vi Contents 3.3 Laser surface alloying of C-B-W-Cr nano-powders on nodular cast-iron rolls (NCIR) Laser surface alloying of NiCr-Cr 3 C 2 powde

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1 Contents List of contributors Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials Preface xiii xvii xxiii Part One Thermal surface treatments using lasers 1 1 Structures, properties and development trends of laser-surface-treated hot-work steels, light metal alloys and polycrystalline silicon 3 L.A. Dobrzański, T. Tański, A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, E. Jonda, M. Bonek, A. Drygała 1.1 Introduction Laser treatment of hot-work alloy tool steels Laser treatment of light metal casting alloys Texturization of polycrystalline silicon for the purpose of photovoltaics Development trends of selected laser-treated engineering materials determined using new computer-integrated prediction methodology Conclusion Comments 30 References 30 2 Laser nitriding and carburization of materials 33 D. Höche, J. Kaspar, P. Schaaf 2.1 Introduction Overview on surface alloying of materials by laser irradiation Laser nitriding of titanium Laser carburization of materials Future trends Sources of further information and advice 51 Acknowledgment 51 References 51 3 Mechanical properties improvement of metallic rolls by laser surface alloying 59 G. Sun, R. Zhou 3.1 Introduction Mechanical properties improvement of metallic rolls by laser surface alloying: experimental procedures 60

2 vi Contents 3.3 Laser surface alloying of C-B-W-Cr nano-powders on nodular cast-iron rolls (NCIR) Laser surface alloying of NiCr-Cr 3 C 2 powders on semisteel rolls Laser surface alloying of NiCr-Cr 3 C 2 powders on cast steel rolls Wear behavior of the three kinds of alloyed layers and three roll substrates Conclusions 91 References 92 4 Laser surface treatment of AISI 304 steel with the presence of B 4 C particles at the surface 97 B.S. Yilbas, F. Patel, C. Karatas 4.1 Introduction Experimental producers Results and discussion Conclusion 104 Acknowledgment 104 References Characterization and modification of technical ceramics through laser surface engineering 107 P. Shukla, J. Lawrence 5.1 Introduction Background of laser surface treatment of technical ceramics Materials and experimental procedures Establishment of laser processing parameters and associated issues Modifications of Si 3 N 4 and ZrO 2 technical ceramics through laser surface treatment Compositional changes Microstructural modifications Fracture toughness (K 1c ) modifications Temperature distribution and phase transition Conclusions 131 References 132 Part Two Laser additive manufacturing in surface treatment and engineering Compositional modification of Ni-base alloys for laser-deposition technologies 137 I. Hemmati, V. Ocelík, J.Th.M. De Hosson 6.1 Introduction Microstructural design to improve toughness Selection of the refining element Experimental procedure 142

3 Contents vii 6.5 Microstructures and phases Analysis of crack growth paths Microstructural evolutions The microstructural refinement cracking relationship Conclusions 160 Acknowledgments 160 References New metallic materials development by laser additive manufacturing 163 Dongdong Gu 7.1 Introduction Selective laser melting of TiC/Ti nanocomposites parts with novel nanoscale reinforcement and enhanced wear performance Development of porous stainless steel with controllable microcellular features using selective laser melting Conclusion Future trends 177 Acknowledgments 178 References Innovations in laser cladding and direct laser metal deposition 181 C. Leyens, E. Beyer 8.1 Introduction Fundamentals of laser cladding and direct laser metal deposition High precision 2D- and 3D-processing High productivity processing Process control Conclusions and future trends 191 Acknowledgments 191 References Laser-enhanced electroplating for generating micro/nanoparticles with continuous wave and pulsed Nd-YAG laser interactions 193 J. Lin, S.-H. Chen 9.1 Introduction Experimental setup Results and discussion Conclusions 210 Acknowledgment 210 References Laser hybrid fabrication of tunable micro- and nano-scale surface structures and their functionalization 213 M. Zhong, T. Huang 10.1 Introduction Fabrication of nanoporous copper structures Fabrication of 3D manganese-based nanoporous structure (3D-Mn-NPS) 220

4 viii Contents 10.4 Fabrication of micro-nano hierarchical Cu/Cu 2 O structure Functionalization of tunable micro-nano surface structures Conclusion 233 References Laser-controlled intermetallics synthesis during surface cladding 237 I.V. Shishkovsky 11.1 Introduction Laser control of self-propagated high-temperature synthesis (SHS) as synergism of the two high-tech processes Overlapping of laser cladding and SHS processes for the fabrication of the functional graded (FG) iron, nickel, and titanium aluminides in the surface layers Temperature distribution during the layerwise surface laser remelting of exothermal powder compositions Theoretical and numerical modelling of selective laser sintering/ melting (SLS/M) and SHS hybrid processes Conclusion 278 Acknowledgment 282 References Deposition and surface modification of thin solid structures by high-intensity pulsed laser irradiation 287 A.C. Popescu, M. Ulmeanu, C. Ristoscu, I.N. Mihailescu 12.1 Introduction Thin films with patterned surfaces obtained by laser deposition methods Direct femtosecond laser surface processing in far- and near-field Resources Conclusions 308 Acknowledgments 309 References 309 Part Three Laser struturing and surface modification Tailoring material properties induced by laser surface processing 317 H.Y. Zheng, Y.C. Guan, X.C. Wang, Z.K. Wang 13.1 Introduction Laser texturing of silicon for improving surface functionalities Femtosecond laser interactions with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Nd:YAG laser melting of magnesium alloy for corrosion resistance and surface wettability improvement 342

