Exploring Spaceship Earth

Transcription

1 Exploring Spaceship Earth Kit 1: Elements, minerals and crystals Workshop corrector Geoscience Kit for Ontario elementary school Christopher and Brenda Brooks Geoscience Education in Action

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3 Exploring Spaceship Earth Kit 1: Elements, minerals and crystals Workshop corrector A Geoscience Kit for Grade 4 elementary schools in Ontario by Christopher Brooks Université de Montréal and Brenda Brooks Ontario College of Teachers A Geoscience Kit based on the topics outlined in the Understanding Earth and Space Systems strand of the elementary Science and Technology curriculum for Grade 4 in Ontario.

4 2 nd edition: Copyright 2013 AESI All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of the authors. Composition and illustrations Martin Brooks Solutions Montreal, QC, CANADÁ mb-pc.com Typesetting configuration Nur Erdem Published in Canada Printed in United States ISBN

5 Contents When I grow up 2 The work of geoscientists can be very exciting Workshop1 3 Simple solids on Spaceship Earth Workshop 2 11 You are Star stuff! Workshop 3 19 Pencil lead, a very mysterious mixture! Workshop 4 27 Two magnificent metallic minerals Workshop 5 37 Why it s quartz of course! Workshop 6 47 Come on mineral give me a break! Workshop 7 55 Rough stuff

6 When I grow up The work of geoscientists can be very exciting. Here are some examples for you to think about! An exploration geologist looks for deposits of minerals and useful rocks. A geochemist analyses minerals and rocks for rare metals. A planetologist studies the planets in our solar system, like Mars. A mining engineer collects samples in a mine. Field geologists explore distant mountains and river valleys.

7 3 Student name(s): Workshop 1 Simple Solids on Spaceship Earth Student Workbook Glossary of terms in Workshop 1 colour: how a solid affects the way light reflects off its surface. conchoidal (con-coy-dal): when the smooth fracture of glass has curved ripples which look like a seashell. density: the heaviness of a solid. For solids of the same size a heavy solid has a higher density while a light solid has lower density. hardness: how a solid resists being scratched for example by a steel nail, or a fingernail. fracture: how a solid substance breaks. It can be smooth or rough. lustre: how well light reflects from a surface; it can be shiny (reflects well) or dull (reflects poorly). opacity: (oh-pas-i-tee): how much light passes through a solid; see transparent, translucent, or opaque. opaque: (oh-payk): when no light can pass through the solid and it makes a shadow transparent: when light passes easily through a solid and you can see through to the other side. translucent: when some light passes through but the solid looks cloudy and you cannot see the other side.

8 4 Activity 1 What are the ways the piece of glass is different from wax? Row Name and description of the property 1 colour; or green (glass); or white (wax) 2 opacity; or clear (glass); or milky (wax) 3 lustre; or shine (glass); or dull (wax) 4 hardness, toughness (glass); or softness (wax) 5 fracture; or the way they break; or rough (wax); or smooth (glass) 6 density or weight; or how heavy (glass); or light (wax) IMPORTANT: remember to focus only on things that you actually did (like testing for hardness or density) or that you could observe (like the colour or opacity). For instance, you cannot say glass breaks more easily than wax if you did not observe it.

9 5 Activities 2 to 6 Table of properties Property Glass Wax Ceramic Colour (white or green) Opacity (transparent, translucent or opaque) Lustre (shiny or dull) green white white transparent translucent opaque shiny dull dull Hardness (can it be scratched by a nail) no yes no Fracture (rough, smooth or smooth conchoidal) smoothconchoidal rough smooth Density (heavy or light) heavier than wax lighter than glass and ceramic heavier than wax Activity 4: How do they break? Box 1: Glass Box 2: Wax 1 cm 1 cm Drawings like these would be excellent. Notice there is a scale so you know their real-life size

10 6 Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 How is glass and wax different in the way they reflect light? a. ( X ) Glass is shiny but wax is dull b. ( ) Glass is dull but wax is shiny Some people say glass has a glassy lustre and wax s dull lustre is waxy (surprise! surprise!). Question Nº2 How are glass and wax different in colour and opacity? a. ( X ) Glass is dark green and transparent while wax is white and translucent b. ( ) Glass is dark green and transparent while wax is white and opaque Even though glass is dark green, you can still see through it to the other side, so it is transparent. Wax on the other hand lets some light through, so it is translucent. Now return to Activity 3. Question Nº3 How is glass and wax different in hardness? a. ( ) Glass is softer than the nail, wax is harder b. ( X ) Glass is harder than the nail, wax is softer Try to scratch each of them with your fingernail and write what you observe on page 8 of your Student Workbook. Now return to Activity 4. Question Nº4 How is glass and wax different in the way they break? a. ( ) Both glass and wax have smooth, fracture surfaces b. ( X ) Glass has a smooth fracture surface while wax has a rough surface Question Nº5 What is the name for the way glass surfaces look? a. ( X) Clammy b. ( X ) Conchoidal Now return to Activity 5.

