Microarray Solutions

Transcription

1 Microarray Solutions The Nexterion Newsletter Edition # 3 / September 2007 SCHOTT LAUNCHES A NEW RANGE OF NITROCELLULOSE SLIDES, NEXTERION SLIDE NC, IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SARTORIUS STEDIM BIOTECH read more on pages 4-5 Also featured this edition: page 3 page 6 page 7 page 8 INTERVIEW WITH DR. RUEDIGER DIETRICH Microarray Solutions talks to SCHOTT s Director of R&D and Tech Support CUSTOMIZED AND OEM PRODUCTS FROM SCHOTT Looking for a supplier of gold coated substrates? Interested in having a company logo on your microarray slides? Microarray Solutions outlines some of the custom products and features now available in the Nexterion product range. TECHNICAL SUPPORT IN FOCUS THE UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA LATEST NEWS FROM SCHOTT Microarray Solutions SCHOTT North America Inc Shepherdsville Road Louisville, KY USA Phone: Fax: coatedsubstrate@us.schott.com

2 Microarray Solutions page 2 General Manager Talk Dear Reader, Welcome to the latest edition of the Microarray Solutions newsletter, my first as General Manager of the Microarray Solutions business at SCHOTT. You may recall my name from a previous edition of the newsletter, in my capacity as Production Manager. I recently took over the role of General Manager from Dr. Lutz Wehmeier, who has been promoted to General Marketing & Sales Manager for SCHOTT Borofloat & Aerospace. I very much look forward to being a part of the hugely successful Microarray Solutions publication, as we continue to provide our readers with the latest information on developments at SCHOTT Microarray Solutions and highlight some of the interesting applications being developed by our customers. Christian Jabschinsky General Manager Nexterion Microarray Solutions Since the last edition of the newsletter, we have been working hard behind the scenes to develop new, innovative products to further strengthen our position as the leading supplier of microarray slides and accessories for DNA and protein microarrays. This edition of Microarray Solutions will focus on SCHOTT s new range of Nexterion Slide NC nitrocellulose slides, as we continue to expand our range of slide surfaces dedicated to protein microarraying. Nexterion Slide NC (nitrocellulose) was developed in conjunction with Sartorius Stedim Biotech and the partnership has allowed SCHOTT to rapidly introduce a high quality nitrocellulose slide to the market, complementing our range of already well established substrates for protein microarrays. The article on pages 4 and 5 expands on our relationship with Sartorius Stedim and provides details of the nitrocellulose product range that we will offer from September We are very confident that this will become a hugely popular product in the SCHOTT portfolio, and we look forward to a long and successful partnership with Sartorius Stedim Biotech. Other highlights from this edition of the newsletter include; an interview with SCHOTT Microarray Solutions Director of Research & Development, information about our customized products, and an interesting story about how our technical customer support was able to assist a customer at the University of Ljubljana. I hope that you enjoy reading this edition of Microarray Solutions, and thank you for choosing SCHOTT as your preferred microarray substrate supplier. Regards, Christian Jabschinsky General Manager SCHOTT Microarray Solutions

3 Microarray Solutions page 3 SCHOTT Profile Dr. Ruediger Dietrich Director of R&D and Technical Support at Microarray Solutions Dr. Ruediger Dietrich joined SCHOTT as Director of R&D around 2 years ago, after previously having worked in academia at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology in Jena, and the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics in Göttingen. Microarray Solutions asks Ruediger about the work of his R&D team over the past year and sheds light on his R&D goals for the future MS: What are your responsibilities as Director of R&D at Microarray Solutions? RD: The R&D Group at Microarray Solutions has three key responsibilities; provide support to current and potential SCHOTT customers, identify and research new market trends, and develop new products in collaboration with the marketing department. Being successful with these three tasks requires close consultation and cooperation with both the SCHOTT Sales Managers and Technical Support Specialists, who deal directly with customers, and operate in the market on a daily basis. This allows my R&D group to obtain feedback from the market very quickly. In addition to focusing on customers and the market, it is also my responsibility to manage the R&D group and create an exciting, challenging and innovative atmosphere to ensure that the group enjoy their work and are motivated to produce the best possible results. MS: What are the key projects you and your team have been working on in 2006? RD: In R&D we continue to work on improving the sensitivity, reproducibility and overall quality of our substrates and there were several projects in 2006 that reflected this philosophy. There were two new product launches in 2006, Nexterion HiSens substrates and Nexterion MTP-96. The HiSens optical interference coating was something we have worked on for some time, and we were really pleased by how well it was received in the market. The MTP-96 microplate was really an extension of SCHOTT s desire to offer solutions for higher throughput microarraying and our microtiterplate system was developed in conjunction