5 Contents ix 13.5 Conclusions 351 Acknowledgments 352 References Femtosecond laser micromachining on optical fiber 359 D.N. Wang, Y. Wang, C.R. Liao 14.1 Introduction Femtosecond laser micromachining of optical fibers Optical fiber microstructures fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining Optical sensing devices based on optical fiber microstructures Current and future trends 375 References Spatiotemporal manipulation of ultrashort pulses for three-dimensional (3-D) laser processing in glass materials 383 F. He, J. Ni, B. Zeng, Y. Cheng, K. Sugioka 15.1 Introduction Tailoring the focal spot by spatiotemporal manipulation of ultrashort laser pulses Three-dimensional (3-D) istropic resolutions at low numerical apertures (NAs) using the combination of slit beam shaping and spatiotemporal focusing methods Visualization of the spatiotemporally focused femtosecond laser beam using two-photon fluorescence excitation Enhanced femosecond laser filamentation using spatiotemporally focused beams Conclusion and future trends 400 Acknowledgment 400 References 400 Appendix: derivation of the angular chirp coefficient Tribology optimization by laser surface texturing: from bulk materials to surface coatings 405 Q. Ding, L. Wang, L. Hu 16.1 Introduction Laser ablation behaviors of different materials Tribological application of laser surface texturing (LST) to bulk materials Tribological application of LST to surface coatings Conclusion and future trends 418 Acknowledgments 419 References 419

6 x Contents 17 Fabrication of periodic submicrometer and micrometer arrays using laser interference-based methods 423 A.F. Lasagni, E. Beyer 17.1 Introduction Multibeam interference patterns Laser interference lithography Direct laser interference patterning Laser interference patterning systems 436 References Ultrashort pulsed laser surface texturing 441 E. Toyserkani, N. Rasti 18.1 Introduction Physics of thermal versus nonthermal ultrashort pulsed laser surface texturing Nanosecond pulsed surface texturing Picosecond pulsed surface texturing Femtosecond pulsed laser surface texturing Attosecond pulsed laser surface texturing: would it reasonably be applicable to surface modifications? Conclusion 451 References Laser-guided discharge surface texturing 455 Z.-T. Wang, M.-J. Yang 19.1 Introduction Mechanisms of laser-guided discharge texturing (LGDT) Experiments of LGDT Comparison with Nd:YAG laser-textured surfacing (YAGLT) and electrical discharge surfacing (EDT) Conclusions 465 References Laser surface treatment to improve the surface corrosion properties of nickel-aluminum bronze 469 R. Cottam, M. Brandt 20.1 Introduction Solid-state laser treatment and development of laser-processing parameters Experimental procedure Characterization of laser-processed microstructure Corrosion performance Conclusion 479 Acknowledgments 480 References 481

7 Contents xi 21 Laser surface engineering of titanium and its alloys for improved wear, corrosion and high-temperature oxidation resistance 483 J. Dutta Majumdar, I. Manna 21.1 Introduction Titanium and its alloys Physical metallurgy of titanium and its alloys Alloy classification Surface dependent engineering properties Surface engineering Laser surface engineering Laser surface engineering of titanium and its alloys Conclusion and future trends 519 References Laser-initiated ablation of materials 523 C. Dowding, A. Borman 22.1 Introduction Mechanisms involved in ablation Demagnified image ablation machining using excimer laser beams Issues arising from ablation Possible solutions to such issues Methods of examining ablation mechanisms Conclusion 542 References 543 Part Four Chemical and biological applications of laser surface engineering Luminescence spectroscopy as versatile probes for chemical diagnostics on the solid liquid interface 549 N. Aoyagi, T. Saito 23.1 Introduction Chemical analysis of lanthanide and actinide ions by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) Analysis of TRLFS data Recent progress in chemical analysis of actinides by laser spectroscopy Recent trends in chemical analysis of actinides by laser spectroscopy Future trends in laser spectroscopy 562 References Ablation effects of femtosecond laser functionalization on surfaces 565 B. Raillard, F. Mücklich 24.1 Introduction Laser techniques and materials 565

8 xii Contents 24.3 Topographical effects Chemical and microstructural effects Potential applications Conclusions 579 References Laser surface engineering in dentistry 583 R.S. Oliveira, J.T. Pereira, C.M. Assunção, S.B. Werle, J.A. Rodrigues 25.1 Introduction Effect of lasers on soft tissues Effect of lasers on hard tissues Future trends 595 References Laser-assisted fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds from titanium alloys 603 I.V. Shishkovsky 26.1 Introduction Influence of the selective laser sintering (SLS)-technique-obtained 3-D porous matrix for tissue engineering on the culture of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells Preclinical testing of SLS-obtained titan and nitinol implants biocompatibility and biointegration Finite-elemental optimization of SLS-obtained implants porous structure The SLS-assisted functional design of porous drug delivery systems based on nitinol Future remarks 647 Acknowledgments 649 References Laser melting of NiTi and its effects on in vitro mesenchymal stem cell responses 653 D.G. Waugh, J. Lawrence, C.W. Chan, I. Hussain, H.C. Man 27.1 Introduction Experimental details Results and discussion Conclusions 672 References 673 Index 677