Station 2: Steel. 4. Write in the definition or a short description of the Bessemer Process in the Bessemer Process box.

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1 Station 2: Steel Go to the following link: 1. Complete timeline at the top of oil page. Boxes should include how buildings were built before the 1st Industrial Revolution during the 1st Industrial Revolution, and during the 2nd Industrial Revolution. 2. Watch the video at the following link: Write 2 differences between Iron and Steel in the Iron and Steel Chart. Make sure the differences relate to the STRENGTH of STEEL vs. IRON. (How steel is better and stronger than iron). 3. Read about the Bessemer Process 4. Write in the definition or a short description of the Bessemer Process in the Bessemer Process box. 5. Use information from the Bessemer Process reading to write 2 effects of the Bessemer Process under Effects of the Bessemer Process.

2 The Bessemer Process The Bessemer Process was developed in 1855 when Henry Bessemer invented a process to create steel from iron which made steel less expensive and faster to make. The Bessemer Process was an extremely important invention because it helped make stronger rails for railroads, which made it cheaper to connect places around the country. It also helped to make stronger metal machines and new tall buildings with many floors called skyscrapers. Steel is an alloy of iron, with carbon. Steel had been produced in blast furnaces for thousands of years and new ways to make it were created in the 17th century for blister steel and then crucible steel. Wrought iron has a little carbon (.02% to.08%), just enough to make it hard without losing its malleability (ability to be bent, shaped, or molded). Cast iron has a lot of carbon (3% to 4.5%), which makes it hard but brittle (easy to crack and break) and non-malleable (hard to mold, shape, or bend) In between wrought and cast iron is steel (with.2% to 1.5% carbon) making it harder than wrought iron, yet malleable and flexible, unlike cast iron. These properties make steel far more useful than either wrought or cast iron but there was no simple way to control the carbon level in iron so that steel could be manufactured cheaply and in large quantities. In 1856 the Bessemer Process made this possible and moved the United States into the Age of Steel. Steel Making and the Bessemer Process The Bessemer Process was created in England by Henry Bessemer in 1855 and brought into production by Henry Bessemer in To create the Bessemer Process he invented a large, pear-shaped container called a converter and used a blast of air in a de-carbonization process to create the steel from iron. Bessemer Process: The Converter In 1856 Henry Bessemer designed what he called a converter: The converter was a large, pear-shaped receptacle There were holes at the bottom of the converter to allow the injection of compressed air The Bessemer converter was filled with molten pig iron Compressed air was blown through the molten metal The pig iron was emptied of carbon and silicon in just a few minutes The metal became even hotter and so remained molten Source:

3 Station 3: Oil! 1. Go to the following link and watch the video about what oil is and how it is created: 2. Write bullet points or a short summary in the first box about what oil is and where it comes from. On the left side, draw a simple picture of where oil is found or how it is taken out of the Earth. 3. Read about oil on the document for station 3. Add the following information to your poster: Fill in During the 1st Industrial Revolution Box This should include how machines were powered before the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Fill in during the 2nd Industrial Revolution Box This should include how machines were powered during the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Fill in Rockefeller and Oil Box with bullet points or a short summary explaining how Rockefeller impacted the Oil Industry during and after the 2nd Industrial Revolution. 4. Draw and label an example Vertical Integration and Horizontal Integration for one of the topics below. You many ONLY choose a topic below: Clothing Stores

4 Apple Products (MacBook, iphone, ipad, etc) Fast Food Television Stations 5. Include the definition of monopoly on your poster. Oil Reading Crude oil is a high energy material created from petroleum and found deep below the Earth s surface. It can be dark or clear and thin, like water or thick like syrup, but the one thing that we know is that it had a huge role to play during the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Before the mid 1800s, machines were powered by steam. Steam power is created by burning flammable materials, like wood or coal, keeping the steam compressed, and using the pressure to power machines. When some innovators and scientists started to realize that petroleum could be used to create crude oil, machines began to use oil as their source of fuel instead of steam power. Automobile manufacturers were some of the first to make a working and reliable internal combustion engine, one that uses gasoline, produced from crude oil as the source of fuel. As the 2nd Industrial Revolution progressed, more and more machines were transitioning over from steam power to gasoline and oil. Eventually, businessmen began to realize that oil drilling could make them tons of money, so they began to drill deep down into the Earth to strike oil! One of the leading companies for oil during the 2nd Industrial Revolution was called Standard Oil company, owned by businessmen and Robber Baron John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller used systems of integration (vertical and horizontal) to begin buying and controlling companies that he needed to produce gasoline and useable oil from crude oil and transport it to a buyer. In this way Rockefeller was able to monopolize (control almost all of) the oil industry in the United States making him extremely rich and also valuable to US industrial growth and progress!