11 7 Question Nº6 Which one is heavier, glass or wax? a. ( ) Wax b. ( X ) Glass It is easier to observe the difference when the samples are the same size. Ahora regresa a la Activity 6. Question Nº7 How are glass and ceramic different in the way they reflect light? a. ( X ) Glass is shiny but ceramic is dull b. ( ) Glass is dull but ceramic is shiny Question Nº8 How are glass and ceramic different in colour and opacity? a. ( ) Glass is dark green and transparent while ceramic is white and translucent b. ( X ) Glass is dark green and transparent while ceramic is white and opaque Ceramic is the only opaque solid of the three substances studied. Question Nº9 How are glass and ceramic different in hardness? a. (X ) Glass is harder than the nail, ceramic is softer than the nail b. ( X ) Both glass and ceramic are harder than the nail Question Nº10 How are glass and ceramic different in the way they break (hint: only look at the broken edge of the ceramic piece)? a. ( X ) Glass has a smooth fracture surface while ceramic has a rough fracture surface b. ( ) They are not different because they both have smooth fracture surfaces Question Nº11 Which one is heavier, glass or ceramic? a. ( ) Glass is heavier than ceramic b. ( X ) They are both about the same This is difficult if the two samples are not the same size; the bigger one may seem heavier. Now return to Activity 7.

12 8 Activity 7 Concept map Meet Spooks, the friendly Halloween tree. He is going to help you build your first concept map. So what is a concept? Well it s an idea that brings together the knowledge you have learned. In Workshop 1 you learned about the physical properties of solids. This will be our concept and at the bottom of the page, Spooks has listed the most important words that belong to this concept. Write each one in a separate balloon on his tree diagram; that s all you have to for your first concept map. You will find that Spooks has more balloons in the next Workshop. fracture lustre opacity density hardness The properties are: colour Physical properties of solids Concept words: colour opacity hardness fracture lustre density When you have finished return to Activity 8.

13 9 Mind stretcher: crossword Instructions: The theme of this crossword is The properties of solids. Solve each word clue to find the crossword and print it in the puzzle. For help please look up the glossary in your Workbook. 9 T C T D D O 5 F R A C T U R E N 6H A L N C A N L S H R S I O D I N 8O U D E P C R A N S P A R E N T L S Q N 10 L U U S T R E 7 G L A S S Y T T Y Across 5. the way a solid breaks 7. the shine of glass 9. solids you can see through are this 10. name of the way solids reflect light Down 1. shell-like way glass can break 2. solids that are cloudy are this 3. lustre of wax 4. measures how heavy a solid is 6. measures how tough a solid is 8. solids that cast a shadow are this

14 10 Space for making notes:

15 11 Student Name(s): Workshop 2 You are star stuff! Student workbook Glossary of terms in Workshop 2 aluminium (a-loo-min-um) : a metallic element which does not occur in nature; we have to manufacture it. atom: smallest part of an element which still keeps the elements identity and properties; it consists of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. billion: one thousand million (e.g. grains of sand). carbon atom: an atom with six electrons in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. electron (e-lek-tron): tiny particles which have almost no mass; they orbit the nucleus. element (el-e-ment): one of 92 pure substances making up the visible universe (most of the universe is dark and we can t see it at all!); each element is made of atoms that are different from the atoms in every one of the other elements (e.g., graphite, aluminum and silicon). gazillion: a made-up word for a humongously huge number like many, many, billions. glassy lustre: the way glass reflects light. Continued on Page 12

16 12 graphite (graf-ite): a type of carbon and one of the softest minerals. hydrogen atom: the simplest atom in the universe; made of a nucleus surrounded by one electron. malleable (mal-e-a-ble): a solid that can be bent without breaking; a property of certain metals like aluminium. metallic lustre: the sparkly way that most metals reflect light. nucleus (nu-cle-us): the central part of an atom where all of the atom s mass is found. silicon (sil-i-con):a metallic element that does not occur in nature; we have to manufacture it. Activities 1 to 4 Table of properties of graphite, aluminium and silicon Properties Graphite Aluminum Silicon Colour (black, silver or grey) black silver grey Opacity (transparent, translucent, opaque) opaque opaque opaque Lustre (glassy, metallic or dull) metallic metallic metallic Hardness (harder or softer than glass) no no yes Fracture (smooth or rough) can be rough or smooth smooth rough Malleable (yes or no) no yes no

17 13 Activity 5 Draw a model of a hydrogen atom nucleus electron cloud Box 1: Model of an atom of hydrogen Activity 6 Draw a model of a carbon atom nucleus electron cloud Box 2: Model of an atom of carbon

18 14 Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 Which of the following substances is black in colour? a. ( X ) Graphite b. ( ) Aluminium Question Nº2 What is the difference in colour between aluminum and silicon? a. ( ) Aluminum and silicon are both silver b. ( X ) Aluminum is silver and silicon is grey Question Nº3 Which of the samples is translucent? a. ( X ) None of them, they are all opaque b. ( ) Aluminum and silicon Question Nº4 What is the lustre of silicon? a. ( ) Glassy b. ( X ) Metallic Metallic lustre always has a sheen like polished metal and the surface glitters or sparkles. Glassy lustre just shines brightly. QuestionNº5 What is the lustre of graphite? a. ( X ) Metallic b. ( ) Glassy Graphite can also look a bit dull. Question Nº6 Which one of these substances is hard enough to scratch a glass plate? a. ( X ) Silicon b. ( ) Graphite Question Nº7 What is the difference in the way silicon breaks compared to graphite? a. ( ) Silicon is smooth, graphite is rough b. ( X ) Silicon is rough, but graphite can be either rough or smooth

