WP 5 Regional energy strategy & action plan

Transcription

1 Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts WP 5 Regional energy strategy & action plan Task: publicity public internet print non public 2014, EEE This project is implemented through the CENTRAL EUROPE Programme co-financed by the ERDF The sole responsibility for the content of this [webpage, publication etc.] lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

2 REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN The development path is going to analyse different scenarios for RES and efficient use of energy in the pilot regions, based on the results of regional energy balance sheet and the participation fora. The European Union (EU) has defined an ambitious goal with the decision of the targets, namely to produce 20% less greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve a 20% share of renewable energies and to increase energy efficiency by 20% until The aim is to get independent from fossil fuels by Therefore relating to different forecasts of economic growth, statistic data, development of utilisation of renewable energy and energy efficiency as well, different scenarios for regional planning and development should be analysed and occurred. Three scenarios should be calculated in the balance sheet and built up on short, middle and long term goals based on the targets for Therefore, a key point for the strategy and action plan is to hold the 2 nd participation fora. These scenarios have to be discussed with the political stakeholder or decision makers to select one main scenario for the concept region. The strategy and action plan is going to give on the one hand side an overview of the region in the field of energy demand, resource potentials, supply chains as well as development path evaluated in the regional energy balance sheet. On the other side, the strategies and actions should be described, which however will conduct the selected scenario for achieving the goals for the concept region. The regional energy strategy and action plan is going to be a guide for each concept region including measures, which will help by the implementation of the selected main scenario. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 2

3 CONTENT OF THE REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN... 2 CONTENT OF THE REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN Description of the concept region Geographical situation Demographical situation Population Economic development and structure Overview of the Region Regulatory framework and forecast Subvention programs for private sector Subvention programs for municipalities Subvention programs for public and industry Feed-in tariffs SWOT ANALYSIS of the concept region Already 39 % of the energy come from renewable energy sources Regional energy balance sheet Energy demand of the concept region Electricity generation Heat generation Liquid fuel generation Energy potential of the concept region Fossil Energy sources Renewable Energy sources Comparison of the available resources & current energy demand in the CR Covering rate of regional production Covering rate including free resources potentials Possible scenarios for the concept region Scenario without any measures trend scenario Scenario based on energy efficiency Scenario based on activation of resources with or without energy savings Development path Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 3

4 5.1 Main scenario for the region Energy savings and efficiency Increasing efficiency in space heating Increasing efficiency in electricity use Increasing efficiency in the use of transport fuel Overview on complete efficiency and saving potential Activation of regional resources for energy production Intensified use of solar energy for heat applications Intensified development of photovoltaic power generation Reactivation and modernization of small scale hydroelectric power generation Substitution of fossil fuels by biomass and biogas Overview on activation of resources and complete development path Measures for the achieving the main scenario Sources: Content of graphics Content of table Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 4

5 1. Description of the concept region 1.1 Geographical situation Burgenland Burgenland lies in the east of Austria, and has borders with the Slovak Republic to the northeast, Hungary to the east and Slovenia in the south-east. Burgenland's area of 3,961.8 km² makes it the third-smallest Land in the Austrian federation, but in terms of population : 287,131 - it is the smallest Land. Its north-south elongation (160 km) on the one hand and the consequences of the re-drawing of borders after the collapse of the Austro- Hungarian empire and the associated loss of functional markets, particularly the loss of all developed urban centres, have had a serious impact on the development of the region. NUTS Code of the Burgenland AT 11, divided into: AT111 Mittelburgenland district Oberpullendorf AT112 Nordburgenland - districts Eisenstadt, Rust, Eisenstadt-Umgebung, Mattersburg, Neusiedl am See AT113 Südburgenland districts Güssing, Jennersdorf, Oberwart Südburgenland Südburgenland, the concept region, is one of the three regions into which the federal state Burgenland is scenic divided (next to the central and northern Burgenland) and it borders on Hungary in the east and in the south on a small part to Slovenia. Südburgenland has an area of 1,470 km ² and makes slightly more than one third of the total area of the land Burgenland. It consists of the 3 districts Oberwart, Güssing and Jennersdorf, with a total population of 97,685 (2011). The district headquarters of these 3 districts are located in the same district capitals. Südburgenland can be classified as peripheral and has no agglomerations. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 5

6 Graphic 1: Geographical situation of the concept region Südburgenland (Source: Wikipedia, EEE) 1.2 Demographical situation Population Between the census data sheet 1991 and 2001, the population has Austria increased by 3%. In comparison, the population increase was in Burgenland 2.5% below average. Responsible for that situation is Südburgenland, which had had a population decreasing in that period by 1.3% those were 2,211 people. In comparison, in northern Burgenland, the population increased by 6.3%. In the years , the growth rate of Austria rose again at +2.5%, in the same time Südburgenland lost another 0.4%, stagnation can be seen in the last two years. Graphic 2: Population development in Südburgenland in the last 10 years (Source: Statistic Austria, 2013) Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 6