with one of our key customers in the U.S. Developing substrates suitable for protein microarraying was identified as a key goal for R&D in 2006, and this resulted in the co-development of a new nitrocellulose slide with Sartorius Stedim Biotech. We also continue to work behind the scenes to improve our current portfolio of microarray substrates e.g. increase batch sizes (for further details see the news section), develop improved QC methods, improved packaging etc. Developing accessories that will help users to obtain optimal results with our slides, such as the new low evaporation buffers, the 70mer oligo microarraying kit and new and improved protocols is another important area of focus for my group. MS: And what kind of projects will you be working on in 2007/08? RD: We will continue to focus on developing new protein array surfaces, and optimized reagents, to ensure that SCHOTT is a leading player in supplying substrates for as many protein array applications as possible. Resources will also be allocated to developing optimized protocols and kits, and possibly new slide surfaces, for Array CGH as this has been identified as an increasingly popular application among our customers. SCHOTT R&D has also received a number of requests for customized products in recent months, and we will continue to dedicate resources to this, in addition to several other projects that at this stage have to remain confidential! MS: From an R&D standpoint, what are the main challenges facing SCHOTT at present? What is SCHOTT doing in response to these challenges? RD: I would not say that there are any specific challenges that we have to confront right now. We obviously have to continue to work hard to support our customers as much as possible, and develop new and innovative products that will help SCHOTT become the number one microarray substrate supplier. As with most R&D departments, we have a wealth of ideas and projects to work on to ensure that we can maintain our edge over the competition. MS: What are the key trends you have noticed in the microarray world since you joined SCHOTT? How has SCHOTT R&D responded to these trends? RD: The microarray world seems to be constantly evolving with many customers starting to focus on new applications such as mirna arrays, acgh, glycan arrays and demanding more from substrate suppliers, both in terms of consistency and new surfaces to offer superior performance. Examples of this include gold coatings for SPR detection technology, optical interference coatings for increased sensitivity and substrates with defined wells that allow analysis of several target samples simultaneously, both in slide and microtiterplate format, for higher throughput microarraying. It has also been noticeable from interaction with our customers that microarrays are moving closer to becoming accepted as a diagnostic tool, with some products already having received FDA or other regulatory approval. This means that we have to strive to offer the highest quality substrates and develop certification and quality assurances systems such as the ISO 9001 certification gained by SCHOTT last year. With a view to our products being used in diagnostics, for example, we worked hard to ensure that the CVs for our MTP-96 product were well below 10%, a figure that has impressed several customers in the diagnostic field.

4 Microarray Solutions page 4 SCHOTT Partners with Sartorius Stedim Biotech to Develop New Range of Nitrocellulose Coated Insert data Slides / images for Protein Microarrays Building on its position as the leading supplier of glass substrates for DNA microarrays, SCHOTT is pleased to announce the launch of a new range of nitrocellulose slides as part of its ongoing commitment to providing high quality slide surfaces for protein microarrays. SCHOTT has partnered with Sartorius Stedim Biotech to develop the new Nexterion Slide NC range, and will officially launch the product at the Discovery to Diagnostics (D2D) conference in Philadelphia, on September Fig. 1: SCHOTT Nexterion Slide NC-W and SCHOTT Nexterion Slide NC-D White and dark grey single pad nitrocellulose slide Protein Microarray Market Protein microarray technology provides a robust way to study protein function in a rapid, economical, and system-wide fashion. The protein microarray market is growing rapidly as a result of the increased understanding of the involvement of proteins in disease, and their use as diagnostic markers. Consequently, there is considerable commercial and academic interest in developing protein microarrays for diagnostic applications and there has been a significant increase in demand for suitable glass substrates over the past 18 months. However, many protein microarray applications (see figure 2), such as ELISA format assays and reverse phase (micro-western) arrays using cell or tissue lysates, are difficult to perform on conventional two-dimensional coated slides, for example Epoxy- or Amino-silane. Fig. 2: Typical application for Nitrocellulose slides: ELISA format (sandwich assay) experiments using antibody arrays Reverse phase (micro-western) arrays using cell or tissue lysates Purified protein arrays Carbohydrate arrays Lipids Glycoproteins such as Lectins SCHOTT Substrates for Protein Microarrays SCHOTT launched its first dedicated slide surface for protein microarrays in 2004 with the introduction of Nexterion Slide H. This permeable, three dimensional thin film coating preserves the native three-dimensional structure of proteins, thereby maintaining protein stability and