Battambang Solid Waste Management Baseline Survey

Transcription

1 Battambang Solid Waste Management Baseline Survey BY CAMBODIAN EDUCATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION COMPED October 2011

2 ABBREVIATION ADB CBO CINTRI CDIA COMPED DOA DOE HHs SAB UNESCAP UNICEF Asian Development Bank Community Based Organization CINTRI (CAMBODIA) LTD. City Development Initiatives for Asia Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization Department of Agriculture Department of Environment Households Social Waste Management Centre United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Children s Fund 1

3 I. FOREWORD...3 II. INTRODUCTION...5 III. OVERVIEW: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BATTAMBANG...6 a. STRUCTURE FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT...6 b. FINANCE 7 c. MATERIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES 8 d. CURRENT COLLECTION & DISPOSAL SYSTEM...8 e. OPERATION OF LANDFILL..9 IV. STUDY METHODOLOGY... V. RESULTS FOR WASTE COMPOSITION AND GENERATION...10 VI. RESULTS FOR HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 16 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17 2

4 FOREWORD This survey has been prepared by a team of researchers from COMPED (Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization). This piece of work is the result of participation made by numerous target stakeholders. Our appreciation is extended to those of concerned institutions such as Battambang Municipality, Department of Environment, and private company for waste collection (CINTRI) who provided information and time for this study. Finally, we would like to extend our great appreciation for villagers, workers, shop owners, recyclers and relevant individuals who provided the critical data and information for the report Special thanks also extend to the following individuals for their contribution: Mr. Chau Kim Heng, Director, COMPED Mr.Sam Phalla, Vice Deputy Director, COMPED Mr. Uch Rithy, Program Officer, COMPED Mr. Choub Saron, Deputy-Chief, Provincial Department of Environment Mr. Sen Sorya, Representative, CINTRI-Battambang Mr. Nou Chamroeurn, Deputychief of office of Urban Development, Battambang Municipality 3

5 INTRODUCTION Current solid waste management systems in Asia are strained and landfill space is fast becoming a rare commodity. Governments face increasing costs of disposal - while public health and the environment suffer from the damaging effects of untreated solid wastes. In 2009, ESCAP embarked on a regional project; Pro-poor and Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities and Small Towns in an attempt to find and implement alternative approaches to waste management in multiple cities that would transform waste products into valuable resources, improve waste collection services and provide better income and working conditions for waste pickers. The objective of the project is to enable participating towns to develop and implement solid waste management strategies that are decentralized, pro-poor, low-carbon and that can be partly financed through the sale of carbon credits. Cambodia has been identified as one of the countries where the project will be implemented. Based on the outcomes of workshops and consultations with civil society, local government representatives and other UN organizations, Battambang was selected as one of the cities where a baseline survey was conducted in order to assess the potential for developing a pilot project. The purpose of the study is to provide accurate information on current solid waste management in Battambang. 4

6 II. OVERVIEW: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BATTAMBANG A. Institutional Structure for solid waste management A private operator, CINTRI, (who has a pending 80 year contract with the municipality) manages the waste collection (collection & disposal) service for households, businesses, and hotels in Battambang. National decentralization policies have transferred responsibilities to the local level in order to improve local governance, including service delivery. Whilst the contract is rather unclear in terms of service delivery performance, it does clearly state that the contactor is obliged to have enough staff and vehicles to carry out the service in all seven central Sangkats on a regular basis. Public awareness and other aspects of solid waste management (SWM) are the responsibility of an official of the Provincial Department of Environment. To fulfil their solid waste management responsibilities, municipal governments normally establish special purpose technical agencies, and are also authorized to contract private enterprise, CINTRI to provide waste management services. In this case, local authorities remain responsible for regulating and controlling the activities and performance of this enterprise. Where municipal waste collection services are insufficient, industrial and commercial establishments occasionally hire private enterprises directly to collect and dispose of their solid wastes; larger companies sometimes undertake disposal themselves. Both waste generators and private waste management enterprises prioritize effective cost reduction, and this often leads to inadequate waste disposal practices. B. Finance The majority of support provided by the Municipality is financial. There are several SWM related projects that are financially supported by ADB, FCM-Canada, and DCA-Karford. For example, ADB is currently financing three projects related to reform of the sewage system on the east side of the river, and regular tree planting throughout primary schools are ongoing. Solid waste management in Battambang is completely relied on financial assistance. The biological waste treatment, composting and biogas production and environmental public education are initiated through the foreign donation. The public awareness on waste management and the penalties of poor waste management is inadequate, which is a key concern for several stakeholders. Collection fees for the service currently range from 0.5 to 10 USD per household per month. Business sector has to pay up to 80 USD per month and hotels about 50 USD per month. 5