19 Question Nº8 Which of these ingredients is malleable? a. ( ) Graphite b. ( X ) Aluminium That s why aluminium foil is so useful in your kitchen. Try wrapping leftovers in graphite! 15 Question Nº9 From the noise it makes on hitting the desktop, what can you say about the nucleus in your model of a hydrogen atom? a. ( X ) It is very heavy b. ( ) It is very light Question Nº10 From the noise it makes on hitting the desktop, what can you say about the electron cloud in your model of a hydrogen atom? a. ( ) It is very heavy b. ( X ) It is very light Question Nº11 From your observations, when you separate the nucleus from the electron cloud, do you still have an atom left? a. ( ) Yes b. ( X ) No In real life only atomic physicists can do this. They do it by smashing atoms together inside incredibly powerful machines called particle accelerators. Question Nº12 How is the nucleus of an atom of carbon different from a nucleus of an atom of hydrogen? a. ( ) It s lighter b. ( X ) It s heavier We hope you noticed that the larger the nucleus the heavier it is? Question Nº13 If the nucleus in an atom of silicon is bigger than the nucleus in an atom of carbon, which one would be heavier? (Hint: think about your drop experiment with the two metal balls). a. ( X ) Silicon b. ( ) Carbon Of all the elements you will study in Kit 1, the one with the biggest and heaviest nucleus is lead. This makes sense because the lead pencil is pretty heavy for a little guy! Question Nº14 In a universe made of 92 elements, how many different sorts of atoms are there? a. ( ) 9 b. ( X ) 92 They include the oxygen you breathe, the gold and silver in jewelry, the phosphorous and nitrogen in fertilizer, and the iron, copper and nickel you will meet later in Kit 1.

20 16 Activity 7 Concept map Spooks is back and wants you to add to the concept map you built in Workshop 1. At the bottom of the page Spooks has listed six of the keywords you met in Workshop 2. Three of them are types of luster and three of them are types of opacity. Notice that the empty balloons are joined to some of the balloons you filled in Workshop 1. When you write the new words in the empty balloons where they belong, you will be building your concept map bigger. metallic glassy transparent translucent dull types lustre fracture types opacity opaque density hardness The properties are: colour Physical properties of solids Concept words: transparent translucent opaque metallic glassy dull

21 17 Mind stretcher: Hidden words Instructions: Find the hidden words and draw a sausage shape around them like the example shows. B A C G F S M S P E T A P A O L K S I G C X I V U Z T N N Q L I U J E R L J K L D T H I L C E U P Q N W A A L T I S I C H S U I M D N U W H S D I C G R K P L I J I E J C S F S V F O M C B A C Z L N E L L Q E Y U T N N O B R A C U I D F E A L L T Y H O M S G C N B U K L U X B U I V K R E U G F S A M C M S O A S O H G T D P X L X J Q O H S I E T K G D C P U W Y R K W J T J U L R N F Z E N E G O R D Y H G A Y L E S Z L L J I A C L P A R F T T A G D Q N E G A Z I L L I O N T A M E T A L L I C L U S T R E S G Words: ALUMINIUM ATOM BILLION CARBON DEMOCRITUS ELECTRON ELEMENT GAZILLION GRAPHITE GLASSY LUSTRE HYDROGEN MALLEABLE METALLIC LUSTRE SILICON NUCLEUS

22 18 Space for making notes:

23 19 Student name(s): Workshop 3: Pencil lead, a very mysterious mixture! Student workbook Glossary of terms in Workshop 3 clay: a soft rock comprised of tiny particles of minerals which are so small you can t see them. blacklead: a very old (and incorrect) name for graphite which was thought to be a black variety of lead. chemical mixture: a mixture in which the ingredients have been changed so much by the mixing process that they cannot be separated out again into what they were before mixing. graphite ceramic: the core material of pencils made by baking a paste of clay and graphite in a kiln (like a potter s oven). lead: a metallic element which is very heavy: it is not found naturally, we must manufacture it. parchment: made from stretched and scraped animal skins; it was used to write on in early civilizations. physical mixture: a mixture from which the ingredients can be separated out again just as they were before mixing.

