Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(5): Research Article

Transcription

1 Avalable onlne Journal of Chemcal and Pharmaceutcal Research, 04, 6(5): Research Artcle ISSN : CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 A research on the development ndces for Chna s large scentfc nstruments n the category of medcal dagnoses and analyses Chen L, Lv Yongbo, Xuan Zhaohu and Chen Ch School of Traffc and Transportaton, Beng Jaotong Unversty, Chna ABSTRACT In recent years, wth the rapd development of domestc pharmaceutcal ndustry, the development of Chna s large scentfc nstruments n the category of medcal dagnoses and analyses has been very fast. Based on the statstcs and the computaton methods of spatal Gn coeffcent for 008-0, ths paper has dscovered that the densty of regonally dstrbuted Chnese medcal dagnostc and analytcal nstruments has not changed much, wth the eastern regons obvously outperformng central and western ones. A three-dmensonal structure of Hall type has been used to buld a development ndces comprehensve evaluaton model for Chna s large scentfc nstruments n the category of medcal dagnoses and analyses, and measurement and calculaton have been made. Accordng to the results, t s obvous that the eastern regons are better n terms of equpment and utlzaton levels, but the dfference n the level of sharng s not obvous, and ths shows that a hgher level of confguraton does not necessarly mean a hgher level of sharng. Ths artcle ends wth some relevant advces on polces for regons at dfferent levels of development ndces. Key words: large scentfc nstrument, utlzaton, sharng, spatal Gn coeffcent, a three dmensonal structure of Hall INTRODUCTION THE RAISING OF QUESTIONS In terms of ndustral technology ntensty, pharmaceutcal ndustry s one of typcal h-tech ndustres. In recent years, global pharmaceutcal ndustry has grown rapdly wth the ncreasngly actve transnatonal nvestment n t and academc communty has conducted lots of related research nto ths sector[]. And as an ntermedary and a means of scentfc research, equpment s a foundaton and a condton for the development of scence and technology, and t s one of the most basc and crtcal factor n scentfc and technologcal nnovaton actvty, ensurng natonal scentfc and technologcal progress and nnovaton and provdng materal support []. The large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses (herenafter referred to as medcal dagnostc and analytc nstruments for short, whle large scentfc nstruments refer to the equpment the orgnal value of whch s no less than RMB 500,000 ) feature a hgh technologcal content, advanced technologes, expensve prces and rapdly upgraded replacements. If the lfe cycle of an nstrument s dvded nto the three perods of beng advanced, conventonal and outdated, generally speakng, the advanced perod would account for less than /3 of the entre lfe of the nstrument[3]. Therefore, only a suffcent sharng can ensure that the advanced perod s made use of, and reflect the value of large scentfc nstruments to ts full extent. Otherwse, t wll not only cause a huge waste of the lmted technologcal resources n the country, but also restrct the level of scentfc research to some extent n Chna. Although some achevements n the constructon and use of Chna's large scentfc nstruments have been made after decades of efforts, there are stll many problems to be solved. For example, repeated constructons are bult, 676

2 Chen L et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 04, 6(5): and utlzaton and sharng rates are low. Our country s scentfc nstruments have outnumbered the 5 European Unon countres n total, but many nstruments utlzaton rates are less than 5%, whle many developed countres equpment utlzaton rates are as hgh as 70% - 00%[4]. In addton, problems stll exst such as scattered confguraton, low operaton effcency; alack of the restrctons and gudance by laws and regulatons; a sluggsh constructon of the platform for sharng; dm awareness about the dea of sharng; obstructed techncal resources sharng nformaton channels; a lack of supportng mechansm for tranng n talents etc.[5] So, t s necessary to make a mult-dmensonal comprehensve evaluaton of how the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses are used and shared, and use the nformaton about resources as a bass to put forward relevant recommendatons on polces for future development.. The research n ths paper concerns the multple-dmensonal evaluaton of how Chna s large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses are regonally used and shared n all the areas at provncal level, and provdes a macro-level analyss of measurement results and nfluental factors. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES Spatal Gn coeffcent: The economc and geographc phenomenon of the concentraton of ndustres, captals and populaton n a certan locaton or regon s called ndustry locaton clusterng. Early n the 0th century, many economsts conducted a research nto the ssue of ndustry locaton clusterng. After 980s, ndustry clusterng went beyond natonal borders, growng up worldwde. The ssue of ndustry locaton clusterng drew attenton from new economc geographers represented by Paul Krugman, who nterpreted ndustry locaton clusterng, usng the economcs of mperfect competton, ncremental returns, path dependence and cumulatve causaton. In hs study of compettve advantage of natons, Mchael Porter[6] also emphaszed the role of ndustry clusterng n the nternatonal compettveness of regonal ndustres. Experts studyng the ssue of ndustry clusterng put forward a seres of methods for calculatng the degree of ndustry agglomeraton, such as concentraton ndex, concentraton rato, spatal Gn coeffcent etc. Spatal Gn coeffcent s the most representatve, whose computatonal formula s as below: G S S Formula () n n = m ns = m = G n the formula s the Gn coeffcent of ndustry, S s the proporton of the ndustry n regon to the whole country s; Sm s the proporton of the ndustry n regon m to the whole country s; n s the number of regons; S s the natonal average proporton of ndustry. The value of spatal Gn coeffcent vares between 0 and. The closer to zero the coeffcent s, the more evenly dstrbuted ndustry s; the closer to, the more concentrated ndustry I s. Krugman[7] once used the spatal Gn coeffcent method to calculate the level of spatal agglomeratonfor06 manufacturng ndustres n the U.S. n 99. Ths paper wll look at the level of locaton agglomeraton and the features of the hstorcal evoluton of the allocaton of medcal dagnostc and analytcal nstruments n Chna s 30 regons at provncal level through calculatng the spatal Gn coeffcent of such ndustry n these regons. Comprehensve Evaluaton Model for Development Indces: a. The selecton of ndces The exstence of targets s the premse of usng and sharng large scentfc nstruments. For fndng the soluton to the contradcton between the scarcty of large scentfc nstruments resources and the need of scentfc nnovaton actvtes, the frst s to expand the supply of large scentfc nstruments to ts full extent. But ths method s feasble only n theory as the economc strength n any country s restrcted. The second method s to not only encourage the sharng of exstng large scentfc nstruments for ncreasng the rate of equpment utlzaton, and provdng a platform for mult-subect comprehensve development, but also create better condtons for CEEUSRO(Cooperaton Educaton of Enterprse Unversty and Scentfc Research Organzaton) communcaton and nteracton. Obvously, the second method s more strategc. Consequently, the ratonalty of usng and sharng large scentfc nstruments should be evaluated from three perspectves ncludng equpment level, utlzaton level and sharng level. The ndces for equpment total orgnal value and per capta value are used to evaluate regonal equpment levels. The ndces for effectve workng computer tme and equpment utlzaton rate are used to evaluate regonal utlzaton levels. The ndces for sharng computer tme and equpment sharng rate are used to evaluate regonal sharng levels. Total orgnal value (0 thousand Yuan): the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n a provncal-level regon. Ths ndex reflects the total equpment level and the potental of utlzng and sharng all the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n ths provncal level regon. 677

3 Chen L et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 04, 6(5): Per capta value of equpment (yuan/peron): the rato between the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses and the populaton n regon. Ths ndex reflects the confguraton level of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n ths regon. U U = V V =,,, I U = =,,, I Formula () V U n the formula s the total orgnal value of the medcal dagnostc and analytcal nstruments n provncal-level regon, V s the orgnal value of nstrument, the formula s the per capta value of equpment, V s a crteron functon of equpment-regon attrbuton. U n V s the total populaton n regon. Effectve workng computer tme (00 mllon Yuan-hour): the sum of the annual effectve workng computer tme weghted by orgnal value for the equpment n regon. Ths ndex reflects how the equpment n ths regon operates as a whole. Utlzaton rate of equpment (%): the utlzaton rate of a set of equpment s the proporton of the equpment s annual effectve workng computer tme to ts rated annual effectve workng computer tme (whch s 600 hours per year, that s, 00 effectve workng days per year and 8 workng hours per day[8]). The regonal utlzaton rate of equpment s the utlzaton rate of each equpment weghted by ts own orgnal value n regon. Ths ndex reflects the overall equpment utlzaton level n ths regon. 