SMALL HYDROPOWER: A TOOL FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION & SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY

Transcription

1 THE WEST AFRICAN WATER INUSTRY CONVENTION SMALL HYDROPOWER: A TOOL FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION & SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY Engr. Mrs Roseline Ada Chenge Managing Director Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority

2 OUTLINE Background Benefits of SHP Basic components of SHP Potential in Nigeria Cases

3 Basics of SHP 1.0 Introduction HP is a renewable energy source that converts the energy of flowing water to generate electricity. HP is the most developed and most efficient source of renewable energy. It is estimated that the world technically feasible HP potential is about 14,400TWHr/Yr of which just about 800TWHr/Yr is considered economically feasible for development. HP provides about one fifth (1/5) of the world total electricity generation. (Source: World Energy Council WEC)

4 Nigeria as a country has a total HP potential of over 12,000MW out of which only 1900MW is exploited and this amounts to 32% of the total commercial installed capacity of generating plants in the country. (Source: Small Hydropower for Productive Use In Rural Areas pg. 41) The identified SHP capacity is estimated to be over 3,500MW out of which we can only boast of the 18MW by NESCO in plateau state and the recently completed pilot projects of 150KW Waya dam Bauchi state and the 30KW Opara coal mine SHP in Enugu State of Nigeria by UNIDO.

5 Definition of SHP Definition varies from country to Country Depending on the Industrial development of country & percentage of SHP in energy mix In Nigeria it is defined as hydro schemes ranging from 1KW-10MW. Sub classified as Pico 10kw Micro >10kw 100KW Mini >100KW 1MW Small >1MW 10MW

6 SHP Definition And Classification by Country Name of country Micro (KW) Mini (KW) Small (KW) China ,000 Peru Philippines 15,000 Romania Sweden Thailand turkey USA Nigeria

7 Colombia India Malaysia Nepal Panama Ecuador Bolivia Dominica Viet Nam Japan France New Zealand Indonesia 5000 Zimbabwe Norway Greece Poland Finland

8 Advantages and benefits of SHP plants. The fuel (water) is renewable and not subject to fluctuation in market conditions. Environment-friendly: no pollution no exothermic. Proven technology. Efficiency can be pre-guaranteed by design & equipment performance Short gestation period, Easy O&M. Low maintenance cost Has long plant life span of years.(nesco-1929-date) High energy Pay-back rate Develop local economy.

9 Other Multipurpose benefits of SHP Provide irrigation scheme for agriculture Domestic and industrial water supply.reduction in operation cost of water schemes Fisheries Recreation Flood control and protection Discharge regulation down stream for navigation improvement. -Note: multipurpose projects reduces the cost per KW

10 Basic Components of SHP A hydro system is a series of interconnected components: Water flows in one end, and electricity comes out at the other. Not all the components are always found in every hydropower scheme.

11 DAM: Built to retain water in reservoirs Water diversion or weir & intake

12 Diversion conduit (Power canal) Penstock

13 Forebays Power house

14 Electromechanical Equipments

15 Schematic representation of SHP

16 Economic & Efficient Ways for SHP Development Diversion scheme: reduce cost & gestation period Multipurpose scheme: reduce cost & create immediate demand for energy produced Use existing dams: maximize the use of available water resources, reduces gestation period & enhance the value of the project.

17 Global Hydropower Potential In the year 2000 the world-installed capacity of small hydropower was about 37 GW. All regions of the world are experiencing significant increases in small hydro capacity, with China again showing the greatest increase. Source: European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), Belgium

18 Status of Hydropower Development in Africa High exploitable hydropower potential, but less than 7% exploited Table 1: Summary of African Hydropower Development Gross Theoritical Hydropowe r Potential (GWh/year) Technically Feasible Hydropower Potential (GWh/year) Economicall y Feasible Hydropower Potential (GWh/year) Installed Hydro Capacity (MW) Generation from Hydropowe r Plants (GWh/year) Hydro Capacity under Constructio n (MW) Planned Hydro Capacity (MW) 4,000,000 1,750,000 1,000,000 20,300 76,000 >2,403 >60,000 Source: 2001 World Atlas and Industry Guide International Journal of Hydropower and Dams. The total installed hydro capacity in Africa is about 20.3 GW with a total generation from hydro plants of about 76,000 GWh/year A comparison with the Gross theoretical hydropower potential of about 4,000,000 GWh/year indicates that the current production from hydropower plants in Africa is about 20% of the total potential