7 D. Material and human resources The waste collection sector has 43 workers (14 cleaners, 23 pickers and 6 drivers), and 15 of them are female. There are also 16 fee collectors and office staff. The service covers 6,402 out of 19,400 households (around 33% according to the interview with Battambang CINTRI representative). There are 7 compactor trucks (1 with capacity of 8 tons, 4 with 5 tons and 2 with 4 tons). These trucks collect waste everyday especially in the city centre as well as the markets. Particularly, Psa Boeng Chhouk, the collection is done three times per day due to the volume of waste. There is no separation of wastes from households and hospitals; therefore both common and hazardous wastes are dumped together. Recently, dustbins for dried waste, have been provided by CINTRI were placed throughout the public parks. E. Current collection & disposal system CINTRI has limited capacity and resources to cover its operation over the city. As a result, the majority of households collect waste in a baskets or similar containers within their property and dispose of it by various methods such as burning, burial or dumping into the river or nearby open spaces. The collection varies between daily and three times a week, depending on the availability of the trucks, waste volume, road condition, weather, etc. Waste collection service covers 6,402 households out of 25,603 in total (according to the contractor) which constitutes to approximately 25% of the households in the region. CINTRI has informed the households about the waste collection time. The waste collection is regularly made from 4:00am to 1:00pm. In densely populated areas, such as Svay Pao in the middle of the city, the collection is on a daily basis (morning or afternoon) and covers most of the households while accessibility to the service is low in the outskirts of the city such as Chamkar Samrong and Toul Ta Ek. COMPOST SYSTEM The city of Battambang has introduced a large scale of composting based on similar practices in Phnom Penh. The plant was financed mainly by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, and partially by Thuringian-Cambodian Association (TKG). Until the end of 2010, it was run under Soziales Abfallzentrum Battambang (SAB)/Social Waste Management Centre. Nowadays, it is operated by COMPED on Battambang city owned land. COMPED s composting plant has been in operation since the introduction of the new dumpsite of Battambang city. Market waste delivered to the composting plant comprises of 86.5% organic waste. 6

8 Education programs are in place to improve the quality of the composting process among workers, and the plant includes a resting area and play ground for waste pickers and their families. The centre receives 14 tonnes of waste per day. The waste is sorted through a lengthy process including pre-treatment, sieving and packing. Generally, it takes 4 months to complete composting process and sometimes up to 6 months for hard residues such as sugarcane peel and coconut shell. On average, 1 tonne of compost is produce for every 8 tonnes of waste received. The plant produces approximately 7 tonnes of compost per month- a figure which is expected to increase in the future. The chemical composition of urban compost produced at the site consists of 1.32% nitrogen (N), 1.72% phosphorus (P), 2.24% potassium (K), 0.86% magnesium (Mg) and has a ph value of Approximately, 6000kg-7000kg of compost product is sold monthly with the price of 300 Riel/kg (USD0.075). FERTILIZER USAGE In recently years, chemical fertilizers have controlled the market. There are different kinds of products in use such as Urea, MoP, TSP, and a variety of pesticide and nutrients. Farmers use them for their vegetables farming, fruit trees and paddy fields. There is no official data for the amount of fertilizer consumption both chemical and natural due to the huge volume and variety of its kinds. According to the interview with dealers and retailers of some products from Vietnam and Thailand, fertilizer is sold in large quantities. Figure 1: Fertilizer Products sold in tons last year (Mid 2010-Mid 2011) Source: Personal interviews with Dealer/Retailers, and the amount is estimated in (Ton), enriched compost was understood as natural fertilizer (NeakSantepheap). 7