3 V 3 3 V 4 V V U = V V =,,, I 0000 U = 00% =,,, I Formula (3) V 0 U 3 U n the formula s effectve workng computer tme, V s the annual effectve workng computer tme of 4 nstrument. U n the formula s the utlzaton rate of equpment, V 0 s the rated effectve workng computer tme whch s 600 hours per year. Sharng computer tme (00 mllon yuan-hour): the sum of the annual sharng computer tme weghted by orgnal value for the equpment n regon. Ths ndex reflects the overall scale of the servce provded to the publc wth the equpment n ths regon. Sharng rate of equpment (%): the sharng rate of a set of equpment s the proporton of the equpment s annual sharng computer tme to the rated annual effectve workng computer tme. The regonal sharng rate of equpment s the total sharng rate of a set of equpment weghted by the proporton of ts own orgnal value to that n the regon. Ths ndex reflects the overall sharng level of the equpment n ths regon. 5 V 5 5 V 6 V V U = V V =,,, I U 00%,, 0000 = I =, Formula (4) V0 U 5 U n the formula s sharng computer tme, 3 5 V s the annual sharng computer tme of nstrument. After the above 6 secondary ndces have been calculated for all the regons, the method of benchmarkng s used to treat them for non-dmensonal normalzaton, and secondary ndces are obtaned, and after that, the comprehensve weghted method s used to calculate prmary ndces, and fnally, the method of ntegrated weghtng s used to calculate comprehensve ndcators. 3 Nk lk U z = 00,,,,,3,,, 6 l β k l a k k = I k = lk = k= lk= Nk-+U max z n the formula s the comprehensve development ndex for regon, U U. l the weght of prmary ndex, = max max { } k lk Formula (5) β s the weght of secondary ndex, l k αk s b. The constructon of a 3-dmensonal evaluaton model of equpment-utlzaton-sharng type Based on the prevous analyss of the mpacts of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses, we can buld a 3-dmensonal model to reflect how the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses are used and shared usng the analytcal method of the three-dmensonal structure of Hall type n the 678

4 Chen L et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 04, 6(5): methodology for system engneerng The 3-dmensonal model s as shown n Fg.. Sharng level(z) hgh(3) medum() C(X3,Y3,Z3) low() B(X,Y,Z) A(X,Y,Z) low() medum() hgh(3) Equpped level(x) low() medum() hgh(3) Utlzaton level(y) Fg. A3-dmensonal model for evaluatng how the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses are used and shared In the Fg., f each of the 3 dmensons of equpment level, utlzaton level and sharng level s gven dfferent values, the correspondng coordnates of the development status of dfferent large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses could be found n the fgure above. For example, the meanngs of the 3 ponts of A, B and C n the fgure are as follows: A:(X,Y,Z)=(lowequpment level, low utlzaton level, low sharng level)=(,,) B:(X,Y,Z)=(medumequpment level, medum utlzaton level, medum sharng level)=(,,) C:(X3,Y3,Z3)=(hgh equpment level, hgh utlzaton level, hgh sharng level)=(3,3,3) ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF LARGE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSES AND ANALYSES Table Regonal total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna(0) Regon Total orgnal value Percentage of Total orgnal value Percentage of (00 mllon Yuan) Chna Regon (%) (00 mllon Yuan) Chna(%) Beng % Hunan % Shangha % Yunan % Guangdong % Henan % Jangsu % Gansu 4.9.4% Zheang % Chongqng 4..39% Hube % Guangx % Shandong % Hebe % Tann % Shanx % Laonng % Guzhou % Jln % Hanan % Schuan % Xnang % Fuan % Jangx % Anhu % Nngxa % Shaanx 6..0% Inner Mongola % Helongang % Qngha % Total Notes: ndcates that the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses. For the data s dffcult to obtan, the data does not nclude Hong Kong, Macao, Tawan and Tbet. About the Regonal Dstrbuton of the Large Scentfc Instruments for Medcal Dagnoses and Analyses Over the past decade, Chna s pharmaceutcal ndustry has developed rapdly. In 0, the numbers of enterprses and employees were.7 tmes and. tmes those of 00[9], respectvely. In terms of economc effcency, the pharmaceutcal ndustry showed a trend towards mprovement. Proporton of ts sales revenue to the total revenues 679

5 Chen L et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 04, 6(5): of all the h-tech enterprses gong up from 7.% n 00 to 8.5% n 0, and the proporton of ts profts ncreasng from 9.8% to 33.