19 Regional Distribution of Existing Hydropower Developments Of the total 20.3 GW of hydropower currently installed in Africa, about 23% is located in North Africa, 25% in West Africa and the remaining 51% located in South/Central/Eastern Africa. From Table 2: Countries with installed capacity of more than a 1,000 MW have a total installed capacity of about 13 GW comprising 65% of the total hydropower installed capacity of Africa. These countries are Egypt, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia, Morocco and Ghana. The remaining 45 African countries account for 35% of the total installed hydro capacity. This is shown in Table 2 below: Table 2: Installed Large Hydropower by Region Country Sub-Region Installed Capacity(MW) Egypt North Africa 2,810 DRC Central Africa 2,440 Mozambique Southern Africa 2,180 Nigeria West Africa 1,938 Zambia Southern Africa 1,634 Morroco Northern Africa 1,205 Ghana West Africa 1,072 Total 13,279 Table 3: Installed SHP by Region Region Installed SHP Capacity % of Total Asia 32, Africa South America 1, North & Central America 2, Europe 10, Source:The International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, 2004 Australasia- Oceania Total 47,

20 Status of SHP Development in Africa Country Harnessed (MW) Algeria 42.0 Morocco 30.0 Tunisia 15.0 Egypt 10.0 Uganda 0.50 Mauritius 6.70 Kenya 6.28 Burundi 5.17 Somalia 4.60 Zambia 4.50 Tanzania 4.00 Lesotho 3.54 Mali 5.8 Ghana 10.0 Nigeria Malawi 1.52 Botswana 1.0 Rwanda 1.0 South Africa 0.4 Swaziland 0.3 Mozambique 0.1 Figure 1: Contribution of hydropower to net electricity generation (2002)

21 SHP POTENTIAL IN NIGERIA Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989 S/No State River Basin Total Sites Developed (MW) Undeveloped (MW) Potential Capacity (mw) Sokoto Katsina Niger Kaduna Kwara Kano Borno Bauchi Gongola Plateau Benue Cross River Sokoto-Rima Sokoto-Rima Niger Niger Niger Hadeija-Jamaare Chad Upper Benue Upper Benue Lower Benue Lower Benue Cross Rivers Total Source: Draft Renewable Energy Masterplan (2005)

22 Existing SHP Stations State Installed S/N Location Capacity [mw] Current Status 1 Kwall Falls 2 Kurra Falls 3 Bakalori 4 Tiga Ikere Gorge, 5 Iseyin 6 Oyan Waya 7 Dam Plateau 6.0 IPP (Operational) Plateau 19.0 IPP (Operational) Sokoto 3.0 Dam construction - Completed. Electro-mechanical equipment - Never installed. Kano 6.0 Dam construction - Completed. Electro-mechanical equipment - Never installed. Oyo 6.0 Dam construction - Completed. Electro-mechanical equipment - Never installed. Ogun 9.0 Dam construction - Completed. Electro- mechanical equipment - Never installed. Bauchi 150 kw Completed 2007

23 Existing SHP Stations.. Cont d 8 Mgbowo Dam Enugu 30 kw completed Challawa Gorge Dam Kano 7.0MW Dam construction - Completed. Electro-mechanical equipment - Never installed. 10 Gurara Dam 30 MW Niger IPP under construction Nigeria has about 3500MW potential of SHP MANY POTENTIAL SITES ARE YET TO BE IDENTIFIED