9 Out of ten Sangkats; Watkor, Ou Mal and Kdol dounteav are the highest users of fertilizers. These Sangkats are considered as rural and remote compared to the others and majority of people are farmers who grow paddy rice, plant fruit trees and cultivate other crops and vegetable. There are approximately 4 fertilizer dealers in the area in question, 3 of them sell both chemical and natural fertilizer. Each dealer has around retailers, who sell its core product as well as a variety of pesticides and nutrients for the farm. The amount and price of the products are based on the demand and each of the retailers, there is no agreement or contract to bound them except for STC, one of the Neaksantepheap natural fertilizer dealer, which has a contract to sell 1000 tons per year, if not higher, according to an interview with one of marketers at the company head in Battambang. During the course of the project, there have been compost trials in Battambang for growing various rice, vegetable and fruit plants to promote compost usage in the area. The flow chart below illustrates the current process of composting in the region. 8

10 Figure 2: The current process of composting in the region F. Operation of landfill Generally, waste is collected and stored at different points for the trucks to collect. For disposal, they are transported to a new landfill area which was built on roughly 2ha of land, 7 km from the provincial town. Approximately 10 tons of waste per day is delivered to composting plant. The landfill has been in operation for about one year since 2010, during which time a significant amount of concern has been generated regarding its capacity to hold such a high volume of waste. The Municipality constructed the dump with four basins of 40x40m and with a depth of 4 m. The cells however are too small and deep for a compactor to enter. There is no leachate collection system was built. Without, drainage system, the landfill is 9

11 filled with water during rainy season. Currently, the site is supervised by the municipality and operated by the contractor, CINTRI. G. Formal and Informal recycling There are still large areas are unserved by the collection service. In Sangkat Ou Char of the city, with the pilot initiatives of USAID in 2007, residents jointly formed community-based workers to help to improve local environmental conditions. These CBOs (the group of paid workers)has become a good partner of the city government in waste management at community level. Residents pay 3 USD per month for an independent, community based collection system using motor trailers. This CBO is no longer in existence. It has been transformed to as primary waste collector under CINTRI arrangement in Sangkats of OuCha, Toul TaEk and part of Svaypoa. CINTRI administers a fee for those areas according to the price list. If it is sufficiently organized, this group has considerable potential for managing and financing local collection services and operating waste recovery and composting activities. According to Sangkat leaders and the contractor; the main reason for non-service is that the people are unwilling to pay or that the roads are narrow or in poor condition. In some places, low-hanging power lines pose a significant risk to waste collection vehicles. Throughout the city, there are numerous stores and collecting points, which play an important role in collecting, storing, packaging, and transferring the recycle materials. The result of the interview with several stores and recycling businesses, there are around 20 small stores. The result of the interview with one of the main recycling businesses indicated that there was approximately 2,250kg of recyclable materials being collected/bought everyday. Waste pickers also collect recyclable items such as glass, plastic bottles, cardboard, aluminium cans etc. directly from households and businesses on an ad hoc basis. There are no contracts or agreements on the frequency or volumes of waste for this service, but it is carried out randomly based on the needs and ability of waste pickers, including children. Scavenging for recyclables also takes place at the dumpsite, although the quality of these materials has deteriorated from having been mixed with other waste. About 50 people (male is 16, female 19, 15 children) earn their living from this dumpsite, each of them makes around USD per month/average person on sale of recyclables. These recyclables are brought to a number of central collection points for packaging, storage, and sale to industries, mainly in Thailand and Vietnam. An estimated number of between 350 to 400 informal actors was reported, including the 50 waste pickers at dumpsite (16 male, 19 female and 15 children below 18 years of age) living on recycling activities. Some of waste pickers have greater advantages with pushcarts and motor carts, managing to collect and buy recyclable material from individual waste pickers as well as each household for supply to main recycling shops. Income of waste pickers ranged from 4,000 Riel to 5,000 Riel (USD 1 to USD1.25) per day, and from 10

