Florida, Gainesville 169 Summary and Conclusions 173 Notes 173

11 Contents ix Chapter 6 The Green Globes Building Assessment System 175 The Green Globes Process 176 Green Globes Verification and Certification 177 Structure of the ANSI/GBI Standard 177 The Green Globes Professional and Green Globes Assessor 180 Case Study: Health Sciences Building, St. Johns River State College, St. Augustine, Florida 181 Summary and Conclusions 187 Note 187 Part III Green Building Design 189 Chapter 7 The Green Building Design Process 191 Conventional versus Green Building Delivery Systems 191 Executing the Green Building Project 195 The Integrated Design Process 199 Role of the Charrette in the Design Process 204 Green Building Documentation Requirements 206 Case Study: Theaterhaus, Stuttgart, Germany 208 Summary and Conclusions 213 Notes 213 Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 215 Land and Landscape Approaches for Green Buildings 216 Land Use Issues 217 Sustainable Landscapes 223 Enhancing Ecosystems 230 Stormwater Management 230 Low-Impact Development 231 Heat Island Mitigation 236 Light Trespass and Pollution Reduction 237 Assessment of Sustainable Sites: The Sustainable Sites Initiative 238 Summary and Conclusions 240 Notes 240 References 241

12 x Contents Chapter 9 Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction 243 Building Energy Issues 244 High-Performance Building Energy Design Strategy 248 Passive Design Strategy 251 Building Envelope 259 Internal Load Reduction 265 Active Mechanical Systems 268 Water-Heating Systems 274 Electrical Power Systems 275 Innovative Energy Optimization Strategies 281 Renewable Energy Systems 284 Fuel Cells 287 Smart Buildings and Energy Management Systems 288 Ozone-Depleting Chemicals in HVAC&R Systems 289 Reducing the Carbon Footprint of the Built Environment 290 Case Study: River Campus Building One, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland 296 Thought Piece: Building Energy Analysis: The Present and Future by Ravi Srinivasan 302 Summary and Conclusions 303 Notes 304 References 305 Chapter 10 Built Environment Hydrologic Cycle 309 Global Water Resource Depletion 310 Water Distribution and Shortages in the United States 311 Hydrologic Cycle Terminology 315 High-Performance Building Hydrologic Cycle Strategy 316 Designing the High-Performance Building Hydrologic Cycle 332 Water Budget Rules of Thumb (Heuristics) 336 Sustainable Stormwater Management 337 Landscaping Water Efficiency 345 Case Study: LOTT Clean Water Alliance, Olympia, Washington 347 Summary and Conclusions 349 Notes 350 References 351 Chapter 11 Closing Materials Loops 353 The Challenge of Materials and Product Selection 355 Distinguishing between Green Building Products and Green Building Materials 357 LCA of Building Materials and Products 365

13 Contents xi Environmental Product Declarations 367 Materials and Product Certification Systems 368 Key and Emerging Construction Materials and Products 370 Design for Deconstruction and Disassembly 378 Case Study: Project XX Office Building, Delft, Netherlands 381 Thought Piece: Closing Materials Loops by Bradley Guy 385 Summary and Conclusions 386 Notes 387 References 388 Chapter 12 Indoor Environmental Quality 389 Indoor Environmental Quality: The Issues 389 Integrated IEQ Design 399 Addressing the Main Components of Integrated IEQ Design 402 Emissions from Building Materials 422 Economic Benefits of Good Indoor Environmental Quality 429 Summary and Conclusions 430 Notes 430 References 431 Part IV Green Building Implementation 433 Chapter 13 Construction Operations and Commissioning 435 Site Protection Planning 435 Managing Indoor Air Quality during Construction 440 Construction Materials Management 444 Construction and Demolition Waste Management 448 Commissioning 450 Thought Piece: The Role of Commissioning in High-Performance Green Buildings by John Chyz 457 Summary and Conclusions 459 Notes 459 References 460 Chapter 14 Green Building Economics 461 General Approach 462 The Business Case for High-Performance Green Buildings 465 The Economics of Green Building 466 Quantifying Green Building Benefits 468 Managing First Costs 475

14 xii Contents Tunneling through the Cost Barrier 479 Summary and Conclusions 481 Notes 481 References 482 Chapter 15 The Cutting Edge of Sustainable Construction 483 Passive Survivability 484 Cutting Edge: Case Studies 486 Case Study: The Federal Building, San Francisco, California 486 Articulating Performance Goals for Future Green Buildings 490 The Challenges 491 Revamping Ecological Design 497 Today s Cutting Edge 501 Thought Piece: Processes, Geometries, and Principles: Design in a Sustainable Future by Kim Sorvig 504 Summary and Conclusions 506 Notes 506 References 507 Appendix A Quick Reference for LEED Appendix B The Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES ) Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks Appendix C Unit Conversions 517 Abbreviations and Acronyms 519 Glossary 525 Index 537

15 Foreword The Roman architect, Vitruvius, once defined the purposes of architecture as creating commodity, firmness, and delight roughly translated as usefulness, stability, and beauty. To that list, we now must add a fourth purpose, harmony, by which I mean the fit between buildings and the built environment broadly with the ecologies of particular places. In contrast to architecture as utilitarian or as form making, place making poses unique challenges. The first rule of place making is to ruin no other place. This requires considerable care, competence, and foresight in managing the upstream and the downstream effects of buildings from materials selection and construction to long-term operations and maintenance. The challenge of creating commodity, firmness, delight, and harmony will be tougher in a world of 7 billion people predicted to grow to 10 billion by 2100 and facing worsening climate destabilization and its collateral economic, social, and political effects. In other words, ecological and economic constraints in the years ahead will limit what can be built, where, and how. Higher temperatures, larger storms, stronger winds, longer droughts, and rising sea levels will require more planning, better design, and more stringent engineering standards. Financial and climatic constraints could interact to diminish the role that architecture has played historically as a source of delight at a time when we will need a great deal of it. Vitruvius emphasized the importance of careful site selection for buildings and cities in order to maximize the salubrious effects of sun, wind, water, and shade. Those factors will become more important but less predictable in an age of rapid climate change. Moreover, designers can no longer assume that energy will be cheap and reliable. Military planners have said repeatedly that the US electric grid is highly vulnerable to terrorism, operator error, technological accident, and larger storms. Much the same could be said of the systems that provision us with water and food. We have entered the rapids of human history and will need to respond with a new era of design. How architects, engineers, builders, and building managers respond to the new realities will have a larger impact on the human prospect than we thought even a few years ago. Building construction and operations are responsible for roughly 40 percent of global carbon emissions. If we are to make the necessary transition to climate stability, that number will have to decline dramatically as the number of buildings increases to accommodate a projected 40 percent rise in population. At the same time, the capacity of governments to respond to the climate emergency is being challenged both by those who want less government and by increasingly difficult economic circumstances. The upshot is that a great deal rides on the design and building professions and the private sector. Against this background, the green building movement and the remarkable rise of the US Green Building Council and its counterparts elsewhere is a great success story, in no small measure due to the work of Charles Kibert and the Powell Center at the University of Florida in Gainesville. From modest beginnings in the 1990s to the present, the art and science of high-performance building is becoming the default for renovation and construction worldwide. It is now well documented that high-performance buildings have lower operating, xiii

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