7 1.2.2 Economic development and structure A significant increase in the numbers of employed people is seen in Due to the fact of the fall of the iron curtain and opening of borders to the east, and on the other sides the accession to the EU in 1995, received Burgenland as a consequence the status of Objective 1 funding. By 2010, the domestic enterprises recorded a demand decreasing, declines in duties and follow a decrease in their cash flow. Furthermore, the willingness of domestic companies to invest was significantly limited also based on the bad credit terms. The companies responded to these difficult conditions with headcount adaptations. Early 2010 there was a reduction in unemployment. In the following figure, the statistic active labour population in Südburgenland is shown. Graphic 3: Active labour population in concept Südburgenland (Source: Statistic Austria) 1.3 Overview of the Region Number of Inhabitants 97,685 Density of population 66 Number of households ca. 42,470 Area 1,470 km² Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 7

8 Agricultural area Forestry area Non-used area 545 km² 575 km² 85 km² Nominal GDP Mio GDP per capita Regulatory framework and forecast Investment support for renewable energy project and energy efficiency is given by state supported credits and direct grants for particular projects. In case of households the funding body is the Land government. The relevant funding body is the federal government and its ministry for municipalities, economic enterprises and associations with a support process checked, controlled and carried out by an institution called the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. The regulatory framework is going to be described for the land Burgenland, because there are no specific regulations for the concept region Südburgenland. There are some authorities and necessary documents for the realization of power plants, as following: a) Legislation Building Law of Burgenland 1997 (Bgld. BauG: StF: LGBl. Nr. 7/2010) and the Building Ordinance 2008 a. The Building Law of Burgenland differs between 1 marginally building project ( 16), 2-notifiable building project ( 17) and 3-building project requiring building permission ( 18) b. For the realization of photovoltaic power plants on marginal areas - and so on open space - 17 and 18 of the Building law of Burgenland have to be taken into account c. The difference if the proceeding according to 16, 17 or 18 has to be executed lies on the one hand on the kind of area that should be used for energy purposes and on the other hand on the kind and dimension of the plant that should be installed. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 8

9 b) Legislation Land use planning act of Burgenland (StF: LGBl. Nr. 18/1969, LGBl. Nr.48/1969 (DFB)) If the power plant should be installed on building area: a. The installation on open space is basically in all dedication classes possible, but it must be secured that there are no exceptions in the development plans and that there are no adverse effects to the overall appearance of the locality or the landscape due to the installation of the plant. If the power plant should be installed on green area: b. For free standing open space photovoltaic power plants the area has to be special dedicated. The special dedication class is called GAEn grassland for the production of renewable energy. Also the involvement into the overall appearance of the locality and the landscape has to be considered. c) Nature- and Landscape conservation act (LGBl.Nr. 27/1991) Installation in landscape conservation areas: a. The installation of an open space-photovoltaic power plant subject to approval anywhere. Installation outside landscape conservation areas: b. The area has to be dedicated as green area, building area or as area for recovery and tourism then it is possible to become the approval for a special dedication as GAEn grassland for the production of renewable energy. d) Necessary documents and notifications Necessary permitting documents: Description of the project / compilation of a technical report Plan of site List of neighbours Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 9

10 Excerpt of land use plan Description of possible dangers or disturbances Net feeding point, depiction of the plant Connection scheme Assembly plan Static proof, etc. Necessary notifications: meter point agreement for grid access building permission (municipality, district authority, land government) legal utility allowance according to the Electricity Law acknowledgement as a green electricity plant through the land government Possible necessary notification in particular cases: operational plant notification legal allowance according to nature conservation interests legal allowance according to waste management interests environmental risk assessment Subvention programs for private sector please give an overview of the foundation or subvention programs for households, when they are active in the field of renewable energy, e.g. in land of Burgenland there is subvention program for private sector for comprehensive reconstruction of the households like window change, façade insulation, installation of heat pump, solar plant or photovoltaic plant, as well. The reconstruction is going to support private houses by up to 30% of the investment costs Type of investment Applicants Maximum Requirement Comment Photovoltaic <5 kw All 275.-/kW Realization of the 375.-/kW facility within 12 weeks from registration of application for support Solar heat applications Households Professional installation, invoice if PV is totally integrated into the building Maximum only for solar assisted spatial Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 10

11 heating; for hot water only Wood heating systems Households 1.400,- registration / application Biomass heating or Households Professional connection to district installation, invoice heat grid E- bikes and scooters Households Invoice 30%, maximum is Electric cars or gas cars Households Invoice 30%, maximum is Subvention programs for municipalities Type of investment Applicants Maximum Requirement Comment Photovoltaic <5 kw All 275.-/kW Realization of the 375.-/kW facility within 12 weeks from registration of application for support Solarplant Municipalities 30% Depending of kind of measure District heating Municipalities 30% Depending of kind of measure Heat pumps Municipalities 30% Depending of kind of measure Electric or gas driven Companies, per Maximum: 50 e-bikes vehicles associations, vehicle or 10 electric or gas municipalities driven vehicles under 3,5 t Renewable energy Municipalities 30% Depending of kind of supply of municipal measure buildings Energy efficiency Municipalities 60% Depending of kind of measures measure if PV is totally integrated into the building Subvention programs for public and industry Type of investment Applicants Maximum Requirement Comment Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 11