24 20 Activity 1 Table of physical properties of graphite and lead Property Graphite Lead Colour black, silver or silver-grey black silver-grey Opacity transparent, translucent or opaque opaque opaque Lustre (glassy or metallic) metallic metallic Hardness (harder or softer than a copper coin) softer softer Fracture (smooth, rough or both) both not applicable Malleable (yes or no) no yes Activity 2 Writing with graphite and lead U. Student U. Student Box 1: Graphite Box 2: Lead

25 21 Activity 4 Improving graphite U. Student U. Student Box 1: 4H pencil Box 2: 4B pencil Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 Which of these materials is softer than a copper coin? a. ( ) Lead b. ( ) Graphite c. ( X ) Both of them Question Nº2 Which of these materials is malleable? a. ( X ) Lead b. ( ) Graphite Question Nº3 Which of these materials has a metallic lustre? a. ( ) Lead b. ( ) Graphite c. ( X ) Both of them Lead is attacked by oxygen in the atmosphere and its surfaces turn a dull dark grey; fresh surfaces show the true lustre and colour. Question Nº4 Which of these materials has a silver grey colour? a. ( X ) Lead (on the freshly cut surface) b. ( ) Graphite

26 22 Question Nº5 Which material easily marks paper, and leaves a darker mark? a. ( X ) Graphite b. ( ) Lead Question Nº6 Which of the following is the correct explanation for your answer to question Nº5? a. ( ) Lead is softer than graphite b. ( X ) Graphite is softer than lead You are using paper as a way of testing hardness here. Question Nº7 Based on these observations, which of the following is the most likely? a. ( X ) Modern day pencils are made from graphite b. ( ) Modern day pencils are made from lead Pencils wouldn t be very good if they tore the paper every time you used them. Question Nº8 Which of the following explanations best explains why pencils were originally called lead pencils, even although they were made of graphite? a. ( ) The person who invented pencils had a dog called lead head b. ( X ) When graphite was discovered it was mistaken for lead, and called blacklead It is also called plumbago but you don t have to remember that. Question Nº9 What would pencils be like if we made them from just chunks of graphite? a. ( ) They would make our hands and writing paper very messy b. ( ) They would be so soft they would wear out very quickly c. ( X ) Both a. and b. would be very serious problems. Question Nº10 If we want to make useful pencils of graphite, what do we have to do? a. ( ) Find a way to make graphite tougher b. ( ) Find a way to hold a pencil without touching the graphite c. ( X ) Find a way to do both a. and b. Older pencils were wrapped in cloth before wooden sleeves were invented.

27 23 Question Nº11 How does the black ceramic differ from the sand sample? a. ( X ) Sand is made of different grains, ceramic has no visible grains b. ( ) Ceramic is made of different grains, sand has no visible grains Question Nº12 Which of these two materials can easily be separated back into its original ingredients? a. ( X ) Ceramic b. ( ) Sand Question Nº13 Based on your answer to questions Nº9 and Nº10, what sort of mixtures are they? a. ( X ) Ceramic is a chemical mixture, sand is a physical mixture b. ( ) Ceramic is a physical mixture, sand is a chemical mixture Heating the mixture of clay and graphite causes a chemical change to form ceramic, like pottery. Question Nº14 How do the 4H pencils and 4B pencils differ in hardness? a. ( ) The 4H pencil is softer than the 4B pencil b. ( X ) The 4H pencil is harder than the 4B pencil Some artists like to draw with nearly pure graphite pencils which are 6B to 9B. Question Nº15 What is the explanation for this difference in hardness? a. ( X ) The graphite ceramic in 4H pencils has more clay and less graphite b. ( ) The graphite ceramic in 4H pencils has less clay and more graphite By increasing the amount of clay in the ceramic paste, we can make harder and harder pencils like 4H, 6H and 8H. By increasing the graphite we can make softer and softer pencils like 4B, 6B and 8B.

28 24 Activity 7 Concept map Spooks is back again and wants you to do a mini-concept map about what s in a pencil. At the bottom of the page we have listed the key words that you have learned in Workshop 3. In Spooks tree diagram, see if you can write these words in the balloons so that the way they link together makes sense. clay graphite yellow paint covered in made of graphite-ceramic containing wood sleeve pencil core pencil The ingredients are: What s in a pencil? Concept words: wood sleeve pencil core graphite-ceramic clay graphite yellow paint

29 25 Mind stretcher: Mixed words Instructions: To solve this puzzle, unscramble each of the word clues and copy the letters in the numbered squares to the squares with the same number in the mystery word. As an example the first word has been unscrambled. If you need help, before you ask you teacher try looking at the words in the Glossary of your Workbook for this Workshop. Words DEAL L 2 E A D RGPAHEIT G R A P H I T E MIRCEAC C E R A M I C RANEMCPHT P A R C H M E N T XESRUMTI M I X T U R E S LEYWOL Y E L L O W TILECLAM M E T A L L I C 4 Mystery word????? P E N C I L S

30 26 Space for making notes:

31 27 Student name(s): Workshop 4 Two magnificent metallic minerals Student workbook Glossary of terms in Workshop 4 atomic bonds: electrical energy which glues different atoms together to make molecules. chemical reaction: a reaction between two or more atoms which involves the mixing of the electron clouds surrounding the nucleus of each atom. compound: formed when two or more elements combine together. If they occur naturally as solids they are called minerals. galena (ga-lee-na): a mineral made of lead and sulphur hematite: a mineral composed of iron and oxygen. iron: an element that is the most used metal in the world. mineral: a pure substance that occurs in nature as a solid. It is made of one or more elements. molecule (mol-e-qule): made of the atoms of two or more elements, it is the smallest part of a mineral which still keeps the properties of that mineral pyrite (pie-rite): a mineral made of iron and sulphur; nicknamed Fool s gold because of its colour streak: The mark a mineral leaves when scratched on a ceramic streak plate; the mark reveals the mineral s true colour sulphur: a solid element which occurs in nature, so it is a mineral; found near volcanoes.