functionality, and SCHOTT believed that the exceptionally low non-specific binding made possible by this slide surface would make it a very attractive alternative to nitrocellulose slides. In addition to Nexterion Slide H, SCHOTT customers have also been successful in using standard two-dimensional slide surfaces, such as Epoxy, Aldehyde or Aminosilane for antibody and peptide arrays. While these slide surfaces have been successfully used for certain protein array applications, the slide surface of choice for many protein applications is undoubtedly nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose membranes have proven to be a reproducible substrate for protein detection for decades, with applications ranging from Western Blots to diagnostic tests. After extensive market research SCHOTT decided the time was right to add a range of high quality nitrocellulose slides to the Nexterion slide portfolio. Alistair Rees, Product Manager at SCHOTT Microarray Solutions commented: The Nexterion Slide NC range was developed in response to customers approaching SCHOTT looking for a high quality alternative to the nitrocellulose slides currently on the market. We are confident that this product range will have a real impact in the market. Partnership with Sartorius Stedim Biotech When SCHOTT decided to launch a range of nitrocellulose slides, it was agreed that the fastest way to market would be to partner with a company with extensive expertise in Nitrocellulose manufacturing. Sartorius Stedim Biotech quickly emerged as a leading candidate for such a partnership thanks to over seventy years experience in nitrocellulose production and its significant expertise in membrane production for diagnostic applications, such as lateral flow diagnostic tests. SCHOTT believed that this kind of technical expertise would prove invaluable, particularly as microarray slides move into the demanding diagnostic arena. Product Development The performance of nitrocellulose-coated slides is strongly dependent on the internal membrane structure as well as surface quality and SCHOTT and Sartorius Stedim Biotech focused heavily on combining competencies to address this issue. The Nexterion NC slides use a nitrocellulose coating developed by Sartorius Stedim Biotech specifically for protein microarray applications and this is applied to high quality Nexterion glass substrates. The three-dimensional structure and pore size has been

5 Microarray Solutions page 5 optimized to offer a high binding affinity for proteins and to better stabilize their active conformation. The slide membranes are also manufactured using a newly developed casting process, where solvents evaporate from a mix of different cellulose nitrate polymers and additives to form the unique micro-porous structure. The thickness and physical characteristics of the coating are tightly controlled during manufacture and this, together with a sophisticated surface finishing process, enables us to produce slides with exceptional reproducibility. With many nitrocellulose slide users feeling disillusioned with their current nitrocellulose slide suppliers, typically complaining of poor product reproducibility and consistency and long lead times, SCHOTT is now able to fill this void by offering a new range of nitrocellulose slides demonstrating outstanding consistency and performance. Fig. 3: The new SCHOTT Nitrocellulose slides have significantly lower background signals than the market leading slide Innovative Dark Grey Membrane In addition to the standard white nitrocellulose surface typically used for protein microarray applications, SCHOTT can now offer an innovative dark grey membrane slide (see figure 1). This newly developed surface offers a very low, and homogenous auto-fluorescence to achieve a significantly improved dynamic range. Conventional white nitrocellulose films scatter and reflect large amounts of excitation and emission light, leading to high background fluorescence. To overcome this problem, Sartorius Stedim Biotech has developed a new process to generate grey membranes which absorb the scattered light, significantly reducing the background auto-fluorescence thus offering a very low and homogenous auto-fluorescence to achieve a significantly improved dynamic range (see figure 3). Product Range SCHOTT will initially offer Nexterion Slide NC (Nitrocellulose) slides in two formats, single pad and 16-pad slides. The pad dimensions and locations conform to the industry standard, with the well spacing of the 16 array pads making the NC-W/D slide fully compatible with standard microarray printing instruments (see figure 4). Both these formats will be available with either dark grey or white Nitrocellulose pads (Ordering details are shown in the table below). Fig. 4: Dimensions of Nexterion Slide NC Outlook SCHOTT will consult closely with the market over the next few months with a view to developing the next generation of Nexterion Slide NC products. In line with our commitment to offer customers solutions for high throughput microarraying, this might include a 96-pad Nitrocellulose SBS microplate format or other slide formats such as 2- pad or a barcoded 14-pad slide. By adding the Nexterion Slide NC range to our product portfolio, SCHOTT is now able to offer the most diverse range of high quality glass substrates for DNA and protein microarraying. It also demonstrates our commitment to developing new and innovative slide surfaces for protein microarray applications, complementing the already widely used Nexterion Slide H and traditional two-dimensional slide surfaces. Item Color of nitrocellulose Number of pads per slide Size of pads [mm] Code 128 label Barcode Quantity per pack Material number Nexterion Slide NC-W White 1 21 x 51 Yes Nexterion Slide NC-D Dark grey 1 21 x 51 Yes Nexterion Slide NC-W 16 White 16 6 x 6 No Nexterion Slide NC-D 16 Dark grey 16 6 x 6 No slide evaluation packs of all slides in the Nexterion Slide NC range will soon be available. Please contact your local Nexterion sales representative or distributor for further information.