12 Photovoltaic <5 kw All 275.-/kW Realization of the 375.-/kW facility within 12 weeks from registration of application for support Stand-alone and offgrid Companies, 35% No connection to grid. electricity associations Minimum Investment generation, electricity storage Large scale solar heat Companies, 40% of Minimum collector applications for associations investments surface: 100 m², process heat, spatial which are maximum surface: heating and/or higher m³ cooling compared to non-renewable systems Energy use of Companies, 30% Minimum investment biological materials associations Production of Companies, 35% Minimum investment biological fuels for associations heat and traffic purposes Electric or gas driven Companies, per Maximum: 50 e-bikes vehicles associations, vehicle or 10 electric or gas municipalities driven vehicles under 3,5 t if PV is totally integrated into the building All types: PV, CHP, hydropower, wind etc. Consulting is (a costfree) part of the program and obligatory Heat and CHP, no feed into electricity grid Feedstock transport from maximum distance of 100 km Feed-in tariffs Type of station Power range (kw) Tariff ( / kwh) kw 0,125 Photovoltaic Rooftop or building-integrated kw 0,10 Open space Wind power No specification 0,0936 The first kWh 0,1044 The next kwh 0,0751 Hydropower The next kwh 0,0656 The next kwh 0,0547 The next kwh 0,0517 Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 12

13 More than kwh 0,0492 Biogas from agricultural feedstock Up to 500 kw 0, kw 0,1322 More than 750 kw 0,1280 Sewage gas 0,0588 Geothermy 0,0735 Liquid biomass 0,0568 Up to 500 kw 0, kw 0, ,5 MW 0,1526 Solid biomass 1,5 2 MW 0, MW 0, MW 0,1367 More than 10 MW 0, SWOT ANALYSIS of the concept region Strengthens Existing biomass resources in Südburgenland Weakness Relatively low research and development rate Already 39 % of the energy come from renewable energy sources Low consideration in the field of mobility as a major energy consumer Clear visions and aims: autonomous Weak infrastructure in the field of electricity until 2015, thorough energy autonomy till 2020 Clear political vision in the field of Quite difficult and confusing funding Renewable Energy systems Trade: RE-energy production, building service engineering, environmental technology, LED light technology Cross-border energy projects and concepts (with SK, HU, SLO, ): Güssing as best practice project EKKO: cooperative Bottom up- Water power (qualified with the topography) Data situation (GIS) - harmonisation Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 13

14 process Opportunities Threat Regional expansion of the RE regional perspectives of communities and districts are not always in line with general focus of the region Further development of the cross - border perspective Conflicts with the nature conservation at an even strength expansion of wind power Development of the renewables in the line with Nature and Landscape: with nature to new success The region as lighthouse for similar cross-border renewable energy projects and projects of energy efficiency in Europe New jobs Consciousness change of mobility: E- mobility, High saving potential: electricity consumption, insulation of buildings, traffic improvement 3. Regional energy balance sheet The regional energy balance sheet based on statistical data achieved from the database of Statistic Austria. The data was investigated for the demand, production and potential part. Important was to have same categorizing of the data for the energy demand as well as for the energy production and supply side in order to be comparable. The energy demand was split in 5 main types (fossil / not renewable, renewable, electricity, district heating, other or unknown) of energy carriers, which are also subcategorized by corresponding sources. The energy carriers were categorized into solid, liquid, gaseous and unknown in case of fossil, waste or amounts of energy which were calculated in the Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 14

15 estimation of the energy demand but couldn t be statistical determined. The secondary energy of electricity and district heating are categories by their own, so there was any subcategories of them. As result, there was a calculation of the final energy demand as well as the amount of the energy demand by type and category. The data of energy supply side was calculated based on the data of energy production and energy potentials in the concept region. The data of renewable energy were investigated in detail, but on the other side not renewables weren t taken into consideration elaborately. Furthermore, the not renewables were considered on the production side, but neglected on the potential side. 3.1 Energy demand of the concept region The total energy demand of the concept region Südburgenland consists of the calculated energy demand of households, community s public building and facilities as well as of estimated and analyzed energy demand of agriculture and industrial economy. In the following table the current energy demand of final energy is divided by energy carriers in the sectors of households, public, economy and transport. In the following graphic, the energy demand split by main application is illustrated: Energy demand by main applications 33% 18% 49% Heat Electricity Transport fuel Graphic 4: Current energy demand of Südburgenland split by main applications (Source: Statistic Austria, 2013) Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 15

16 The total energy demand by types is listed in the following graphic. As the graphic shows, the most used carrier is the fossil liquid, with succeeding of electricity and district heating grid. Total energy demand by types of energy carriers Other or unknown Grid Grid Renewable but not specified Renewable Gaseous Renewable Liquid Renewable Solid Fossil Gaseous Fossil Liquid Fossil Solid Graphic 5: Total energy demand by types of energy carriers; (Source: Statistic Austria) The total energy demand of the concept region is calculated by ~ MWh/a with a share by 39% of renewable energies. The following image shows the energy demand of the concept region by demand sectors. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 16

17 Energy demand by demand sectors 33% 40% Households Public Economy Transport 25% 2% Graphic 6: Energy demand by demand sectors in Südburgenland (Source: Statistic Austria) Households The residential sector is the statistically best documented group in the concept region Südburgenland. The number of inhabitants is currently up to person, living in approximately households. The biggest part of the concept region of the inhabitants concentrates in the district of Oberwart by 55%, in turn the lowest concentration of people is in Jennersdorf by 18%. The energy demand of residential sector is covered by 59% of renewable energy, of which the heat usage is by 79% and electricity 21%. The transport was not taken into consideration, because it was calculated separately. Public The survey in this sector was a difficult part, because of lack feedbacks on questionnaires sent out by EEE. So the calculation was made on the received questionaries as well as from the extrapolated data. The share of renewable sources on the energy demand side by public sector is up to 43%, by a use of heat up to 67% and electricity up to 33%. Economy The sector of economy was split on one hand side to a field of agriculture and forestry, and on the other to the field of industry and provision of services to be considered deeply, because these fields are influencing the energy demand significantly. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 17