12 20,000 Riel to 100,000 Riel (USD5-USD10) per day for those who have resources (these are pushcarts/motor carts and some capital for investment). IV. Study Methodology The focus of this research was to determine respondents perceptions and attitudes over the solid waste management in their community, and gather accurate information concerning current disposal methods. The data contained in this report was obtained through two specific research methods; a survey with an in-depth questionnaire and personal interviews with key relevant authorities both national and provincial levels as well as the recycling businesses throughout the city. 96 households were met and interveiwed using the semi-structured questionnaires. These included household with and without access to the waste collection service. The format of the questionnaire was a combination of open and closed ended questions. Respondents were encouraged to express their opinions and concerns on various aspects related to local waste management and environmental impacts. The respondents were selected from the general households of the target municipality. These are classified to households of high, medium, and low income. The classification of HH levels based largely on the visual indicators such as sizes of houses and lands, and their assets (vehicles, motorbike, tractor, etc). In 2008, the city of Battambang consisted of 151,656 persons, which constitutes to approximately 25,603 households. In order to obtain information that was necessary to conduct this survey, a group of 248 questionnaires were distributed (1% of households in the area). Of this figure, 54% do not receive the waste collection service. The locations were selected in five out of the ten Sangkats divided by the Sangke River. Three Sangkats, Chamkar Samrong, Svay Pao, and Toul Ta Ek are on the West Side and two Sangkats, Prek Preah Sdach and Ratanak are on the East. The targets were spread across the city with the total of 248 households, 21 shops, 6 restaurants, 3 hotels, and 3 markets used as sample sizes. Because of geographic locations, there were some samples selected from other two Sangkats outside of the city, Slaket and Oucha. V. Results for waste composition and generation A. HOUSEHOLD WASTE The study revealed that, per capital waste generation slightly differed among different HH groups that were targeted, i.e. high; medium and low. In real terms, high and medium HH groups generated an average of 0.69kg of waste/person/day, and 0.54 Kg/person for the low income bracket (Table 3). The JICA study on the preparation of master plan of solid waste management for Phnom Penh municipality, 2004, indicated similar result. An average 11

13 per capita waste generation was in the region of 0.5kg/person/day found in Phnom Penh case. Table 1: Weight of Discharged Waste from household (per person per day) Categor y High income househol ds Medium income househol ds Low income househol ds Grand Total Day2 Day3 Day Discharged Weight (Kg) Day Day6 Day7 Day8 Perso n Total Kg Rate/Pers on Per Day Source: Field Survey, Aug 2011 Overall, the average domestic waste produced per day is 0.60kg. It is estimated that total waste generation in Battambang municipal area is approximately 87 tons/day, calculated against the total population of the municipality of 145,224 persons (as of July 2011, Battambang municipal data). 12

14 WASTE TYPE ANALYSIS FOR HOUSEHOLDS Of all, an amount of 25 bags from each HH category were randomly taken for analysis. The result indicated that, among all types of waste generated, organic waste stands for 66%, following by plastic waste (mainly plastic bags, bottles, and other plastic made materials). The use of plastic bags for packing things appeared to increase in the current modernizing society, particularly noticed in many Cambodia s cities. Figure 3: Waste Composition for Households Metal, 0.45, 1% Leather, 2.35, 2% Plastic, 12.25, 12% Bottle/Rubber, 1.28, 1% Other, 5.09, 5% Series Grass/Wood, 1, Cloth, 8.84, 9% 1.39, 2% Paper, 2.18, 2% Bone, 0.04, 0% Vegetable, 66.12, 66% Source: Field Survey, August 2011 The following analysis is trying to understand the density of waste generated by HHs on daily basis. To do so, two different data types were analyzed. These are waste volume and weight of all categories of HHs. See in table 2 and 3. Table 2: Volume of waste for 25 bags of each category Volume of Household Waste Day Total Bucketful load converted to liter (l) Total HHs converted to (m 3 ) Source: Field Survey, Aug Avera ge Tota l

15 Table 3: Weight of waste for 25 bags of each category item Total Kg Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 House Waste House Waste House Waste House Waste House Waste Total House Waste House Waste Avera ge Total Kg Source: Field Survey, Aug 2011 The density of waste generated is calculated by using the following formula: D (Kg/m 3 ) = Weight (kg) Volume (m 3 ) The result shown in table 4 below. It is worth noting that some HHs that were selected for the study remain a rural type of residence in nature. This means, the composition of green waste (grass and leaves) is still in greater scale, which is likely affecting the result of waste density because its volume is high, and its weight is less. Table 4: Density of waste for 25 bags of each household per day Item Total Meas ure kg Household Avera ge Total Total m Total Density kg/m Source: Field Survey, August The analysis on waste composition collected revealed that the compostable waste presented largest share (75%) among other types.. Of the total collected waste from HHs for the analysis, only 4% were recyclable materials that can be directly sold to recycling shops. These were mainly cardboard, metal and bottles that were packed and exported to neighbouring countries (Thailand and Vietnam) for further recycling. Non-recyclable waste was in the region of 21% of the total waste composition that requires to dispose off at landfill. See in table 5 below. 14

16 Table 5: Summary of weight of waste type and density (households) Waste Type Amount (Kg) Percentage (%) Compostable waste Recycle waste Non-recyclable waste Density (Kg/m3) Total Source: Field Survey, Aug 2011 B. SHOP WASTE Wastes from 21 shops were collected for daily generation rate analysis. Wastes from shops were also collected for 8 consecutive day. The data that was collected in the first day was discarded. The minimum of waste generation from shops was Kg and its maximum was 81.8 Kg, with a cumulative total of Kg. Table 6: Average of waste weight generated from shops Discharge Weight (Kg) Total (Kg) Day Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon 7- day Total 21 shops Average (Kg) 66.9 Average of a shop/day 3.18 Source: Field Survey, Aug 2011 Organic wastes were 73.27% (72.23% vegetables and 1.04%) grass and wood as in Figure 4 below. 1 Organic waste: waste that is able to compost such as: Vegetable/Kitchen waste and Grass and wood; 2 Recyclable waste: waste that is able to recycle or sell at recycling shop (in Cambodia context); 3 Non-recyclable waste: waste that is not able to compost and recycle or sell at recycling shop (in Cambodia context). 15

17 Figure 1: Percentage of waste type from shops Grass/Wood, 1.04, 1% Leather, 3.05, 3% Plastic, 15.24, 15% Bottle/Rubber, 1.41, 2% Metal, 0.88, 1% Other, 1.86, 2% Cloth, 0.87, 1% Paper, 3.38, 3% Bone, 0.05, 0% Vegetable, 72.23, 72% Source: Field Survey, August 2011 Table 7: Summary of weight of waste types and density (Shops): Waste Type Total Kg % Density (Kg/m3) Compostable waste Recycle waste Non-recyclable waste Total Source: Field Survey, August 2011 Table 8: Density calculation for shops Density of Wastes Day Average Total Weight (g) Volume (l) Density (g/l) Source: Field Survey, Aug Total

18 C. HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS In Battambang city, there are 28 hotels, 38 guesthouses and 235 restaurants (small, medium and large restaurants). For the purpose of this study, 3 hotels and 6 restaurants in four Sangkats were selected to conduct the waste collection samples. Most of the target restaurants are located in the city. The waste generation from hotels varied from 6 to 12 kg/day based largely on the numbers of staffs and daily guests. Waste generated from restaurants was much higher than from hotels, according to the analysis. Waste generation ranged from 17 to 22 kg/day. It is noted that waste has generated in greater scale in the weekend due to an increase number of guests who spent for outdoor foods with friends or families. On average of each establishment waste generated from restaurants is two times higher than that of the hotels or roughly 20kg and 10 kg/day respectively. See table 9 below. Table 9: Average waste generation of a hotel and a restaurant Average weight of a restaurant or a hotel (Kg per day) Restaurant Hotel Source: Field Survey, August