32 28 Activity 1 Table of physical properties for galena and its ingredients Property Colour (yellow, grey or silver grey) Ingredients Mineral Lead Sulphur Galena silver-grey yellow silver-grey Streak (yellow, black or silver grey) Opacity (transparent, translucent or opaque) Lustre (glassy, metallic or dull) silver-grey yellow black opaque opaque opaque metallic dull metallic Will it scratch glass? (yes or no) no no no Will a fingernail scratch it? (yes or no) yes no no Fracture (smooth or rough) smooth rough many flat surfaces at 90º Malleable (yes or no) yes no no Magnetic (yes or no) no no no

33 29 Activity 2 Table of physical properties for pyrite and its ingredients Property Colour (yellow, brassy yellow or grey) Streak (yellow, greenish black or black) Opacity (transparent, translucent or opaque) Lustre (glassy, metallic or dull) Ingredients Mineral Iron Sulphur Pyrite colour yellow brassy yellow black yellow greenish black opaque opaque opaque metallic dull metallic Will it scratch glass? (yes or no) Will a fingernail scratch it? (yes or no) Fracture (smooth or rough) no no yes no no no rough rough smooth Magnetic (yes or no) yes no no

34 30 Activity 4 Steel balls, cotton swabs and molecules nucleus of the lead atom nucleus of the sulphur atom electron cloud of the lead atom electron cloud of the sulphur atom Box 1: Model of a molecule of galena Activity 5 Table of physical properties of hematite and iron Properties Iron Hematite Colour ( grey, black or silver grey) grey grey Streak (grey, black or dark red) black dark red Lustre (glassy, metallic or dull) metallic metallic Magnetic (yes or no) yes no

35 31 Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 Is sulphur harder than a fingernail? a. ( X ) Yes. b. ( ) No. Question Nº2 What physical properties are the same for both lead and galena? a. ( ) Colour and lustre. b. ( X ) Streak and hardness. Question Nº3 In what ways are lead and galena different? a. ( X ) Lead is malleable (bends), galena is not. b. ( ) Galena is malleable (bends), lead is not. Question Nº4 Which of the following elements is magnetic? a. ( ) Iron. b. ( X ) Lead. Question Nº5 What is the hardness of pyrite? a. ( ) Softer than a plate of glass. b. ( X ) Harder than a plate of glass. Question Nº6 What is the lustre of pyrite and galena? a. ( X ) Metallic. b. ( ) Glassy. Question Nº7 What does the streak of pyrite tell you about the true colour of this mineral? a. ( ) It is yellow. b. ( X ) It is greenish black. This question shows the importance of the streak test for minerals with a metallic lustre.

36 32 Question Nº8 What can you say about minerals and the elements that make them? a. ( ) The elements look just like the mineral they make. b. ( X ) A few properties may be similar, but most are quite different. Question Nº9 How many different kinds of atoms are found in a molecule of galena? a. ( ) One. b. ( X ) Two. The atom of lead and the atom of sulphur Question Nº10 What holds the different atoms in a molecule of galena together? a. ( ) The nucleus of each atom. b. ( X ) The electrons in the mixed electron fluff. Question Nº11 What is the difference in size between an atom and a molecule? a. ( X ) An atom is much smaller, a molecule is much larger. b. ( ) An atom is much larger, a molecule is much smaller. Question Nº12 Which kind of mixture is a mineral? a. ( ) A physical mixture of different elements which can be easily identified. b. ( X ) A chemical mixture of different elements which cannot be identified. Question Nº13 Which of the following is magnetic? a. ( X ) Iron. b. ( ) Hematite. Question Nº14 What does the streak of hematite tell you about the true colour of this mineral? a. ( X ) It is deep red. b. ( ) It is grey-black.

37 33 Activity 5 Concept map Spooks wants you to do a new concept map about minerals At the bottom of the page we have listed the key words that you have learned in Workshop 4.To start you out correctly, two of the key words have been written in balloons on Spooks tree diagram. Your task is to write the remaining key words in the empty balloons so that the way they link together makes sense. And for the first time we are using linking words to show how the concepts are linked. atoms of carbon atoms of sulphur atoms of iron atoms of lead made of made of made of atoms of sulphur sulphur graphite pyrite galena examples examples elements compounds Are divided into: Minerals Concept words: elements compounds sulphur atoms of carbon graphite pyrite galena atoms of iron atoms of sulphur atoms of lead

38 34 Mind stretcher: Mixed words Instructions: To solve this puzzle, unscramble each of the mixed word clues and copy the letters in the numbered squares to the squares of the same number in the mystery word. As an example the first word has been unscrambled. If you need help with the unscrambling look at the words in the Lab Report Glossary. Words TOMA A T O M 1 TAFRERUC F R A C T U R E EMANILR M I N E R A L GIEMSNAMT M A G N E T I S M LOMLUCEE M O L E C U L E GEANAL G A L E N A SODBN B O N D S Mystery word????????? F O O L S G O L D

