Water Use Metrics in Energy Systems

Transcription

1 Water Use Metrics in Energy Systems Dr. Jesse Daystar Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Assistant Director - Duke Center for Sustainability & Commerce Jesse.daystar@duke.edu 1

2 Agenda Background Methodology Pfister AWARE Cotton Case Study Conclusions 2

3 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

4 Water Resources from Water GAP Model 4

5 Precipitation Distribution 5

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7 World Population 7

8 The Water Problem Water impacts stem from Water not accessible to population centers Precipitation patterns (timing) Over use in certain water basins for industry, agriculture and others Degraded water around the globe Quantity, location, quality and timing of water consumption MATTER! How to we create metrics to estimate the impacts of water consumption? 8

9 Improving the Measuring Stick Inventory Mid-point Indicator End-point Indicator Water used Volume/mass Water Stress Scarcity Impacts to -humans -ecosystems -resources 9

10 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG, LCAXIII,

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14 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

15 15 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

16 Asking the Right Question What is the potential of depriving another user of water (human or ecosystems) when consumer water in this area? Water Use in Life Cycle Assessment (WULCA) 16

17 17 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

18 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

19 Water GAP Model Water Global Assessment Prognosis 2 Model (Water GAP 2) Estimates water availability within a river basins Estimates basin water use from all sectors including Industrial Municipal Agriculture Domestic water intensity (m 3 per person) is defined as function of GDP of a region Industrial water intensity is related to GDP and is assigned units of m 3 per MWh Agriculture irrigation model by Doll and Siebert (2002) Assumes crop water needs are met Irrigation demand= crop water needs-precipitation WaterGAP 2, Alcamo et al.,

20 Water Availability GAP Model Computations are done with a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatially by 55 km 55 km Model input includes time series of climate data (e.g. precipitation, temperature and solar radiation) physiogeographic information like characteristics of surface water bodies (lakes, reservoirs and wetlands) land cover soil type topography irrigated area 20

21 Water Consumed 21

22 Water Withdraws (2000) mm/year 22

23 Water stress in river basins around the year 2000, as described by the ratio of annual water withdrawals to renewable water resources. 23

24 Environmental Water Requirement 24

25 Pfister Water Stress Index 25

26 Pfister et al Method Mid-point indicator that relates water consumption to the ratio of fresh water withdraws and fresh water availability Water stress index (WSI) Ratio of total annual freshwater withdraws to freshwater hydrological availability within a region (Pfister et al. 2009) Ranges from 0.01 to 1 World average of Pfister, S., Koehler, A., & Hellweg, S. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA. Environmental science & technology, 43(11),

27 Pfister et al Method 27

28 Water GAP2 Model used for: WU ij Water use by in watershed i by user group j User group j: industry, agriculture and households Wa i Water available water shed 28

29 Water Stress Index Pfister et al

30 Consensus Based Decision AWARE Method 30

31 WULCA s AWARE Method AWARE is a midpoint water consumption indicator representing Available WAater REmaining per area in watershed, after the demand for humans and aquatic ecosystems has been met Characterization factors for Agricultural uses Non-agricultural uses Sub-basin spatial scale Monthly data Water Scarcity Footprint = Water Consumption (inventory) 1 Availability - Demand 31

32 AWARE CF CUTOFF Characterization factors in water remaining per area per time Value of 1=world average Value <1 water less scarce than world average Value >1 water more scarce than world average Upper cutoff of 100 Represents 38% of the world consumption Lower cutoff of 0.1 Less than 1% of world consumption 32

33 WULCA Annual Meeting

34 WULCA Annual Meeting

35 AWARE Calculations Anne-Marie Boulay, Submitted 2015 to IJLCA 35

36 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

37 Anne-Marie Boulay, CIRAIG; Samuel Vionnet, Quantis, San Francisco,

38 AWARE Characterization Factors 38

39 Water Metrics for Energy Systems 39

40 May Wu et al

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42 USA Corn Production 42

43 Refinery Locations 43

44 USA Oil and Natural Gas 44

45 USA AWARE CF by County 45

46 Transportation Fuel Water Consumption Gasoline liters per liter gasoline Ethanol 70% of corn produced in regions where liters of water consumed per liter ethanol (up to 324) Switchgrass ethanol potential lower use liters water consumed per liter ethanol May Wu et al

47 Water Metrics Case Study Global Cotton Production 47

48 Cotton Textile Life Cycle 48

49 Water Consumption: Biofuel May Wu et al

50 Water Consumption and Use Hotspots Collared shirt Cradle to Grave ~87% water consumption in seed to bale ~14% water use in seed to bale Percent of Total 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Seed to Bale Textile Manufacturing Cut/Sew, Use, Disposal Transport BWC BWU 50

51 Method Comparison Cotton Measure 8K 7,036 6K 5,961 Blue Water Use Water Footprint (M^3/tonne fiber) 4K 2K 0K 2,644 1, , , K 10,636 9,011 Pfister 5K 3,997 Water Footprint (M^3/tonne fiber) 0K 2,167 1,052 2, , , K AWARE 264,412 Water Footprint (M^3/tonne fiber) 200K 132,108 0K 18,780 16,230 4, North Far West Northwest Yellow Central Southwest South Mid-South Southeast Yangtze 51

52 Method Comparison 52

53 Google Earth AWARE CF Calculate the water equivalents for: 1000 liters consumed non ag in Raleigh NC 1000 liters consumed non ag. in Las Vegas NV 1000 liters consumed Ag. Farmville NC 1000 liters consumed non-ag Farmville NC 53

54 Questions? Dr. Jesse Daystar Assistant Director - Duke Center for Sustainability & Commerce Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Jesse.daystar@duke.edu 54

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59 Temporal resolution is relevant Mainly for foreground process (global picture does merely change) Different cultivations have different seasons Crop choice / plantation dates Annual average maps (sector-specific) For background processes Based on withdrawal/consumption for sectors 59

60 Impacts of Water Use/Consumption 60

61 Characterization Factors (CF) Pfister VS AWARE AWARE CF average of 37 times greater than Pfister Regional ranking More variation observed in AWARE CF in than Pfister CF AWARE Cutoff limits Northwest China Country Region Pfister CF AWARE CF AWARE/ Pfister India Central India Southeast India North Australia Australia United States Mid-South United States Southeast United States Southwest United States Far West China Yangtze China Yellow China Northwest

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63 Water Use/Consumption Biofuel Ag Crops 63

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65 Biofuel Water Projections 65