19 Restaurant The same method of waste analysis is made for cases of hotels and restaurants. 25 bags of waste were randomly selected and analyzed. The total amount of waste was around 954 kg. Figure below shows that vegetable waste generated from sample restaurants is as high as 75% of the total waste composition. See in Fig. 5 below. Figure 2: Percentage of waste types (restaurant) Cloth, 0.7, 1% Grass/Wood, 0.2, 0% Paper, 2.57, 3% Bone, 2.68, 3% Series1, Plastic, 8.73, 9% Leather, 1.19, 1% Series1, Metal, 1.14, 1% Bottle/Rubber, 4.48, 4% Vegetable, 75.24, 75% Series1, Other, 3.08, 3% Source: Field Survey, August 2011 The analysis of the sample waste collected revealed that absolute majority of waste is compostable waste (78%); and 8% is recyclable. Approximately 13% of waste is non-recyclable. Table 10: Summary of weight of waste type (Restaurant) Waste Type Total Kg % Density (g/l) Compostable waste Recycle waste Non-recyclable waste Total Source: Field Survey, August

20 The density of waste from restaurants was three times higher than that from hotels. This can be explained by the nature of the functions of the establishments. Unlike restaurant cases, it is noticed that not much foods were served in the hotels/or guesthouses in the study areas.. (See Table 11). Table 11: Density calculation (g/l) Restaurant Day Total Average Weight (g) Volume (l) Density (g/l) Weight (g) Volume (l) Density (g/l) Density (g/l) Total Hotel Density (g/l) Total Source: Field Survey, August 2011 Hotels The study suggested that waste from hotels contained more plastic waste than organic waste as compared to restaurants and shops. Vegetable was about 40% or two times lower than organic waste generated from sample restaurants in the target areas. 19

21 Figure 3: Percentage of waste types (hotel) Bottle/Rubber, 5.5, 5% Leather, 10.8, 11% Other, 13.04, 13% Vegetable, 39.81, 40% Metal, Grass/Wood, 2.55, 3% 2.28, 2% Plastic, 17.71, 18% Source: Field study, Aug 2011 Cloth, 2.2, 2% Bone, 0, 0% Paper, 6.12, 6% Table 12 below indicated density of waste by types. Table 12: Waste Type and Density (Hotel) Type Kg % Density (g/l) Compostable Recyclable Non-recycle Source: Field survey, Aug 2011 D. MARKET WASTE There are three main markets in the city namely Psa Boeng Chhouk (12,000m2), Psa Sophy (250m2) and Psa Thmey (6,000m2), where major food products are generated. These markets were selected for the study. The private waste collector, CINTRI, provide waste collection service for the three markets on the basis of lump sum agreement on service fee, which varies from 1,500,000 Riel to 3,000,000 Riel (or USD ) per month. Of the three markets, Psa Boeng Chhouk is the largest market in the city is being operated by a waste collection sub-contractor. On monthly basis, sub-contractor collected fee from vendors, and managed waste collection and disposed off at the landfill. Sub-contractor pays 6,000,000 Riel (or USD 1,500) per month to CINTRI for sub-contracting service on waste collection from this particular market. The result of the analysis on market waste composition revealed that the highest portion of market waste is vegetable waste (86%). 20

22 Figure 4: Percentage of waste type from Markets Source: Field Survey, August 2011 The volume of waste generated from the three markets varied according to sizes of the markets. Estimation made by the market authority suggested that an approximate 10 tons; 2.5 tons and 0.3 tons per day of waste is being generated from Boeng Chhouk, Psa Thmey and Psa Sophy respectively. Table 13 and 14 shows market waste density by types of waste. Table 13: Summary of weight of waste type and density (sample size) Waste Type Total Kg % Compostable waste Recycle waste Non-recyclable waste Source: Field Survey, August 2011 Density (Kg/m 3 ) Total Table 14: Density calculation of 3 market wastes (sample size) Item Mea sur e Market Total Sample Weight g Volum e l Total Densit y Kg/ m