6 Microarray Solutions page 6 Did you know that SCHOTT can offer Glass Substrates in Custom Formats, or as an OEM Product? The manufacture of special technical glasses is one of the SCHOTT group s core competencies. SCHOTT produces an extremely wide range of technical glasses, including borosilicate type, optical, and fused silica. In addition, SCHOTT has extensive experience in high technology glass processing methods. SCHOTT Microarray Solutions is able to take full advantages of SCHOTT s entire product range and facilities to offer customers in the life science market substrates in custom formats or OEM products tailor-made for specific applications. The customization may range from simply supplying a unique barcode sequence on standard Nexterion slides, to a custom coated substrate for a microfluidic chip application. Examples of custom products include: Glass bottomed microplates Glass plates for gel electrophoresis Microfluidic chip substrates Coated coverslips for DNA analysis, sequencing or gene expression Optical coated substrates for label free detection systems Conductive Maldi substrates SPR biosensors Small microarray substrates for use in microfuge tubes Please contact us to find out how we can help you to develop a custom product tailored to your specific requirements! Glass Types and Formats The SCHOTT group produces several hundred different types of glass. Typical glasses used in life science products include, BOROFLOAT 33, D263T, BK7, B270, and fused silica wafers. The format of these substrates tends to be standardized around SBS microplate, microscope slide, or coverslip formats, presumably as a result of standardized laboratory hardware. SCHOTT can offer these standard formats, as well as other sizes in rectangular, square or circular shapes. The range of glass thicknesses available is very wide, ranging from 0.03 up to 25.4 mm (depending on the glass type). Substrates may be laser cut into the final size, or partially diced to allow the separation of individual components at a later time. Further Glass Processing Along with the more traditional glass processing methods, such as cutting, grinding, polishing and water jet cutting. SCHOTT has invested heavily in new technologies, such as ultrasonically enhanced drilling for high precision circular holes (400 m up to 3 mm). SCHOTT also has sand blasting capabilities, allowing us to create round and rectangular holes, caverns and channels in the glass ranging from 30 m up to 1.5 mm. Custom Coatings Applying thin-film coatings to glass is another SCHOTT core competence. Production takes place in a class 100 clean room environment at the SCHOTT Microarray Solutions facility in Jena, Germany. Our quality control system also conforms to the ISO standard, guaranteeing extremely high quality standards for surface finish, flatness, parallelism and absence of surface defects. The coating technologies available include dip coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), sputter, solvent based reactor method, and spin-coating. Any of the standard microarray slide format Nexterion functional coatings can be applied to just about any custom format. SCHOTT Microarray Solutions is also able to coat glass with coating chemistries developed by third parties, allowing you the opportunity to outsource this function to SCHOTT. Over the past 12 months, SCHOTT has received an increasing number of enquiries about inorganic coatings on glass, such as gold and other metallic coatings. These can be used as conductive MALDI substrates, or for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. SCHOTT s long-standing reputation for excellence in optics has lead to the development of optical and reflective multi-layer dielectric coatings optimised for enhancement of signals from the fluorescent dyes typically used in life science research (for example Nexterion HiSens). SCHOTT has also been building up expertise in the area of nanoparticle technology, working with customers and our corporate R&D facility in Mainz, Germany to develop the next generation of glass substrates. Logos, Fudicial Marks, and Barcodes Finally, SCHOTT can offer customers the opportunity to customise their slides and substrates with graphics, logos, company names, barcodes or 2-D barcodes. These markings may be added at any location on or within the glass surface, and may feature a combination of items, for example a logo with a barcode. SCHOTT can offer a number of methods for marking the glass substrates. The laser bonded foil method produces robust surface markings in black and other colours. A method of printing with hydrophobic ink can be used to produce graphics, logos, as well as multi-well patterns. The Laser ablation process produces marks on the surface of the glass. A four method, called laser-induced internal marking, introduces markings by the creation of micro cavities within the glass. Markings applied by any of these four methods are robust enough to withstand standard hybridisation and washing procedures.