18 MWh/a The agriculture in the concept region is characterized by small scale farms, where up to farms can be find. Compared to 1999 the number of professional farms has decreased by 18% and the number of sideline farms by 37%. The total area of arable land is about ha, which has remained almost unchanged between 1999 and Although ha (39%) of the region is covered with forest, where 53% of the allotments are smaller than 1 ha causing in difficulties of implementing an effective forestry management. Agriculture as a part of the economic sector of the concept region is thus following a retrogressive trend. The image below is showing the development and trend of the energy demand of agriculture in Burgenland between 1999 and Whereas the trend of the demands for transport fuel and electricity is showing a falling tendency, the demand for heat applications is rising due to an increasing number of drying plants for crop conservation Energy demand in agriculture Transport Electricity Heat Linear (Transport) Linear (Electricity) Linear (Heat) Graphic 7: Energy demand in agriculture (Source: Statistic Austria) The concept region is characterized by a very low industrialized area. The economy has been shaped by one major factor, which is its position as a borderland region to the former east block countries. The GDP index reaches 78% of the average GDP index of the European Union. Burgenland s contribution to the Austrian GDP is less than 2,5%. The economy of the concept region is structured in very small units, employing about people. About 72% of the enterprises have less than 5 employees and in turn less than 2% of the enterprises are employing more than 100 persons. Transport Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 18

19 The total energy demand of the transport sector in the concept region is up to MWh/ a. Diesel is used in average to gasoline more than twice, so the using of diesel is up to 74 % in comparing with gasoline to 26 %. Currently the sharing of renewable energy is by 6% in the concept region. In the following graphic shows the utilisation of energy resources in the concept region. CURRENT FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a 0 MWh/a Fossil / not renewable Renewable District heat Electricity Other or unknown Graphic 8: Current final energy demand by energy sources (Resource: Data of Statistic Austria & Questionnaires) Electricity generation The high share of renewable energy is mainly caused by the richness of biomass from the forests and its traditional use. The electricity production is mainly based on renewable energy from CHP process. The electricity production based on renewables is also promoted by government funded energy feed-in tariffs. Electricity produced of non renewable sources has only a share of 4%. Generally, the CHP are located in municipalities with a concentration of small scale industry and / or a higher number of inhabitants. The power sector is producing about 22% of the needed energy in the concept region. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 19

20 TOTAL REGIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a 0 MWh/a Graphic 9: Total regional electricity generation by energy sources (Resource: Data based on Statistic Austria) Heat generation As mentioned before the renewable energy has a high share of covering by heat and electricity production based on the richness of biomass in the region. Energy wood is covering about the half of the heat demand of households. Furthermore the gas grid is covering only parts of the region. Many households have switched back from heating oil to bioenergy because of better cost effectiveness and energy systems. At the moment, there are 28 operating district heating systems and 12 micro grids in the concept region all running on solid biomass or partly biogas, except one unit running mainly on natural gas and partly on biogas. Most district heating systems are operated by registered cooperatives. 55% of the generated heat in district heating systems is produced by CHP units, the remaining 45% of heat in district heating is produced by biomass based on heat plants. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 20

21 DISTRICT HEATING GENERATION MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a 0 MWh/a Fossil / not renewable Renewable Other Graphic 10: District heating generation by energy sources (Resource: Data based on Statistic Austria) Liquid fuel generation In the concept region of Südburgenland is no facility for producing fossil fuels. There used to be research plants for testing of converting the product gas of the gasification power plant into liquid fuels by means of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The experiments in producing synthetic diesel and kerosene were successful, but currently there is no existing facility to produce these types of fuels on larger scale. In 2007 a biodiesel plant was closed, which had been producing biodiesel based on oils and waste kitchen oil in Güssing. Furthermore, a 1 MW Methanisation plant was taken in operation in 2008, for converting the product gas of the gasification plant in order to produce gas as a fuel for gas cars. The operation of this plant was stopped in There is no illustration because of no production neither on renewables nor on fossil fuels. 3.2 Energy potential of the concept region The current share of renewable energy in the CR is 45%. This value is above its share of 31% on national level and far above the current share of 10% of renewables in the EU. The following chart shows the difference between the existing potentials and mainly the richness of biomass, which is used especially in households. Based on the analyses and calculation of the previous work packages the current level of the bioenergy utilisation and the potentials were investigated. Out of them it is visible that more than 65% of the existing theoretical potential is already in use to supply the region with bioenergy. The resource of biogas is used by 68% of its Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 21