39 Space for making notes: 35

40 36 Space for making notes:

41 37 Student name (s): Workshop 5 Why it s quartz of course! Student Workbook Glossary of terms in Workshop 5 apex: the summit (highest vertex) of a pyramid. crystal: the special shape of a mineral formed by flat surfaces (see polyhedron). face: a flat surface on a crystal; crystals usually have many flat surfaces. geode: a natural cavity in a rock where crystals grow on the geode wall. polyhedron: a 3-D shape made up of crystal faces where two faces meet as edges and edges meet as points (see vertex). prism: a solid shape with opposite faces parallel to each other (except for a triangular prism). pseudoscience (soo-doe-science): make believe science in which ideas, dreams and fantasies are pretended to be scientific; either science disproves them or they cannot be tested. pyramid: where triangular-shaped faces meet at a point, called the apex. quartz (kwortz): very common mineral made of silicon metal and oxygen gas. vertex: a point where three or more edges meet (plural - vertices).

42 38 Activities 1 and 2 Table of physical properties of silicon, white quartz and gray quartz Property Silicon White quartz Grey Quartz Colour (white, light grey, grey) grey white grey Streak (white, grey, black or none) Opacity (transparent, translucent or opaque) Lustre (glassy, metallic or dull) black none none opaque translucent translucent metallic glassy glassy Will it scratch glass? (yes or no) yes yes yes Fracture (smooth or rough) rough rough rough

43 39 Activity 3 Shape of a perfect quartz crystal Apex Top view before Edge Face Pyramid Vertex Top view after Prism Uneven base Skeleton of a perfect quartz crystal Box 1: Top view of a perfect quartz crystal How a perfect crystal of quartz grows Box 2: How a perfect quartz crystal grows Table: the geometry of a quartz crystal Feature Pyramid Prism Whole Quartz Crystal How many apices? How many vertices? How many edges? How many faces?

44 40 Activity 4 Growing quartz crystals on paper Scale Box 3: Top view of your quartz crystal

45 41 Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 Which of the following properties is different between silicon and white quartz? a. ( X ) Colour. b. ( ) Hardness. Question Nº2 Which of the following properties is the same for silicon and white quartz? a. ( ) Colour. b. ( X ) Hardness. Question Nº3 What is the lustre of white quartz compared to silicon? a. ( ) Quartz is metallic while silicon is glassy. b. ( X ) Quartz is glassy while silicon is metallic. Question Nº4 Is hardness, fracture or lustre different between white and grey quartz? a. ( ) Yes. b. ( X ) No. Question Nº5 What is the only property that distinguishes grey quartz from white quartz? a. ( ) Opacity. b. ( X ) Colour. Question Nº6 What do these observations tell you about the physical properties of minerals? a. ( ) Each mineral has a special set of properties. b. ( ) Colour can be different between samples of the same mineral. c. ( X ) Both a. and b. In other words, colour can be tricky!

46 42 Question Nº7 How many vertices, edges and faces in a prism of a perfect quartz crystal? a. ( ) 6 vertices, 6 edges, and 6 faces b. ( X ) 6 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 faces Question Nº8 How many vertices, edges, and faces in the pyramid of a perfect quartz crystal (count the apex as a vertex)? a. ( X ) 7 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 faces b. ( ) 6 vertices, 6 edges, and 6 faces Question Nº9 How many edges, vertices and faces in a perfect quartz crystal (do not include the uneven base)? a. ( ) 7 vertices, 12 edges, and 12 faces b. ( X ) 7 vertices, 18 edges, and 12 faces Question Nº10 Penta, hexa and octa are the numbers 5, 6 and 8 in Greek. So what shape do quartz crystals show in top view? a. ( ) Pentagon. b. ( X ) Hexagon. c. ( ) Octagon. Quartz belongs to the hexagonal crystal system. Question Nº11 Which of the following best describes your observations about how quartz crystals grow? a. ( ) As crystals grow bigger they keep their original shape. b. ( ) As crystals grow they keep the same angle between faces. c. ( X ) Both a. and b. Quartz crystals might look different, but they still keep their basic geometry. Question Nº12 Based on what you have learned, what is the most important requirement for crystals to form in a rock? a. ( ) A good solid rock. b. ( ) A place to stand. c. ( X ) A space to grow

47 Activity 6 43 Concept map Spooks wants you to add more keywords to the Properties of Solids concept map you started in Workshop 1 and added to in Workshop 2. At the bottom of the page we have listed the keywords about crystals in Workshop 5. Find the balloon for crystal shapes and the empty balloons joined to it and write in the other keywords where they belong. By the way we have now called your concept tree diagram The properties of minerals. dull metallic glassy transparent translucent faces types lustre fracture types opacity opaque edges which have crystal shape density vertices example quartz crystal hardness The properties are: colour Concept words: crystal shapes quartz crystal faces The physical properties of minerals edges vertices