7 Microarray Solutions page 7 Technical Support in Focus University of Ljubljana and the use of the SCHOTT Nexterion 70mer Oligo Kit Nexterion 70-mer Oligo Arraying Kit In 2005, SCHOTT Microarray Solutions and OPERON Biotechnologies pooled together their technical expertise in the microarray field to develop a complete kit-based solution for high quality selfspotted microarrays, comprising of oligonucleotide sets, optimized microarray slides and reagents. The 70mer Oligo Arraying Kit components cover the most important steps of the microarray process chain: spotting, blocking, hybridization and washing. All the reagents were optimized for the use of OPERON 70mer probes (although the kit can also be used with oligo probe sets from other manufacturers). University of Ljubljana Set-Up Slide Surface: Nexterion Slide E(poxysilane) Printing Buffer: Nexterion Spot LE Probe: Operon 70mer oligonucleotides Immobilization Protocol: SCHOTT 70mer oligo arraying kit protocol Arrayer: GS MicroGrid Pin Type: Microspot 10K split pin Printing Conditions: 60% RH Hyb Protocol: Tecan optimized protocol provided by SCHOTT Hyb Station: Tecan HS480 Scanner: Tecan LS200 Software: ArrayPro I would like to inform you that we successfully printed 162 arrays with your chemistry. We have also performed a successful hybridization with these slides using the Tecan HS400 hybridization station and the protocol that you provided So thanks again for all the help you provided I am now very happy with the arrays. Vid Mlakar, the University of Ljubljana Microarray Solutions looks back on an interesting technical support troubleshooting case addressed by Dr. Ruediger Dietrich with the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia earlier this year. Vid Mlakar, a long-term user of SCHOTT s Nexterion Slide E epoxysilane coated substrate in the Nexterion 70mer oligo kit, contacted Ruediger for advice with a new project where he intended to produce an array with spots on one slide. His project was to look for cancer and apoptosis marker gene expression for medical diagnosis. For Mr. Mlakar, this would be a higher density array than he had worked on in the past and consequently a number of issues came to the fore, including printing buffer selection and the consequent effect on spot size and evaporation, spot morphology and the number of pre-spots required if working with a viscous printing buffer. Print Buffer Selection How to Control Evaporation Over Long Printing Runs The Nexterion 70-mer Oligo Arraying Kit from SCHOTT provides the user with printing, blocking and hybridization solutions that have been optimized for Nexterion Slide E. Mr. Mlakar purchased such a kit from SCHOTT and, in close consultation with the company, began an evaluation using the standard 70-mer kit low evaporation spotting buffer, Nexterion Spot LE. The customer s print run was expected to last several days and therefore a low evaporation printing buffer, which keeps the concentration of the oligos more or less constant, appeared to be the perfect solution. Ruediger Dietrich advised the customer on optimal printing conditions, recommending a printing humidity of 60-65% to help reduce evaporation without having a detrimental effect on the slide surface. Vid Mlakar found 60% to be optimal and reported back to SCHOTT that he was very happy with low evaporation properties offered by Nexterion Spot LE, but did express some concern with spot sizes using Micropot 10K split pins. Print Buffer Selection How to Obtain the Desired Spot Size The customer was looking to obtain smaller spot sizes than he had initially obtained with Nexterion Spot LE, as he was unable to achieve the density he required for his application (Spot LE is a low evaporation spotting buffer containing a fixed amount of detergent which meets the needs of most customers). Mr. Mlakar consulted with SCHOTT to address this issue and Ruediger decided to send him a Nexterion LEB Kit. This kit was designed to accommodate the needs of customers that require specific spot sizes and comprises the Nexterion Spot LE printing buffer, plus a detergent solution that allows the customer guided by additional information about the correlation of the detergent concentration to the spots size in a worksheet - to