Ocean Governance Seafood Security

Transcription

1 Ocean Governance Seafood Security Seafood Security quantity: enough amount quality: safe, tasty, nutritious, variation price: reasonable against quality and quantity accessibility: available at market nearby sustainability: available anytime Yasuwo Fukuyo Asian Natural Environmental Science Center The University of Tokyo 28 September 2009 Seafood Security What kind of issues do we need to consider to secure seafood? This talk provides examples of the issues necessary to consider. But way of management must vary depending on region/area, because of difference of priority of issues. We have already reached max??? FAO 2007

2 Catch of wild fish is decreasing, and aquaculture production is increasing FAO 2007 FAO 2007 In Asia, especially China, uses aquaculture for produce more foods for growing population Top 7 are Asian countries. 5 of the 7 are from Western Pacific countries. FAO 2007 FAO 2007

3 Importance of Governance Conflict between Seafood Security and Environment Conservation Peoples start thinking that our environment is change worse by anthropogenic activities. Then people have more concern on environment. Environmental change 1. Chemical change: pollution, eutrophication, 2. Physical change: construction and abandonment of aquaculture facility, global warming, ocean acidification 3. Biological change: transfer of non-native organisms through aquaculture activities, ballast water, etc. Before people have concern on the issues 1 and 2, but now on the 3 more and more. Environmental change 1. Chemical change: pollution, eutrophication, 2. Physical change: construction and abandonment of aquaculture facility, global warming, ocean acidification 3. Biological change: transfer of non-native organisms through aquaculture activities, ballast water, etc. Before people have concern on the issues 1 and 2, but now on the 3 more and more. Conflict with seafood Security???

4 Environmental change 1. Chemical change: pollution, eutrophication, 2. Physical change: construction and abandonment of aquaculture facility, global warming, ocean acidification 3. Biological change: transfer of non-native organisms through aquaculture activities, ballast water, etc. Before people have concern on the issues 1 and 2, but now on the 3 more and more. Conflict with seafood Security??? Aquaculture: secure production of seafood necessary to pay careful attention to: environment degradation destruction of mangrove eutrophication in water red tides safety of products contamination of natural toxin contamination of heavy metals Mangrove forest were irrecoverably destroyed. shrimp aquaculture development in Thailand shrimp aquaculture development in Indonesia

5 Shrimp and fish culture in Nha Trang, Vietnum Fish cage culture common Japanese costal waters Mechanism: factors related to red tide problem Red 赤潮発生件数 tide case number 赤潮発生件数 Red tide case number ブリ類養殖収穫量 Yellow tail fish Production (10,000 t) Parallel increase of red tide occurrences and yellow tail fish aquaculture industry are obvious. No data on red tide case Closer observation 年次 of red tide cases 瀬戸内海における赤潮発生件数と漁業被害件数の推移 between 1968 and Production of yellow 収穫量 tail fish (10,000 by aquaculture t) (x 1,000t)

6 Two types of Harmful Algae and consequences of their Blooms (HABs) 1. Red tide algae mass mortality of marine life due to anoxia and biochemical and mechanical damages, associating with unusual scenery 2. Toxin-producing algae (toxic plankton) toxin contamination in shellfish and fish, poisoning (PSP, DSP, ASP, NSP, Ciguatera) Aquaculture activity induce the following changes: 1. water quality, especially nutrients in water, 2. sediment quality by accumulation of substances, 3. phytoplankton community. Because phytoplankton uses nutrients in water as fertilizer and increases its population. Accumulated substances in sediments is source of nutrients in water. It means that nutrient supply continues until sediment quality recovers. Phytoplankton is a base of food web in aquatic environment. Therefore these changes then induce changes in other components of the coastal zone area such as benthos and nekton communities, later. Phytoplankton (microalgae) community: Harmful microalgae exist in the community Microalgae in Red tide water 1 mm

7 Algal Blooms : red tide Red Tide occurring off shore Noctiluca in Thailand Noctiluca in Spain Nodularia in Germany Red tide occurring near shore Gymnodinium in Japan Noctiluca in Japan by Chattonella in Japan

8 Red tides attaching aquaculture area: fish mortality Red tides attaching aquaculture area: shellfish mortality by Cochlodinium in Korea by Chattonella in Japan by Karenia in Hong Kong Rehabilitation of water quality is difficult Red 赤潮発生件数 tide case number 赤潮発生件数 Red tide case number ブリ類養殖収穫量 Yellow tail fish Production (10,000 t) Parallel increase of red tide occurrences and yellow tail fish aquaculture industry are obvious. No data on red tide case Lowering of N and P levels was effective for reduction of red tide cases Closer observation 年次 of red tide cases 瀬戸内海における赤潮発生件数と漁業被害件数の推移 between 1968 and Production of yellow 収穫量 tail fish (10,000 by aquaculture t) (x 1,000t)

9 Laws aiming environment conservation in Japan Environment Basic Law Natural Conservation Law Natural Parks law Environmental Impact Assessment Law Water Pollution Control Law Sewage Water Law Law concerning Provisional Measures for Conservation of the Environment of the Seto Inland Sea Law regulating the Commercial Transactions in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law Through development of these laws and regulations, environmental condition of Seto Inland Sea becomes better. Change of load to Seto Inland Sea Rem: duration of the upper and lower figures are different. Reduction of the load has not directly related to water quality. Reduction of the load has not directly related to water quality.