22 potentials. Furthermore, the solid biomass potentials are used with more up to 70% of the existing potential which shows the importance of this resource, which also occur a replacing of fossil fuels in a sustainable way within the region. A very important aspect that turned out of the study is a huge solar potential in comparing of the current utilisation in the region, which are represented by photovoltaic potentials of green electricity production. The reason for the low rate of usage of the resources sun is supposed to be based on missing subsidy schemes and a low awareness and knowledge of the population. Finally these energy forms are very important not only to define strategies for the future development to exploit them as good as possible to be finally a sustainable and selfsufficient region in all sectors and to create jobs in those sectors to increase life quality in the concept region of Südburgenland. Table 1: Aggregation of current use and potentials of renewables (Source: Data based on Statistic Austria) Source Current Production MWh Potential MWh Wind power 0 0 Solar Geothermal 0 0 Hydropower Solid (primary) biomass Biogas (primary) Total Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 22

23 M W h Current Production MWh Potential MWh Graphic 11: Estimated potential of renewable sources and current use based on data from previous table (Source: Data based on Statistic Austria) Fossil Energy sources Within the concept region there are 3 deposits of lignite near the surface, which are currently not used. There is also no gas in the place and no oil occurrence. Historically, there have been several coal mines in the very north of the region, but the coal mining is going back at least to the 18 th century. The last mine - in the municipality of Mariasdorf was closed in 1967, due to the lack of cost effectiveness Renewable Energy sources There is no noteworthy wind potential in the region due to very low average wind speed <3,5 m/s in general and a small zone with speed of 3,5 to 4,5 m/s close to the Hungarian border. Therefore the main barrier for a utilization of wind power bases on a lacking wind potentials. The other reason of a lack of potential is an existing of a landscape conservation zones which are covering 1/3 of the concept region, where a construction of wind turbines is not allowed. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 23

24 The concept region is also very poor of geothermal energy. The depth of two hot springs resorts of meters and temperature range of 60 C - 80 C causes in a low energetic use of geothermic. In turn, the annual horizontal irradiation is kwh/m², which occurs in interesting of installation of solar thermal panels as well as PV panels. Furthermore, it is financial supported by the federal land government for households, municipalities and industries. Due to figures of the Energy Agency of Burgenland, there are about solar thermal systems installed in the concept region, of which about 10% are also for solar supported central heating systems. PV is and is going to be restricted to its use of existing roof areas. The use of free areas for solar power is not allowed. This is the only barrier for an extended use of solar power in Südburgenland. The estimated annual amount of usable heat produced from solar thermal systems is MWh and the total estimated potential for PV is about 67 MWpeak with an annual production potential of MWh. Regard to PV there are kwhpeak installed, which are producing MWh / a of electrity. Due to small rivers, the role of hydropower is not very big. There are 23 small scale hydropower plants, varying in power between 0,5 and 190 kw. The theroretical potential was estimated of MWh, which cannot be realized because of nature and landscape protection laws in the region. Nevertheless, the total annual electricity production is MWh. The concept region has an area of ha and consists of 39 % of forestry and 37% of agricultural. Currently, the utilization of biomass as well as of bioenergy are the most important forms of used renewable energy in the concept region. The most installed application of biomass is for producing heat and hot water, mainly for private houses with a total capacity up to 300 MW. The feedstock of biogas plant in the regions is the manure of chicken, cattle and pigs and waste water processing. There is no animal or meat processing company, but there is already one facility processing kitchen waste and leftovers. Following table is showing the aggregation of all potentials. The energy content of agricultural byproducts has been added to the potential of solid biomass, although they can also be processed in a biogas facility. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 24

25 The total detected potential is about MWh/a. REGIONAL RESOURCES [MWh / a] MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a 0 MWh/a CURRENT USE TOTAL POTENTIAL Graphic 12: Regional resources in the concept region Südburgenland (Sources: Calculation based on data from Statistic Austria) 3.3 Comparison of the available resources & current energy demand in the CR The renewable energy potentials were calculated in the concept based on the evaluated data of national and regional statistics and partly from the received questionnaires from municipalities. Thanks to the regional energy balance, the data were calculated for: Hydropower Wind Forestry Agriculture Geothermy Solar radiation Due to raising prices of wood and forestry byproducts, the regional strategy plan should also concentrate on other resources for energy supply. One aspect is to focus on a substitution of forest products by for example waste The other one is to be more independent by using of local resources. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 25

26 3.3.1 Covering rate of regional production All potentials are also considered regarding their capacity to cover the energy demand or certain aspects of the demand. The most used energy carrier is the fossil liquid with a share of 54% of the total energy consumption. The most used regional energy carriers are forestry products and byproducts by 99% of the current use, mainly used for heating applications. By a current energy consumption of GWh there is a covering rate of electricity by 26% and a covering rate of 45% of heat by a production of energy out of regional resources. No production of fuels in the region causes in a lower covering rage of 22% including heat and electricity. DEMAND FINAL ENERGY [MWh/a] MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a 0 MWh/a BALANCE OF CURRENT SITUATION BALANCE AFTER CONSIDERATION OF SAVINGS POTENTIAL Graphic 13: Regional energy balance sheet of the demand of final energy (Source: Regional energy balance sheet; 2014) Covering rate including free resources potentials The following graphic shows not only the covering rate including free resources potentials but also the covering rate after consideration savings based on the current situation. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 26