48 44 Mind stretcher: Crossword Instructions: Solve each word clue to find the crossword and print it in the puzzle. If you need help solving the clue, look at the words in the Lab Report Glossary for this workshop. Horizontalmente (cruzado) 2P E 1 P N S T E A U 3G E 4 O D E 5H D O C E O N T 6P X S 7A P E X A 8C C G R G R I O T 9 P O L Y H E D R O N E N S N X T C A E L Across 3. where crystals can form 7. highest point in a pyramid 9. name for a three-dimensional shape Down 1. make believe science 2. five-sided shape 4. eight-sided shape 5. six-sided shape 6. a point where three edges meet 8. what the perfect shape of a mineral is called

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51 47 Student name (s): Workshop 6 Come on mineral, give me a break! Student Workbook Glossary of terms in Workshop 6 calcite: a very common mineral made from atoms of calcium, carbon and oxygen. cleavage surface: the smooth flat surface that forms when a mineral with weak atomic bonds is broken. crystallography: originally it was just the study of crystals; now it is the science of how atoms are arranged in solids. fracture: the irregular surface that forms when a mineral with strong atomic bonds is broken. rhomb (more correctly rhombohedron): a regular 3-D shape (polyhedron) that looks like a squished cube with the opposite sides parallel to each other.

52 48 Activity 2 Galena and a polybag of galena bits Top view Box 1: The shape of galena Activity 5 The cleavage of calcite Side view End view Top view Box 2: The shape of a calcite rhomb Side view End view

53 49 Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 Does the large piece of white quartz have a particular shape or any perfectly flat surfaces? a. ( ) Yes. b. ( X) No. Question Nº2 Do the quartz bits in the polybag have a particular shape with flat surfaces? a. ( ) Yes. b. ( X) No. Question Nº3 Which of the following conclusions best explains your observations about how quartz breaks? a. ( X) When quartz breaks it has an irregular fracture and no special shape. b. ( ) When quartz breaks it forms flat smooth surfaces all with the same shape. Question Nº4 What can you say about the shape of the large piece of galena? a. ( X) It looks like a brick. b. ( ) It has no particular shape. The sides meet at right angles. Question Nº5 What can you say about the shape of the small galena bits? a. ( X) They look just like the large piece. b. ( ) They have no particular shape. Question Nº6 Which of the following conclusions best explains your observations about how galena breaks? a. ( ) Galena breaks to form irregular bits that have no particular shape. b. ( X ) Galena breaks to form little bricks of the same shape but different in size.

54 50 Question Nº7 How would you describe the shape of the large piece of calcite? a. ( X ) It looks like a squished cube called a rhomb. b. ( ) It has no particular shape. The sides do not make a right angle Question Nº8 What can you say about the shape of the small calcite bits? a. ( X ) They look just like the large piece. b. ( ) They have no particular shape. Question Nº9 Which of the following conclusions best explains your observations about how calcite breaks? a. ( ) Calcite breaks to form irregular bits that have no particular shape. b. ( X ) Calcite breaks to form little rhombs of the same shape but different size. Question Nº10 How strong are the atomic bonds gluing the atoms in pyrite, and how do you know? a. ( ) Weak because pyrite has no cleavage surfaces. b. ( X ) Strong because pyrite has no cleavage surfaces. Question Nº11 If you break the quartz crystal will you get a lot of little crystals? a. ( X ) No because quartz has no cleavage surfaces, it only fractures. b. ( ) Yes because the polybag of quartz chips is full of little crystals. Question Nº12 What are the surfaces of the calcite rhomb called? a. ( X ) Cleavage surfaces. b. ( ) Fracture surfaces. A calcite crystal can also look like a cleavage rhomb.

55 51 Question Nº13 How many sides does the calcite rhomb have? a. ( ) 2 b. ( ) 3 c. ( X ) 6 Question Nº14 How many DIFFERENT cleavage surfaces does the calcite rhomb have? a. ( ) 2 b. ( X ) 3 c. ( ) 6 Question Nº15 What do cleavage surfaces really tell us? a. ( ) The way the mineral s atoms are arranged. b. ( ) How the mineral s atoms are glued (bonded) together. c. ( X ) Both a. and b. Cleavages surfaces are like a window, they let us see how the atoms of a mineral are arranged.

56 52 Activity 6 Concept map It is time to grow your The physical properties of minerals tree diagram. Spooks has given you two more keywords and this time all you have to do is write them in their balloons. metallic glassy transparent translucent dull types types opaque faces lustre fracture opacity streak edges which have crystal shapes example density vertices quartz crystal hardness cleavage The properties are: colour The physical properties of minerals Concept words: streak cleavage

57 53 Mind stretcher: Hidden words Instructions: Find the following words in the word grid. Mark the direction each word is pointing and then answer the question at the bottom of the puzzle. As an example, one word and the direction in which it is pointing has been marked on the puzzle to help you. J B Y R T B C V Y W R E A U H I U G A J H W X L W V P I N T C M R B H Z W F A O B Y O O U K G M B C R B D W J C D J V Z B T G N P Y L W G U M B S G O P I E L A J B H L H B L V A O P K E E M G Z C L V I V U R H O M B S C A L C I U M H A M G L G T L K T K V J M Q T E P S K C I R B M R I L C A Y A I I W Q N U S T Z A R E Q O T X X I Y P E F C W D D I E L M V I Hidden words: BOND BRICK CALCITE CALCIUM CLEAVAGE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY FRACTURE RHOMB STRONG WEAK Question: How many different directions and orientations are hidden words pointing