10 Reduction of N and P may have relation to decrease of fishery production. If so, how to prevent eutrophication (degradation) without having reduction of fisheries production??? Recent red tide problem 1.Decoloration (depigmentation) of Nori seaweed Porphyra by red tide of diatoms Because the seaweed lost the competition of nutrients uptake, especially phosphate uptake. 2. Nutrients inflow from land area caused massive red tides which killed cultured yellow tail fish. The inflow occurred after a typhoon. Aquaculture: secure production of seafood necessary to pay careful attention to: environment degradation destruction of mangrove eutrophication in water red tides safety of products contamination of natural toxin contamination of heavy metals

11 Cultured shellfish sometimes accumulates natural toxins which are highly toxic to people. Monitoring to observe toxicity of shellfish and well designed management plan to avoid poisoning are necessary. Shellfish poisoning occurred in Japan in 1961 at Ofunato Bay in northern Japan.

12 Green mussel farms in Manila Bay Oyster farms in Manila Bay Green mussels Oysters Number of poisoning cases with fatal ones occurred after eating shellfish contaminated by toxins produced by plankton Two types of Harmful Algae and consequences of their Blooms (HABs) Philippines Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Brunei PSP patients cases dead Death case ( ) 1. Red tide algae mass mortality of marine life due to anoxia and biochemical and mechanical damages, associating with unusual scenery 2. Toxin-producing algae (toxic plankton) toxin contamination in shellfish and fish, poisoning (PSP, DSP, ASP, NSP, Ciguatera)

13 Toxic plankton is the alga that produce (or keep after uptake) toxins inside cell. The toxins cause illness in vertebrates, including mankind. Symptom varies depending on toxins, i.e. PSP, DSP, NSP, ASP and ciguatera. Appearance of toxic shellfish is not different from non-toxic ones toxin PSP in western Pacific tropical and subtropical countries : Gymnodinium Toxic plankton Toxic species People get poisoning by eating toxic shellfish Toxin contamination Impacts of Toxic plankton occurrence Public health - increasing and wide-spread PSP cases Economic losses - damage to fisheries and aquaculture - loss of market - livelihood and food supply of local communities threatened Environmental change 1. Chemical change: pollution, eutrophication, 2. Physical change: construction and abandonment of aquaculture facility, global warming, ocean acidification 3. Biological change: transfer of non-native organisms through aquaculture activities, ballast water, etc. Before people have concern on the issues 1 and 2, but now on the 3 more and more. Conflict with seafood Security???

14 Invasion of aquatic organisms Many invasion cases occurred through aquaculture activities. Positive benefit Success of introduction, producing new aquaculture products such as Chile salmon from Asia European oyster from Asia Tilapia fish from Africa Negative impact Predation, competition to existing species Introduction of disease Genetic recombination Habitat alternation FAO 2007 This is also conflict between seafood security and biodiversity conservation. Wise management is needed, as both are important for Asia. Three types of bio-invasion are known in Japan: 1. invasive species from outside to Japan 2. domestic species additionally from outside 3. domestic transfer Invasive mechanisms of marine organisms in Japan (Iwasaki et al. 2004) Invasion from outside to Japan Additional invasion to Japanese existing strains aquarium additionally from outside fisheries 42 taxa ships 25 taxa domestic transfer from outside to Japan Fisheries 14 taxa ships Fisheries Local transfer beyond natural habitat

15 Invasive mechanisms of marine organisms in Japan (Iwasaki et al. 2004) Invasion from outside to Japan Additional invasion to Japanese existing strains bioinvaion via ship hull fouling ballast water aquarium fisheries 42 taxa ships 25 taxa Fisheries 14 taxa ships Fisheries Local transfer beyond natural habitat Ballast water Ballast water is used to keep stability of a ship, and to facilitate loading and unloading cargos into a ship. A ship without enough ballast water is very unstable Comb Jelly occurred massively in Caspian Lake During cargo operation the height of ships is kept same by ballast water charging/discharging. Comb jelly feeds on fish egg and juvenile, and food of fish. Then fish resource decreased a lot.

16 Golden Mussel appeared in Argentine rivers Clipping off of a newspaper showing a case of intrusion of Chinese mitten crabs into a supermarket 1. about 50 mitten crabs invaded a supermarket; 2. police came to catch the crabs; 3. accommodate them at a institution for homeless pets 4. release to wild

17 Massive occurrence of crabs Production and total value of shrimp from aquaculture White spot disease expanded from around Many farms are obliged to close. Good production of black tiger shrimp until 2000 Arrow heads show symptom.

18 Banamei started cultivating instead of black tiger. Banamei has its origin in central America. But now it started distributing in Asia by escaping from culture ponds to wild rivers and ponds. 600, , , , , ,000 banamei Tons black tiger banamei shrimp total production Eastern Pacific : from Sonora, Mexico, south to northern Peru. origin origin : from Sonora, Mexico, south to northern Peru. transfer to Asia for culture Banamei was transferred to Asia as a replacement of conventionally cultured black tiger. Original distribution of the two are central America and Asia, respectively. Thus new important aquaculture organisms have potential to be invasive species. Association with fisheries activity Association with fisheries activity feeding (Courtesy of Dr. K. Okoshi) Invasion of Euspira fortunei Meretrix petechialis Hard clams was imported from China, but kept for weeks at Japanese coastal water, in order to sell in pretending as if they are local products.

19 Seafood Security What kind of issues do we need to consider to secure seafood? This talk provides examples of the issues necessary to consider. But way of management must vary depending on region/area, because of difference of priority of issues. Activities to secure seafood often cause inevitable conflict with environmental issues. Then importance is in management!!!