27 The comparison of these two measures, it can be seen that already savings can increasing the covering rate by 139% in the case of solid biomass. Additionally, after allowance of activation of free resources a covering rate of almost 200% could be achieved. The other renewable resources could reach a covering about 100% with an activation of both measures. REGIONAL PRODUCTION [MWh/a] BALANCE OF CURRENT SITUATION MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a MWh/a 0 MWh/a BALANCE AFTER CONSIDERATION OF SAVINGS POTENTIAL Graphic 14: Covering rate of regional production (Source: Regional energy balance sheet, 2014) 4. Possible scenarios for the concept region The following chars are giving an overview of the development in the course of the years, related to the date of the used balance and the year 2030 as a long term perspective. The charts are reflecting three, respectively four (as a combination of the two precedent) scenarios. 4.1 Scenario without any measures trend scenario The following chart is showing a development in scenario, which is the forward projection of the trend between 2005 and 2011 (year of balance). The trend is showing a decrease in the use of final energy (red line) and a slow rise in the supply with renewable energy (green line). It is reflecting the development of the state by the economy crisis since Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 27

28 It also reflects the still ongoing substitution of mainly expensive heating oil by cheaper biomass like wood chips and pellets and installation of biomass fuelled district heating systems. Both trends are also related to the national Europe 2020 targets, which are a reduction of primary energy demand by 20% (red dashed line) and a share of RES of 36% (green dashed line). The trend prolongation is showing, that the supply target of RES is already reached, but not the target of efficiency. Graphic 15: Development of final energy demand and use of RES by a trend of prolongation (Source: Development path_eee, 2014) 4.2 Scenario based on energy efficiency The charts below is showing the development of the energy demand in case of the implementation of measures for the stress energy efficiency and energy saving. In this case the demand is shrinking the long run almost to a value, which is close to the Europe 2020 requirements (red dashed line). The development of supply with RES is Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 28

29 following the trend as described in scenario. In any case an efficiency scenario affects also the requirements regarding the use of RES according to the Europe 2020 targets: a decrease in demand is also dropping the needed amount of RES, since the use of RES is bound as a percent-value to the demand side (green dashed line) Graphic 16: Development of final energy demand and use of RES by an energy saving scenario (Source: Development path_eee, 2014) Furthermore, the next charts shows a variant of scenario, which turned out to be interesting while calculating the savings scenario. Since the scenario is not obligatory in the definition of the development path, it is only inserted for information. The scenario is assuming that the improvements regarding the state of the art of energy efficiency are independent from the measures for energy efficiency and thus the effects of both developments can by superimpose. In this case the decrease of energy demand is fastened, together with the necessary amount of RES to fulfil the Europe 2020 criteria. In this case, the demand reaches the criteria of Europe 2020 in the long run, although 10 years later. The criteria for RES supply are of course fulfilled the long term effect is influenced only slightly. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 29

30 Graphic 17: Development of final energy demand and use of RES - energy saving scenario (superimposition); (Source: Development path_eee, 2014) 4.3 Scenario based on activation of resources with or without energy savings The following chart shows the development of the region s energy balance if regional RES are activated by enforced use. The main components for RES activation in Südburgenland are the use of solar radiation and biomass. As can be seen, there is a huge potential of RES in the region (blue line) which theoretically is even exceeding the demand of final energy. The vast majority of these energy potentials can be found in the field of forestall and, even more, agricultural biomass. One of the reasons for the relatively small long term increase of the rate of RES is, that up to now the focus has been laid on the use of easy accessible solid biomass for the production of heat and electricity. The supply with solid biomass in the needed quality has, in the course of the years, become rather expensive. The shift in the last years was then made from solid biomass to biogas, firstly in the fields of CHP, later on in the planning and step by step realization of a biogas grid, which should then serve in three sectors: small scale CHP, direct heat application and upgrading to natural gas quality for transport purposes. This project is Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 30

31 still in progress, the grid should be partly been realized in the next moths. The use of solar radiation for energy purposes is still in a starting phase and needs to be enforced. The currently chosen effort towards a solar development is installing photovoltaic facilities with public and civic participation on rooftops of municipal or public buildings (schools, kindergartens, administration buildings etc ) Graphic 18: Activation of savings potentials and activation of regional RES potentials (Source: Development path_eee, 2014) 5. Development path 5.1 Main scenario for the region The targets of the development path are to reduce the general energy demand by increase in energy efficiency and by saving strategies and to increase the use of RES in regional energy supply. The role of solar energy use is located between energy saving and energy supply since it is saving physical energy carriers and providing heat and electricity, and additionally is having a very low primary energy factor regarding CO2-emissions and thus very effective to decrease primary energy input. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 31

32 Traditionally, the share of renewables for heat supply in household is, with a rate of 40%, high and above the national average of almost 30%. The general share of RES, at the moment, is 37% and thus already higher than the national target of 36% in the Europe 2020 documents. This fact is rooted in the efforts regarding the use of RES in the region in the course of the last 20 years. Because of all these facts, the chosen regional development path is a very moderate one, focussing on stressing energy efficiency and saving potentials and a boosted implementation of the use of solar energy. The development part is, thus, consisting of three main steps: Increased energy efficiency and energy saving Stressing solar energy use in order to reduce demand of physical energy carriers (fossil and biomass) Substitution of fossil energy carriers by biomass and biogas Energy savings and efficiency General annotations The analysis of the regional energy demand carried out, that the demand of the residential sector is about 40% of the total consumption. The public sector has a share of 3% and business and industry are consuming 25%. The share of the transport sector is 33%. Households are requiring about half of the amount of energy for transport purposes. If also the energy demand for transport in the residential sector is considered, it turns out that households are requiring 54% of the total final energy and the industrial sector 42%. Thus, households have great importance for efficiency measures in the region, also, because the structure of their energy demand is almost homogenous and well documented. One third of business and industry s heat demand is for building heating, the major part is for process heat in production chains. Efficiency measures in building heating are generally easier to implement than in production chains, which need much more individual treatment for increasing their energy-efficiency. Furthermore, industrial production processes are more matter to regulation by the trading of emission certificates than to implementation of efficiency measures. The targets of the development path are to reduce the general energy demand by increase in energy efficiency and by saving strategies and to increase the use of RES in regional energy supply. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 32