23 Source: Field Survey, August 2011 VI. Results for Household Survey WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES The survey on satisfaction on waste collection service was made. Of all, the result revealed that only 56% of respondents indicated satisfaction with the current waste collection service. Still, large areas of the municipality are unserved by the waste collection service. Some underlying factors are explained in the following discussion. Respondents were asked as to how they normally disposed of their household waste. The results indicated that a majority of respondents used their own dustbin as primary tool for disposing off of waste.. The survey also posed questions relating to the concerns of the villagers on possible negative impacts on health and surrounding environment. Responses are indicated in figure 8 below. Of 248 respondents, there were 190 or 77% expressed that improper waste disposal affected human health and local environment (created bad smell, insects, and polluted surface and underground water bodies). The current waste disposal practices were likely affected by the limit waste collection coverage in the area. Of the sample HHs, 54% did not receive waste collection service. Figure 8 shows the opinions of HHs on waste management practices in their community. The greatest concern was the absence of common waste bins/or collection points, where 23% seemed to have no idea about it. Figure 8: The concerns among the villagers Source: Field Survey, Aug

24 The practices of waste disposal in the communities were also pictured by the study. It appeared that waste disposal methods varied. It is likely a result of the absence of service. People tended to manage their waste on their own way such as using HH bins; disposing off in vacant land or in their own land parcels, etc. See figure 19 below. Figure 5: Waste Disposal Practices Participants were also checked as to who had primary responsibility for waste disposal within the family. Results indicated that women (60%) generally play larger role than men in waste responsibility in the study area (i.e. packing and disposing off). This was likely a result of the fact that women tend to stay longer indoor as compared to men. This still appeared to be true in the current Cambodian society, particularly in smaller cities and rural area. Men s involvement in HH waste management, in this case, was roughly 3 times less active than women s one. The results of this survey are shown in Table 15. Table 15: Participation of Family Members in Waste Disposal Primary handler of waste in household % Number Household helper/maid (male) 2 4 Household helper/maid (female) 4 9 Male family member Female family member Wastes are collected by the city corporation 1 2 Wastes are collected by a locally-recruited person 2 6 Don't know 4 9 Total

25 With respect to disposal practices, many participants indicated that burning or dumping of waste was a common practice in their household. This practice was likely driven by the fact that many HHs live in large plot area, and their main waste types that were generated were grass and/or leaves. Unlike HHs who live in the center part of the city, the HHs live in the sub-urban areas have advantages with available space that is suitable for burying or burning of waste. Impacts of the current practices of HH waste disposal were also checked to understand the view points of selected respondents. The results show in table 16 below. It appeared that the major concerns were the spread of odor in the community, and the blockage of drainage system resulted from unmanaged waste disposal. Table 16: Problems caused by Poor Solid Waste Management Poor SWM in community % Number Wastes being disposed off in the drain and blocked the system 48 Wastes being disposed off in the Sewerage line and blocked the system 35 Wastes being disposed off on the roadsides and caused odor And affected city view 52 Uncollected waste from the drain or dustbin caused odor 30 Uncollected waste created mosquitoes/ flies 8 19 Uncollected waste deteriorated local environment and beauty for the city Participants were asked to rank the needs of environmental infrastructure facilities such as drinking water, sanitation, solid waste management and drainage. Results are listed on the table below. The need for proper waste management was the lease among all others. See table 17 below. Observation shows that the absence of education campaign on impacts of waste disposal on natural environment and health was a major factor discouraged people participation in waste management in the study area. The lack of ability to pay for the service was not the main issue, as many poorer HHs actually paid for the service. In addition, the coverage of collection service was observed only in economic feasible area, obviously for HHs who live along main roads. HHs settled in sub-urban area of the city tend to ignore the service as they have other alternatives for their own waste management (discussed earlier). Table 17: View on Priority Needs at Community Type of Priority Very Im. % Import % Not Very Im. % Not Im. % Water