24 BRIEF OF CHINA S SHP By end of 2006 about SHP stations with total installed capacity of 38534MW were completed 98% of RE is from SHP About 19% of electricity generated is from hydropower Total HP installation by end of 2008 was 172,000MW Targeting 300,000MW by 2020 in order to shutdown some of the coal power station which constitute 70% of the power supply

25 BRIEF OF BRAZIL S SHP Electricity Installed capacity of about 90,000MW Over 80% of total power generated is by hydropower-72000mw About 2500MW of SHP from 331 SHP stations

26 Case studies

27 30 kw Ezioha Mgbowo SHP Station-ENUGU STATE UNIDO-RC SHP PILOT PROJECT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

28 Power house EQUIPMENTS

29 8 MW SHP KURRA: Built since 1929 KURA DAM POWER HOUSE POWER CANAL CONTROL ROOM

30 PENSTOCK

31 Waya Dam SHP Bauchi Nigeria Average head: 12m Discharge: 2.4m 3 /s Station Capacity: 150kw Scheme type: Reservoir(DAM) Unit Capacity: 75kw No. of units: 2 Type of turbine: Horizontal Francis Governor type: Manual/Electrical Reservoir capacity: 30million m 3 Diam of penstock: 0.5m Dam height: 15m

32 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Dam was constructed through direct labour by UBRBDA from Targeted mainly for irrigation Project was Identified for SHP by Engr. Dr A. A. Esan in February 2003 (UNIDO/ECN) Load survey & hydrological studies was done in April, Power house completed August 2007 Penstock installation completed September 2007 Mechanical equipment installation in October 2007 Electrical installation of control panel and accessories December 2007

33 PROJECT COST Civil works (power house & accessories): $116,667 (USD)

34 Rehabilitation of dam embankment, spill way, & access road: $2,200,000 (USD)

35 E&M: $150,000 Transport: $ 3,000 Distribution:$208,333

36 Waya SHP equipment installation carried out by Nigerians

37 PROJECT ECONOMIC FEATURES Two villages; Kimni and Gilliri within a 5km radius were identified as beneficiaries with peak load demand of 150.5kw Estimated project life 30years Average Annual Generation at a plant factor of 80% is 1,080,000kwh/yr Total investment for power component $ 478,000 Estimated pay back period of 10yrs

38 Community Pico Hydro in: Kathamba, Kirinyaga District, Kenya Kerugoya town lies 130km north of Nairobi on the southern foothills of Mount Kenya (Kirinyaga in Kiswahili) Kathamba is located on the eastern side of the Mukengeria River 20 minute on unmade road There are 65 houses within 550m

39 Intake and Storage Pond Digging the penstock trench Designed flow 8 l/s (lowest 3 l/s fro dry periods) A wire mesh gabion filled with stones and clay

40 Storage Pond Shuttering in place during application of cement layer to seal the weir Small weir ensures sufficient depth for penstock to be submerged Completed intake with storage pond Natural storage enlarged 4-5 meters width and 20 meters length Extra flow required for 4 hours of evenings when shortfall 5.5l/s

41 Penstock Digging the penstock trench Laying the pipe from the intake to the turbine house. PVC pipe with diameter 110mm, class B PVC (6 bar) 158 m length required shortest measured distance 2 m head loss = 28 m net head Trench dug from intake to turbine house protect penstock

42 Turbine house Collecting hardcore for the foundations Digging out the footing for the walls.

43 Generator Pelton Turbine and Nozzle 2kW Generator (6 pole)

44 Operator Training Turbine house layout and completed building Trained pico hydro installers and operators, the ELC enclosure and ballast.

45 Project Costs Breakdown Costs Cost (US$) Civil works 250 PVC Penstock 425 Turbine, generator, Controller 1,200 Distribution system, wiring, LE bulbs 1,750 Labor Costs 163 Total $3788

46 CONCLUSION Africa has a high potential of SHP Challenge of reliable and affordable water supply in Africa can be reduced by exploitation of SHP SHP is capable of transforming the rural economy of Africa The transformation agenda of Nigerian Presdident Mr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan is favourable to the exploitation of hydropower resources in the country.

47 THANKS FOR LISTENING