33 The role of solar energy use is located between energy saving and energy supply, since it is saving physical energy carriers and providing heat and electricity, and, additionally is having a very low primary energy factor regarding CO2-emissions and thus very effective to decrease primary energy input Increasing efficiency in space heating The enforcement of efficiency measures for buildings by subsidies and more rigid prescriptions for new buildings have led to decrease in the heat demand by 19% between 1995 and The average annual rate of savings for this period is 1,27% ( Nevertheless, caused by the construction of new buildings the overall demand for space heating is decreasing much slower with an average annual rate of 0,5%. For the development path the latter rate is a constant and realistic value for the annual increase of space heating efficiency. Taking into account, that there is still a strong development in building technology and that future new buildings, replacing old ones, are a lot more efficient and the prescriptions for buildings are following the state of the art, the annual efficiency growth rate, caused by building efficiency is set to 1% in the long run. As experience has shown, also a more mindful use of space heat can lower the heat demand in an average building up to 10%, but the information has to be communicated and the knowledge needs to be practised, as for example in the form of energy accounting. Considering also the latter potential, the annual efficiency growth rate can be set to 1,1%. For the span between 2011 and 2030, thus, the increase in space heating efficiency is expected to be roughly 21%. Increasing efficiency in space heating leads to savings of about MWh/a. This amount is 8,3% of the region s total energy demand Increasing efficiency in electricity use Efficiency potentials can be calculated with good accuracy for households, because of their homogenous structure in demand. Rising efficiency of domestic appliances in combination with mindful use of energy and smart metering have turned out to enable savings up to 15-20% of the annual demand, according to statements of Austrian energy providers. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 33

34 For the development path, the long term goal for the residential sector is thus set to 15%. The situation in municipalities is different from the situation in households. The share of street lighting covers 40% of a municipality s electricity demand. The change of illuminants from sodium or mercury vapour lamps to LED-technology leads to an increase of efficiency by 70% in street lighting, as the experience has shown from pilot-projects in some municipalities in the region. Other types of electricity demand, as for example pumping stations, wastewater treatment etc. are widely varying and need to be treated individually. Therefore, only the efficiency potential for street lighting is regarded in the development path. The increase in electricity efficiency for municipalities in the long run is expected to be 30%. The efficiency potentials in the region s business and industry sector are very hard to estimate and therefore remain excluded from the calculation. Increasing efficiency in the use of electric energy leads to savings of about MWh/a. This amount is about 1,5% of the region s total energy demand Increasing efficiency in the use of transport fuel The energy demand in the transport sector is distributed to 44% share of households and 55% share of public and business transport. Due to the disperse spatial situation of settlements, the enforcement of public traffic can only locally lead to more efficiency and has almost no effect on the general traffic situation in the region. Efficiency measures therefore need to be focussing on individuals and business drivers, assuming that there will not be any significant change in the modal split in the long run. Regarding the household share in the transport sector, a reduction of at least 20% of fuel consumption can be reached by simple mindful methods as style of driving, correct tire pressure, switch-off of accessories when they are not needed etc., as described by the Swiss institution Ecodrive. The same institution states a saving potential of 5-15% for public and business transport by observing several defined standards when operating a vehicle (detailed information: Measures for enforcing a mindful use of traffic fuel leads to annual savings of about MWh. This amount is about 5,5 % of the region s total energy demand. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 34

35 5.1.5 Overview on complete efficiency and saving potential The efficiency and saving potentials have been applied evenly on the energy carriers for heat supply and specifically for electricity and transport fuel. The amount of electricity used for building heating was treated like the other heat sources. In total, efficiency potentials lead to annual savings of MWh in the long run and can contribute to the reduction of the total final energy demand of 15 %. Since the efficiency potentials are focussed on a general reduction of the demand, and at this point, do not regard substitution potentials, also the primary energy factors remain the same. This means, that the reduction of the final energy demand equals the reduction of the primary energy demand. Efficiency and savings potentials 15% Current energy demand Efficiency and reduction potential Graphic 19: Efficiency and saving potentials in Südburgenland (Source: Data based on Statistic Austria) Activation of regional resources for energy production An activation strategy of resources needs to be related to efficiency and saving potentials and is therefore the second step of evolving a development path. A reduced demand is facilitating the supply by RES because of higher efficiency and decreases the needed amount of investments in, for example, solar technology, but also the amount of physical energy carriers. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 35