26 Sanitation SWM Water Drainage NOT SURE HOW TO INTEGRATE THE POVERTY CHART BELOW? Report suggested that some villagers were reluctant to pay fees/felt they were too high can link with poverty rates?? Table 18: Battambang Sangkat Poverty Data Rate Commune ToulTaEk PrekPreahSdach Rotanak ChamkarSamrong Slaket KdolDounTeav Ou Mal WatKor Ou char SvayPoa Source: The basis for this predicted poverty rate, Ministry of Planning PREFERENCES FOR COLLECTION SYSTEM The majority of interviewees indicated that their preferred method of waste collection was that waste collector came directly to their house (65%). 21% preferred that a collector provided regular collection service at a designated point, whilst only a small percentage (6%) wanted a road side collection service. There did not appear to be a strong trend in the time that waste was generally disposed of, nor the typical frequency of waste disposal. VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Waste Generation Waste generation per capita was slightly different among the 3 types of targeted households. On average, waste generation per capita in the region was of 0.6kg/person/day 25

27 as compared to that of 0.5kg/person/day for Phnom Penh. Out of 75% of the total waste composition was compost. Waste Collection and Transfer Waste management in the city is inadequate. A certain population does not have access to waste collection service and only a fraction of the generated waste is actually collected. Systems for transfer, recycling and/or disposal of solid waste are unsatisfied by the environmental, economic and financial points of view. But for the general public, the traditional practices of burning, burying and dumping waste is acceptable, particularly for those who have a free space available. Both domestic and non-domestic waste was highly consisted of compostable waste due to its major food production in the country. This trend is likely to continue and a higher volume of packaging waste such as plastic and bottles will arise as economy develops. It is unclear that the willingness-to-pay is strong enough to justify extended services in their current form. However, the villagers showed interest in setting-up a community-based organization for waste management, especially for the place where the existing collection service is inaccessible. People awareness on environmental concern and penalties of poor waste management is inadequate. Most of respondents (98%) felt the need to have community participation for local waste collection. Disposal Due to uncertainty of present production and disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes in the city, there is an attempt to monitor activities in order to provide knowledge-based for the design and management control. Temporary measures of control such as storage of the wastes, at their source of origin, may be the only practical approach, until a cradle to grave management system is put into place. The importance of toxic or hazardous wastes should be prohibited. In general, Cambodia has no specialized treatment or disposal sites for toxic or hazardous wastes. There are no existing rules or criteria for generation, transporting, and otherwise handling these wastes. It should be expected to include acid and heavy metals from vehicle batteries, vehicle crank case oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, pesticides, and pesticides containers, solvents and other metal cleaners. It is feasible that these types of wastes are being released into the air, water and soil resources to such an extent as to cause undocumented environmental damage. The existing landfill is a major concern for environment, especially for those who currently work and stay around there. For ground water contamination from such hazardous wastes, it is the most difficult to control. Consequently, the large volumes of waste are disposed to the ground water posing risks to the users of the contaminated ground water supply. Extraction and treatment of the wastes, once diluted in ground water, are technically difficult and always expensive. 26

28 There are many reasons for poor waste management in Battambang: lack of knowledge on waste and disposal issues generally, lack of waste management at the household level, low level of education and awareness, relatively low number of residents who are willing to use the collection service, in some area, inefficient collection, carelessness, lack of interest and responsibility, avoidance of the collection charge, often considered being high (according to the CINTRI), no full participation in waste management campaigns, especially the City Clean project, rules and regulations not effectively enforced, and illegal dumping of waste in public areas during the night time. Recommendation Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations are suggested to improve the solid waste management in Battambang. Infrastructure to composting plant: Due to budget constraint, the road access to composting area is always facing problem in rainy season and blocked by overwhelming of waste down spread from the dumpsite to compost plant. Provision for market of compost: Since the farmers do not have confidence on selling of compost, it needs a strong support from the government and public participation on marketing and logistical arrangement. 27