Technology Map: Electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-e) The region Number of inhabitants 2 Mio Size (in km²) km 2 Capital.

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1 Slovenia Technology Map: Electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-e) The region Slovenia Number of inhabitants 2 Mio Size (in km²) km 2 Capital Ljubljana Short description: The Republic of Slovenia lies at the heart of Europe where the Alps and the Mediterranean meet the Pannonian plains and the mysterious Karst. The official language is Slovene, one of the South Slavonic languages. As a small, beautiful and picturesque country, Slovenia makes a great tourist destination. Within a small modest, Slovenia contains mountains, lakes, waterfalls, forests, caves, hills, plains, rivers and the sea as well as many natural and landscape parks. With attainment of independence, Slovenia introduces a market orient economy that achieves dynamic increase privately undertaking was established. The most important sectors are processing industry, trade, immovable, transport and communication. Economy presents 75% of Slovene export, mostly engines and transport installations. Agriculture presents 3 % of GDP. Tourism must be mentioned, which brings important income to Slovene. Share of RES (total primary energy): 9.2 % Share of RES-e (total electricity): 30.6 % Target RES-e: 33,6 % (2010) incl. big Hydro, 4,2 % (2010) excl. big Hydro The partner organisation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Energy and Environment Technologies (technology analysis of renewable energy sources) Jozef Stefan Institute, Energy Efficiency Center (EEC) (financing of renewable energy sources) Number Total Typical Main present Short-term Mid/long- Main barriers of plants funding perspective term installed installation per- capacity size (MW) mechanism (2005) spective (2010) Wind 1 0,006 6 kw feed-in tariff low high public reluctance Wood kw feed-in tariff medium high high costs biomass Biogas kw feed-in tariff low/medium medium public reluctance PV kw feed-in tariff low high high costs

2 Hydro < >125 >100 kw feed-in tariff MW medium high complicated proceeding for taking out of licence and acquisition of building permit Other RESe: feed-in tariff medium high ignorance of technologies geothermal Wind The past: Measures for the needs of energy exploitation began at the end of the year The measure stations was set up on the following locations: Sinji vrh on Gora above Ajdovščina, Hribač on Nanos, Slatna on Vremščica, Volovja reber at Ilirska Bistrica, Bate above Nova Gorica, Golič at Rakitovec, Trstelj at Komen and Kokoš at Lipica. The present: Until today no wind power plant has been on operation yet. Main funding: Till 1 MW: feed in tariff of 6.24 c/kwh + national of 2.81 c/kwh; Above 1 MW: feed in tariff of 6.03 c/kwh + national of 2.60 c/kwh. Electro Primorska, the public enterprise for distribution of electrical energy Energy Restructuring Agency (ApE), Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET). The main barrier for construction wind power plants is public reluctance. People recognition about wind power plant benefits and refresh fossil fuels problem are necessarily for public acceptance of wind power plants. A short-term perspective for construction wind power plants is not foreseen. A long-term perspective is construction of wind power plants on the following localities: Gora above Ajdovščina (measure station Sinji vrh), with suggested common power 82.5 MW, Nanos above Vipava (measure station Nanos), with suggested common power 70.5 MW, Volovja reber at Ilirska Bistrica (m.s. Volovja reber), with suggested common power MW, Banjščice above Nova Gorica (measure station Bate), with suggested common power 73.5 MW and Dolenja vas, with suggested common power 30 MW.

3 Small hydro (< 10 MW) The past: The beginning of small hydro power plants production in Slovenia was at the start of 80 s stimulated by an Energy Sector Act, which allowed construction of energy buildings also out of electricity management. In this way till attainment of independence the greater part of small hydro power plants was built. The present: Presently big hydro power plants are installed with the capacity of approximately MW and small hydro power plants with installed capacity of approximately MW. Main funding: Till 1 MW: feed in tariff of 6.03 c/kwh + national of 2.60 c/kwh; Above 1 MW till 10 MW: feed in tariff of 5.81 c/kwh + national of 2.38 c/kwh. Litostroj E.I. (production of water turbines), Turboinstitut (measurement and development of water turbines). Electro Slovenia d.o.o. (ELES), Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET). The main barrier for building small hydropower plants is complicated proceeding for taking out of licence and acquisition of building permit. Proprietors of land, which have a priority, don t have interest, knowledge and needed capital. On the other hand investors with references and capital don t have locations with needed permits for building small hydro power plants. If country wants to build small hydro power plants on the streams or concrete locations then must on the basis of public competition offer those locations to potential investors. Those locations should be defined from point of view of inclusion in space and have a building licence. A short-term perspective is renovation of old hydro power plants. As a long-term perspective is a construction of 15 series hydro power plants on Sava and renovation of existent hydro power plants in upper Sava.