36 5.1.7 Intensified use of solar energy for heat applications The use of solar radiation for hot water supply is already well introduced on new buildings, but there is still a big potential to enforce this technology and thus to reduce the demand for other energy carriers. About 15 to 20% of the heat demand in the residential sector is for hot water supply. The use of solar heat can cover about 2/3 of the hot water demand in households. Furthermore also solar assisted space heating can cover parts of the heat demand in spring and autumn, especially in new built energy efficient buildings. Also in demand groups with elevated hot water demands like sports and tourism, the use of solar heat still has a big development potential. In many cases hot water is prepared by use of electricity, for example in 15% of the households in the concept region. The goal of the development path is to enforce the use of solar technology in order to provide 80% of hot water demand in the warm season in households and public buildings (the current rate is around 20%). Also, at least 1% of the total heat demand in the economy sector shall be covered by solar heat. The intended effect should be a reduction of combustibles and electricity in total by MWh/a. This equals to 4% of the total final energy demand in the region Intensified development of photovoltaic power generation In contrary to other regions in Europe and even in Austria, the development of the photovoltaic power generation is just at the beginning. In WP4 of the CEP-REC project only potentials on rooftops of buildings have been estimated. Further potentials could be realized on marginal areas and also on parking areas and parkand-ride facilities, but these potentials, up to now, are not regarded, although there are easy to develop. Currently, the total photovoltaic potential in the region is only to a value of 1,5% put into effect. The goal in the long run is to put at least 30% of the calculated rooftop potential into effect, no matter if the facilities are solely on rooftops or also on marginal and other convenient areas. Developing the potential up to a rate of 30% of the rooftop potential should lead to an annual production of MWh, covering at least 1% of the regional electricity demand. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 36

37 5.1.9 Reactivation and modernization of small scale hydroelectric power generation There are some small scale hydropower facilities which are out of operation for over 15 years and also some facilities which could be optimized by bringing them to the state of the art of power generation. The total increase of renewable power generation is not very much, but since the new construction of small scale hydroelectric power plants is very limited by laws for nature protection and the fact that small facilities do not pay off, the optimization of existing facilities is a good way to maintain the existing possibilities. In total, 480 MWh/a could be generated additionally. This is less than 0,1% of the current electricity demand Substitution of fossil fuels by biomass and biogas The share of renewables in the total energy supply of the region is already at a rate of 37%. There are still potentials to reduce fossil fuels and replace them by renewable ones from regional sources. The main targets for reduction and substitution are coal products and heating oil. A moderate mobilization of RES should lead to the elimination of coal (except technical applications in industry), bisection of heating oil use in households as well as reduction of heating oil and natural gas use in industry, by replacing these energy carriers by biomass and biogas. A further attempt to substitute fossil liquid energy carriers is to advance the use of upgraded biogas in private and public transport as a consequence of the biogas grid, which is planned to be installed in the south-east part of the project region. The final target of the substitution is to get beyond the 40% mark of the share of RES in the total energy supply of the region, which is clearly more than the required rate of 36% on national level. Put into effect, the substitution of fossil by renewable energy carriers will cause a shift of about MWh/a from the fossil to the renewable side of supply Overview on activation of resources and complete development path The activation of regional resources, mainly solar and biomass, together with the efficiency and demand reduction scenario leads to an increase of the share of RES from currently 37% to a possible share of 47%. Simultaneously, this development decreases the use of primary energy by 22%. Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 37

38 The differences in energy use, structured by demand groups, at the beginning and at the end of the development path are listed in the following tables: Table 2: Current demand of final energy (Source: Data based on Statistic Austria) Type Source Households Public Economy Transport Total demand Fossil Solid Fossil / not Fossil Liquid renewable Fossil Gaseous Renewable Solid Renewable Liquid Renewable Renewable Gaseous Renewable but not specified Total by type Electricity Grid District heating Grid Other or unknown Other or unknown Total demand % 3% 25% 33% Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 38

39 5.2 Measures for the achieving the main scenario Name of the measure: Regional feedstock association Start of the activity: 01/2015 End of the activity: 12/2015 Short description of the measure: To achieve the goal - energy autonomy in the field of heat, electricity and fuels - it is necessary to convert all raw material resources with a targeted mix of technologies into renewable energy. The development of new different technologies enables also to produce energy out of previously unused raw materials under economical and ecological aspects in the future. An important aspect is the structure of the region itself. The Land of Burgenland is urban sprawl. The individual municipalities have several districts that are spatially separated. The agricultural land and forest land are also very small. Thus there are many small forest owners. One of the main problems very often is that the owners do not live in the region many are in America so the management has been very difficult in the last years. To cultivate this small farming areas economically, new conditions have to be set up and created. For example: construction of forest roads, organization of thinning for small forests, management of contracts, etc. The communities have a lot of unused resources which can be used by them. On the one hand, there are annual nurses green areas such as border strips of roads, country roads (more than 1,500 km), streams, ditches, etc. On the other hand, the municipalities own local forests, non-serviced areas - ideal for short rotation plantations many shore timber also tree and shrub cut and pruning. All these resources are not used yet. Therefore, the regional feedstock association is an important initiative. In the concept region of Güssing such a feedstock association should be established in the next months and should be a good example for other districts in Burgenland. Co-operations with still existing associations like Water Board and the Sewage Board should be organized in the future. Structure of such association: Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 39

40 Aims out of the measure: Mobilisation of unused feedstock Recovery of taxes for the municipalities Creation of regional job and regional added value Sustainable safety feedstock for plants Milestones and Results: Date (M/Y): Foundation of the association Creation of storage area Supply and purchase contracts 01/ / /2015 Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 40