%. And the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna went up from 359 mllon Yuan n 008 to mllon Yuan n 0. The annual average growth rate s 45.0%. The regonal total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna n 0s as shown n the Table. The total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna n 0 s mllon yuan, but the regonal dstrbuton s uneven. As the poltcal, economc and cultural centre of Chna, Beng has a lot of colleges, unverstes and research nsttutons. The total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Beng accounted for 3.6% of the natonal total. Beng s share was hgher by nearly 0 percentage ponts than Shangha whch ranked next to t. The total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments allocated by central government for the medcal dagnoses and analyses n Beng reached up to 6077 mllon yuan, and on top of that, the allocaton accounted for one-thrd of the natonal total whch shows more polcy support. Of the 30 provncal regons n Chna, the 4 of Beng, Shangha, Guangdong and Jangsu have a combned total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses that accounts for 5.7% of the natonal total. The technologcal and economc strength of central and western provncal regons s mnuscule as compared to the rch ones n east coast provncal regons. In 0, the sum of the total orgnal values of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n the 5 provncal regons wth the smallest sze accounted for 4.77% of the natonal total. 0 of the 5 provncal regons are located n the western part of Chna whle5 of them n central Chna. In last decade, the huge regonal dfferences of the dstrbuton of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses were the general feature of fledglng pharmaceutcal ndustry and even the entre communty n Chna. Revew of Results of Fve Years Growth The average growth rate per annum of the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna s 45.0% between 008 and 0. But were the regonal dstrbutons more clustered or dspersed? We used the total orgnal value ndex n the foregong formula () for computaton, the results of whch showed that n 008, the spatal Gn coeffcent of Chna s large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses was 0.58, belongng to the state of decentralzed clusterng. And the spatal Gn coeffcents for the four years after 008 were 0.56,0.55,0.55and It showed that the regonal dstrbutons were always uneven. The annual varance rato of spatal Gn coeffcent s less than %, and t means the aggregaton degree of the regonal dstrbuton of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses had not changed much. The total orgnal values of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n weaker provncal regons were growng all the tme, but the gap between weak and strong ones has not narrowed. 9 Zheang 8 Laonng 7 Hube 6 Shandong 5 Jangsu 4 Guangdong 3 Shangha Beng Fg. The rankng of the total orgnal values of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n selected provncal regons n Chna (008-0) Ths phenomenon can also be seen from concentraton ratos. Beng and Shangha had remaned as the two provncal regons wth the hghest total orgnal values of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses from 008 to 0. The sum of ther total orgnal values of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses has remaned at the basc rate of 37% n relaton to the natonal total. Wth 6 provncal regons(guangdong, Jangsu, Hube, Zheang, Shandong and Laonng) rankng 3nd-8th respectvely over many years, nearly 70 percent of the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna was manly dstrbuted n a quarter of 30 provncal regons. The share of the remanng provncal regons were ust above 30%. Among the provncal regons, the porton of the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n every5 western provncal regons (Qngha, Inner Mongola, Xnang, Nngxa and Hanan) was less than %. A great number of government polces and 680

6 Chen L et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 04, 6(5): fundng should be needed for these provncal regons wth small-scale pharmaceutcal ndustry, f they look forward to a breakthrough n development. RESULTS Regonal Development Index The 3-dmensonal evaluaton model of equpment-utlzaton-sharng type can be used to calculate the scope of equpment, and utlzaton and sharng levels for each provncal regon. As known from the calculaton results, n the equpment aspect (the dstrbuton of dots whch have dfferent colors, E ), the east provncal regons were better than the central and western ones. The result of k-means algorthm based on the equpment ndex shows that Beng s at the frst level (the red dot) and Shangha whose equpment ndex s s at the second level. All the rest regons are at the thrd level. In the utlzaton aspect (U ), the result of k-means algorthm was smlar to the equpment aspect. The dfference s that Shangha belongs to the frst class and Beng whose utlzaton ndex s 5.69 belongs to the second class. All the rest regons stll belong to the thrd class. In the sharng aspect ( S ), the result s dfferent from the above two. Although Shangha stll belongs to the frst class, the sharng ndex for Beng was ust The 5 provncal regons ncludng Beng, Jangsu, Guangdong, Zheang and Chongqng belong to the second class. All the remanng 4 regons belong to the thrd class JS SH Sharng level ndex CQ GD 6 SD 4 AH HUB TJ JL SC YN LN SAX SX GS XJ QH HN GX HUN FJ NX JX HB IM GZ HLJ HN Equpped level ndex (55.53,00] (0.03,55.53] (3.93,0.03] (9.99,3.93] 0 Fg.3 Regonal dstrbuton of equpment, utlzaton and sharng ndces for the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna (0) Regon abbrevatons: JS:Jangsu; JX: Jangx; JL: Jln; LN: Laonng; SC: Schuan; SD: Shandong; HEN: Henan; HUN: Hunan; AH: Anhu; IM: Inner Mongola; QH: Qngha; NX: Nngxa; TI: Tbet; XJ: Xnang; CQ: Chongqng; SX: Shanx; GZ: Guzhou; HN: Hanan; YN: Yunnan; SAX: Shaanx; TJ: Tann; ZJ: Zheang; HLJ: Helongang; HB: Hebe; GX: Guangx; GS: Gansu; FJ: Fuan; HUB: Hube; GD: Guangdong; BJ: Beng; SH: Shangha. After multplyng wth the ndces for equpment, utlzaton and sharng levels, we got the development ndces expressed n δ for the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n each provncal regon. d (, k, ) = f ( equpped level( ), utlzaton level( ), sharng level( k)) = E* U * S Formula (6) k 30provncal regons had been classfed nto 3 groups based on dfferent development ndces. And relevant polcy advces should been gven for each group. A table of development ndces groups s as follows. Table The regonal development ndces groups for the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses Interval Groups Provncal Regons δ 3 hgh Shangha 4 δ 9 medum Beng δ 7 low ZJ Utlzaton level ndex BJ [0,9.99] Tann, Hebe, Shanx, Inner Mongola, Laonng, Jln, Helongang, Jangsu, Zheang, Anhu, Fuan, Jangx, Shandong, Henan, Hube, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangx, Hanan, Chongqng, Schuan, Guzhou, Yunnan, Shaanx, Gansu, Qngha, Nngxa, Xnang Countermeasures and Recommendatons 68

7 Chen L et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 04, 6(5): Our country s vast n terrtory, the dsequlbrum reflectng geographc dfferences of economc, technologcal and educatonal development has nfluenced the sharng of large scentfc nstruments to some degree. Polcy-makers should make adustments accordng to geographc dfferences. ()The provncal regons wth a hgh regonal development ndex ( δ 3) have an advantage concernng scentfc nstruments resources. Polces should be made to further strengthen the resources ntegraton for resources-poolng and technologcal nnovaton. ()The provncal regons wth a medum regonal development ndex ( 4 δ 9) have some advantage concernng scentfc nstruments resources. Arrangement and adustment should be made to take a full advantage and mprove abltes for resource sharng. (3)The provncal regons wth a low regonal development ndex ( δ 7 )are weak n large scentfc nstruments. That means these areas have some dsadvantages and technologcal nnovaton s restrcted. Polces are meant to strengthen government fnancng, elmnate adverse factors and promote the sharng of regonal S&T resources. CONCLUSION The past decade has wtnessed a rapd development of Chna s pharmaceutcal ndustry. the numbers of enterprses and employees had ncreased substantally. And the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n Chna n 0 has doubled n fve years. But regonal dstrbuton s uneven. Beng and Shangha had a bg lead. However, the total orgnal value of the large scentfc nstruments for medcal dagnoses and analyses n central and western provncal regons was generally less than the east coast. Unfortunately, the scattered dstrbuton has not changed n recent years. A three dmensonal structure of Hall type s used to buld the comprehensve evaluaton model for development ndces. Accordng to the results, Beng and Shangha had a bg lead n overall strength. The east regons were hgher than the central and western ones n terms of equpment and utlzaton levels. But the pcture looked dfferent when t came to sharng. Chongqng ranks sxth n the lst of sharng levels, Anhu and Schuan were also among the top 0. It shows that not only the central and western provncal regons but also the east ones should strengthen and mprove the sharng capablty. For those regons whch have a hgh regonal development ndex, the systematc ntegraton of resources s needed. And for the regons wth a low one, government support should be ntensfed for elmnatng unfavorable factors and mprovng the regonal development level relatng to medcal dagnostc and analytcal nstruments. Acknowledgements The author would lke to thank hs collaborators from and support of Natonal Scence & Technology Infrastructure Center(03DDJZY06), Scence and technology evaluaton and statstcs work methods of Mnstry of Scence and Technology (03SE-0603). REFERENCES []L Lmng; Lu Habo, Chna Soft Scence, 03, (6), []Xa Chunyang; Yuan Yubn; Wang We, Scence And Technology Management Research, 005, 5(3), 8-9,4. [3]L Wenun; Zhang Jeun, Chna Scence & Technology Resources Revew, 009, 4(4), 9-3. [4]Xu Jng; Wang Dazhou, Journal Of Engneerng Studes, 00, 0(3), [5]Hu Xaopng; Zhong Yelong; Xu Junmng, Expermental Technology and Management, 0, 9(7), 5-7,0. [6] Porter Mchael E, Compettve Strategy, USA: Free Press [7] Krugman Paul, Geography and Trade, Chna: Beng Unversty Press. 00. [8]Ma Junxao; L We; Yang Zhun; Tan D; Qu Chunln, Chnese Journal of Analytcal Chemstry, 007, 35(3), [9]Mnstry of Scence and Technology of the People s Republc of Chna, Chna Scence and Technology Indces 0, Chna: Scentfc and Techncal Documents Publshng House. 03,