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59 55 Student names (s): Workshop 7: Rough stuff Student workbook Glossary of terms for Workshop 7 abrasives: minerals used for wearing away or smoothing the surface of softer material by lots of rubbing. denticles ( living sandpaper ): shark-skin is covered all over in little tooth-like bumps called denticles; these bumps make the skin as rough as sandpaper if you stroke the nice little sharks from tail to head (Why? Think about swimming!). feldspar: the most common mineral in the crust of Spaceship Earth; it has 2 cleavages and breaks into brick shapes. garnet: hard red minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. Mohs table of mineral hardness: Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, placed 10 minerals in a Table of increasing order of hardness; this Table became famous.

60 56 Mineral Name Hardness Number Testing Material and its Hardness Number talc or graphite 1 gypsum 2 finger nail - 2½ calcite 3 copper coin - 3 fluorite 4 apatite 5 your teeth - 5 glass plate - 5½ steel nail - 5½ feldspar 6 streak plate - 6½ quartz 7 topaz 8 corundum 9 diamond 10 Mohs table of mineral hardness

61 57 Activities 1 and 2 Measuring hardness of possible toothpaste abrasives Mineral Hardness Number What kind of toothpaste would it make? Observation Conclusion (good or not good) graphite 1 Too soft Leaves your teeth black and feeling squishy not good sulphur 2½ Too soft Leaves your teeth yellow and feeling crunchy not good galena 2½ Too soft Leaves your teeth grey and feeling gritty not good calcite 3 Not too soft and not too hard Leaves your teeth white and feeling clean good pyrite 6 Too hard Leaves your teeth feeling dirty and metallic not good feldspar 6 Too hard Leaves your teeth feeling pink and sandy not good quartz 7 Much too hard Will hurt your teeth and your gums not good

62 58 Activity 4 Table of Properties of common abrasives Abrasive Material Fracture Cleavage Hardness Glass rough none 5½ Quartz rough none 7 Garnet rough none 7½ Multiple choice questions Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct. Question Nº1 If a mineral has a hardness of 2½ what does it mean? a. ( X ) The mineral cannot be scratched by your fingernail. b. ( ) The mineral can be scratched by your fingernail. Question Nº2 Will calcite scratch mica a. ( X ) Yes. b. ( ) No. Question Nº3 Does calcite scratch a copper coin (try it and use your hand lens to be sure)? a. ( X ) Yes. b. ( ) No.

63 59 Question Nº4 Will pyrite scratch feldspar? a. ( ) Yes. b. ( X ) No. Question Nº5 What is the hardness of pyrite? a. ( ) 5 b. ( X ) 6 Question Nº6 Sulphur and galena have the same hardness. What is it? a. ( ) 4 b. ( X ) 2½ Question Nº7 Which of the following groups of minerals would not be good as toothpaste abrasives because of their colour? a. ( X ) Graphite, sulphur and galena. b. ( ) Quartz, calcite. Question Nº8 Which of the following minerals would not be good as abrasives in toothpaste because of their hardness? a. ( ) Graphite, sulphur and galena. b. ( X ) Quartz, pyrite and feldspar. Question Nº9 Of the following minerals which one is the ideal choice for toothpaste abrasive? a. ( X ) Calcite. b. ( ) Quartz. Let s give the calcite a big Thank you! and a wide toothy smile Question Nº10 What is the main difference between the two samples of sandpaper? a. ( ) Composition of the grains. b. ( X ) Size of the grains.

64 60 Question Nº11 Which type of fracture is shared by quartz and garnet? a. ( X ) Rough b. ( ) Smooth. Question Nº12 Do glass, quartz and garnet have surfaces of weakness due to cleavage? a. ( ) Yes. b. ( ) No. Question Nº13 Which mineral is the hardest of glass, quartz and garnet? a. ( ) Quartz. b. ( ) Garnet. Question Nº14 Although you have not seen it, what properties can you expect for corundum if it is a tougher abrasive than garnet? a. ( ) No cleavage and rough fracture. b. ( ) Extreme hardness. c. ( ) Both of the above.

65 61 Mind Stretcher: Crossword Instructions: The theme of this crossword is Abrasives and the Mohs Table of Mineral Hardness. Solve each word clue to find the crossword and print it in the puzzle. Once you have finished answer the question to solve the puzzle.r than quartz 1S H 2 F A 3C A L C I T E R L K 4 D I A M O N D S S K P I 5 G A R N E 6 T 7 Q R A U L A 8C O R U N D U M T Z Across: 3. the abrasive in toothpaste 4. the hardest mineral in the Mohs table 5. a red abrasive harder than quartz 8. second hardest abrasive in the Mohs table Down: 1 living sandpaper 2. a pink abrasive found in granite and softer than quartz 6. softest mineral in Mohs table 7. an abrasive found in beach sand Question: What are the names of the minerals in Mohs Hardness Table that are not in the crossword? graphite; gypsum; fluorite; apatite; topaz

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