add the appropriate detergent concentration to Spot LE to obtain the desired spot size. Vid Mlakar was able to quickly establish the appropriate detergent concentration for his high density array, achieving a spot size of 60 70µm. When scanning at 4 µm resolution with his Tecan scanner, he was now able to see data points, which he felt was sufficient for reliable data analysis. He was now in a position where he felt very confident using the Nexterion 70-mer Oligo Arraying Kit for his new application. Selecting Optimal Hybridization Conditions with the Tecan Hyb Station Now that the printing issues on Nexterion Slide E had been addressed to the customer s satisfaction, Mr. Mlakar expressed an interest in working with SCHOTT to ascertain the optimal hybridization conditions for his application. He uses an automated hybridization system from Tecan, which enables him to standardize this process, but the original Slide E protocol only included instructions for customers performing manual hybridizations. In order to benefit from using the hyb station, Mr. Mlakar was interested in finding out more information from SCHOTT on buffers, incubation times, flow rates etc., which would enable him to obtain the same, or even better, results than he had previously seen with his lower density arrays. Fortunately SCHOTT had already developed a modified version of the standard protocol for the use of hyb stations and this protocol worked extremely well in Vid Mlakar s hands. He was able to consistently obtain low background and see a nice distinction between spots and background. Conclusion The University of Ljubljana is a good example of a successful technical support collaboration with a customer. Although it is very difficult to solve all customer troubleshooting issues in this manner, SCHOTT has been able to support many customers over the years, thanks to its strong commitment to offering full-time

8 Microarray Solutions page 8 For your enquiries please contact Jami Lomax (jami.lomax@us.schott.com) technical support to all Nexterion slide users. We now have a wealth of knowledge and experience, both from work that has been carried out in-house and from our interactions with customers willing to share their experiences and know-how. SCHOTT customers should therefore feel free to contact SCHOTT either before, during or after their experiments with Nexterion slides knowing that they will get an immediate response (typically the same day, or worst case within 2 business days). Whether it be protocol optimization, troubleshooting or any other technical issue, SCHOTT Microarray Solutions is here to support you and ensure that you are able to obtain optimal performance from our microarray slides and accessories. SCHOTT Microarray Solutions News Increase in Nexterion Slide E Batch Sizes Despite the extremely low batch-to-batch variation observed with SCHOTT slides, some customers prefer to purchase all their slides for a specific project or print run from a single production batch. We are pleased to announce that we have successfully implemented an upgrade in the Nexterion Slide E production process. The upgrade will allow us to provide customer with up to 4,000 Nexterion Slide E slides from one coating batch. Please contact SCHOTT for further details. Fig.: 5 Nexterion Slide H in 25 slide box New Nexterion Slide H 25-slide Mailer Boxes SCHOTT is pleased to announce that Nexterion Slide H will now be supplied to customers in new 25-slide mailer boxes (see figure 5). These boxes replace the 5 x 5- slide mailer boxes previously used. This change will greatly reduce the slide, and box handling required during the setting up of large print runs. Conference and Exhibition Calendar 2007/08 Event Location Date Weblink Discovery-2- Diagnostics Philadelphia, PA / USA September 17-19, ASHG Annual meeting San Diego, CA / USA October 23-27, LabAutomation Palm Springs, CA / USA Statusseminar Chiptechnologie 2008 January 27-29, 2008 Frankfurt / Germany January 31 - February 1, Statusseminar+Chiptechnologien.html ISAFG 2008 Edinburgh/UK April 7 9, Advances in Microarray Technology Barcelona/Spain May 7-8, 2008 If you are interested in presentations given by SCHOTT at past conferences please contact us (coatedsubstrates@us.schott.com).