4 Wood biomass The past: Biomass has been used mostly for heating and small size for electricity production. The present: Also today wood biomass systems are used mostly for heating and small size for electricity production. Main funding: Till 1 MW: feed in tariff of 6.89 c/kwh + national of 3.45 c/kwh + ; Above 1 MW: feed in tariff of 6.67 c/kwh + national of 3.24 c/kwh +. Gryps d.o.o. (delivery of equipment), INEA d.o.o. (delivery of equipment). Energy Restructuring Agency (ApE), Institute Jozef Stefan, Energy Efficiency Center, Slovenian Forestry Institute - Department of Forest Technique and Economics. The main barriers are high costs for boilers and cogeneration systems. Because of that a state must subsidise s. The problem is also the low price of row material (wood biomass) and unestablishment of wood biomass market. There is a lot of it since 54 % of Slovenia is covered with forest but it is not systematically collected. Working out a plan for combined heat and power production. Heat would be used for district heating. To build biomass district-heating systems with combined heat and power production exchange of obsolete, big industrial wood biomass boilers with modern ones for cogeneration and building new cogeneration systems. Perspective is 20 MW electricity from wood biomass.

5 Biogas The past: Generation of electricity from biogas was started in 80th years. In this way small power plants started to operate on wastewater treatment plants. The present: Presently there are two power plants (4 engines) on landfill gas of 2.5 MW common powers, two power plant on biogas from pig farm of 0.57 MW total nominal power and four power plants on sewage sludge gas from wastewater treatment plants of approximately 1.8 MW common powers. Main funding: Till 1 MW: feed in tariff of 5.30 c/kwh + national of 1.88 c/kwh; Above 1 MW till 10 MW: feed in tariff of 5.09 c/kwh + national of 1.66 c/kwh. Snaga d.o.o., public undertaking for treatment with wastes in Ljubljana, Snaga Maribor, public undertaking for treatment with wastes in Maribor, Domžale-Kamnik Wastewater Treatment plant. Institute Jozef Stefan, Energy Efficiency Center Agricultural Institute of Slovenia- Agricultural Engineering Department Agency for Efficient Energy Use (AURE). The main barrier is public reluctance due to many factors (like smell ). People recognition about biogas utilisation benefits is necessarily for public acceptance. A short-term plan is installation additional two or more gas engines on dump in Kranj and Celje. A potential of biogas from animal waste is 1.1 PJ on year, which could be the source for electricity production. The possibility of biogas (sewage gas) and landfill gas exploitation on other wastewater treatment plants and landfill sites is object of future projects.

6 PV The past: On the field of transformation solar energy into electricity some PV systems were made for own supply of Alpine hut with common power approximately 15 kw in Slovenia in recent years. The present: A first solar power plant for producing electrical energy of 1.1 kw power, which is connected to electrical network, is set up in Ljubljana. Main funding: Till 36 kw: feed in tariff of c/kwh + national of c/kwh; Above 36 kw: feed in tariff of 6.03 c/kwh + national of 2.60 c/kwh. Kon Tiki Solar (production of regulators and installation systems), Electro Ljubljana, the public enterprise for distribution of electrical energy. Energy Restructuring Agency (ApE). The main barriers are high costs. Required are especially high subsidies. Setting up solar power plant of 15 kw power, which will be set up on the roof of building and connected to electrical network and execution PV wall of 20 kw power. A long-term perspective is setting up of 3MW independent systems and also systems connected to electrical network. OTHER RES-e: The past: Project for exploitation of geothermal energy (cogeneration) was launched in 1999, but it wasn t accepted. The present: Slovenia does not produce electrical energy from geothermal energy, wastes, biodiesel fuel as well as waves or tidal. Main funding: Geothermal energy: feed in tariff of 6.03 c/kwh + national of 2.60 c/kwh. Geological Survey of Slovenia Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET). The main barriers are ignorance of technologies and non-interesting of companies, which could execute those technologies. A big barrier is also small oscillation of sea level. Studies for producing electrical energy from geothermal energy. Targets for the year 2010 are capacities in amount 20 MW for producing electrical energy from geothermal energy.