5 Vertical Integration- Top Down Model Buy different kinds of businesses in the process of oil making and selling. EX: Rockefeller, who owned an oil company would also buy a railroad to ship his oil, a chain of gas stations to sell his oil, and a piece of land with oil deposits to drill for his oil. This allowed him to make as much profit as possible because he owned every part of the process from the drilling through the selling. He didn t have to pay another business to do the other parts for him. Horizontal Integration The Left to Right Model Buy all businesses of the same kind (oil manufacturers and sellers) EX: Rockefeller would buy out all other oil companies to get rid of competition. He would monopolize the oil industry so that anyone who wanted to buy oil had to buy it from him and had no other option. This would make prices spike because there was no one to compete and keep Rockefeller s prices for oil low. Station 4: Telegraph! 1. Read the document about the telegraph, Samuel Morse, and Morse Code. 2. Add the following information to your poster: Basic Information including: Who invented What it does Effects including how the telegraph changed communication forever. Morse Code How it works, how it was developed, and what it looks like.. 3. Look at the Morse Code table and write a secret message to a group member. Fold it up and have them decode the message

6 4. Write a secret message on the front of your communications sheet in Morse Code. 5. Write the answer to your secret message on the back of your poster in the bottom left corner. 6. Write your name in Morse code on the sheet in the middle when you finish! Telegraph Reading The First Telegraph and Samuel Morse The telegraph is an electromagnet connected to a battery with a switch. A telegraph system transmits signals by using an electrical device that consists of a machine to send signals by a wire to a receiving machine. The signals are sent with a code to represent the alphabet and numbers. The First Telegraph: The Morse Code Samuel Morse and his assistant, Alfred Vail, realized that if the man at one end of the line held his key down for only an instant, the impression would look like a dot. If the man held it down longer, it would look like a short dash. Samuel Morse combined these dots and dashes into an

7 alphabet (See Morse Code Cheat Sheet). By combining dots and dashes to represent letters in the alphabet it became possible to send messages from a sender to a receiver using the Morse Code. The next stage was to simply add more codes using dots and dashes to represent numbers. The Morse Code was complete. Samuel Morse used an electromagnet to move a pencil and mark a moving strip of paper with short and long marks depending on whether the key was held closed for a short time (dots) or a long time (dashes). Impact of the Telegraph The telegraph changed the world by allowing people to communicate quickly over longer distances. Seeing the potential in faster communications, others joined the race to improve the telegraph. Western Union staked claim to the first telegraph allowing successful communications between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in 1861, while rapid improvements in technology allowed delivery and receipt of international messages in the early 20th century. The telegraph replaced mail, which took days and weeks to synthesize communications before seeing replacement by radio and television. Station 5: Typewriter! 1. Read about the invention of the typewriter 2. Add the following information about the typewriter to your poster

8 Basic Information including: Who invented the typewriter How the typewriter is used Effects of the typewriter including how it improves media, news, and communications. 3. Add a Fun Fact onto your poster about the QWERTY keyboard and why it was created. Communications Technology: The Typewriter! A typewriter by definition is a small machine, either electric or manual, with type keys that produced characters one at a time on a piece of paper inserted around a roller. Typewriters have been almost completely replaced with computers and home printers. Christopher Sholes

9 Christopher Sholes was an American mechanical engineer, born on February 14, 1819 in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, and died on February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He invented the first practical modern typewriter in 1866, with the financial and technical support of his business partners Samuel Soule and Carlos Glidden. Five years, dozens of experiments, and two patents later, Sholes and his associates produced an improved model similar to today's typewriters. QWERTY The Sholes typewriter had a type-bar system and the universal keyboard was the machine's novelty, however, the keys jammed easily. To solve the jamming problem, another business associate, James Densmore, suggested splitting up keys to move letters that are usually used together further apart to speed up typing and avoid jamming problems. Remington Arms Company Christopher Sholes lacked the patience required to market a new product and decided to sell the rights to the typewriter to James Densmore. He, in turn, convinced Philo Remington (the rifle manufacturer) to market the device. The first "Sholes & Glidden Typewriter" was offered for sale in 1874 but was not an instant success. A few years later, improvements made by Remington engineers gave the typewriter machine its market appeal and sales skyrocketed. Typewriter Trivia George K. Anderson of Memphis, Tennessee patented the typewriter ribbon on 9/14/1886. The first electric typewriter was the Blickensderfer. In 1944, IBM designs the first typewriter with proportional spacing. Pellegrine Tarri made an early typewriter that worked in 1801 and invented carbon paper in In 1829, William Austin Burt invents the typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter. Mark Twain enjoyed and made use of new inventions, he was the first author to submit a typewritten manuscript to his publisher. Source: