STEEL. steel frame construction. chapter 11 SUBJECT

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1 SUBJECT STEEL steel frame construction chapter 11 DATE SPRING 2014 PROFESSOR MONTGOMERY

2 STEEL

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13 this week objective: overview of the nature and composition of steel and its use as a primary structural element metal s use in architecture cast and wrought iron steel s properties process of making steel overview of steel shapes

14 ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS USED MOLTEN BRONZE AS CRAMP TO SECURE STONES AT JOINTS STEEL wrought iron

15 STEEL smelting iron ore into cast iron

16 CAST IRON:! IRON ORE SMELTED IN A FURNACE, THEN POURED INTO A MOLD WROUGHT IRON:! CAST IRON THAT HAS BEEN PURIFIED BY BEATING IT REPEATEDLY WITH A HAMMER (LABOR INTENSIVE = $$$) STEEL wrought iron & cast iron

17 CAST IRON:! HARD MATERIAL BUT UNPREDICTABLE BRITTLENESS WROUGHT IRON:! MALLEABLE BUT WEAKER STEEL wrought iron & cast iron

18 STEEL cast and wrought iron

19 EARLY USE OF STEEL WAS $$$$$ AND THEREFORE RARE STEEL first uses of steel

20 WROUGHT IRON CHAINS AND RODS USED TO RESIST TENSILE FORCES STEEL structural use of metal

21 CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE BRISTOL, ENGLAND! CAST IRON CONSTRUCTION FIRST ALL-METAL STRUCTURE BUILT LATE 18TH CENTURY STEEL structural use of metal

22 CRYSTAL PALACE LONDON, ENGLAND 1851!! DEFINED A NEW TYPE OF SPATIAL CHARACTER BASED ON ALMOST COMPLETE TRANSPARENCY STEEL cast iron

23 EIFFEL TOWER PARIS, FRANCE 1889 LAST GREAT MASTERPIECE IN WROUGHT IRON STEEL wrought iron large scale and small

24 STEEL cast iron changing architecture

25 CAST IRON IN NEW YORK CITY STEEL cast iron

26 THE CAST IRON PROCESS CONTINUED TO FACILITATE THE USE OF SCULPTURAL MOTIFS THAT REPEAT IN A STRUCTURE STEEL cast iron

27 CAST IRON BECAME A MAJOR MATERIAL IN OF WEAPONS OF WAR STEEL cast iron

28 LOAD BEARING MASONRY REACHES ITS LIMIT MASONRY CLAD STEEL! THE STEEL FRAME UNLEASHES THE RACE TO REACH THE HEAVENS STEEL building tall buildings

29 CAST IRON!! WROUGHT IRON!! PUDDLE IRON/STEEL!! BESSEMER PROCESS!! OPEN HEARTH METHOD!! IRON ORE (2.1% TO 4% CARBON)! IRON ALLOY (VERY LOW CARBON)!! REFINING CAST IRON EVOLVING PROCESS TO IMPROVE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON! BIRTH OF MODERN STEEL PRODUCTION! MAKING STEEL PRODUCTION EFFICIENT STEEL making steel - evolution of the process

30 WROUGHT_IRON STEEL CAST IRON VERY LOW CARBON LESS THAN 2% CARBON 3% -4% CARBON MALLEABLE/ WEAKER WORKABLE/ STRONG HARD/ BRITTLE STEEL making steel - controlling carbon content

31 STEEL making steel

32 STEEL making steel

33 STEEL making steel - Bessemer process

34 STEEL modern steel making process

35 STEEL making steel from scrap

36 STEEL making steel from scrap- arc furnace

37 STEEL hot rolling steel

38 STEEL hot rolling steel

39 STEEL structural steel shapes

40 STEEL structural steel shapes

41 STEEL american standard: s shape

42 STEEL wide flange: w shapes

43 STEEL structural tee: wt shape

44 STEEL channel: c shape

45 STEEL angle: L shape

46 STEEL tubes: HSS shapes (hollow struct section)

47 STEEL other shapes: wire ropes bars

48 STEEL SHAPE/SIZE DESIGNATIONS: W21 X NOMINAL DEPTH LBS/FOOT OF LENGTH L4 X 3 X 3/8 4 X 3 3/8 NOMINAL DEPTH OF EACH LEG THICKNESS OF THE LEGS STEEL frame construction

49 wrap up STEEL, WHILE BEING THE MOST DENSE STRUCTURAL MATERIAL, P R O D U C E S T H E L I G H T E S T STRUCTURES AND THOSE THAT SPAN THE GREATEST DISTANCES the transformation of materials and structure to a scientific based/controlled process steel alone has useful tensile strength steel is also strong in compression two primary weaknesses: exposure to weather (especially water), exposure to fire. steel requires careful detailing to overcome two primary weaknesses

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