of hydrogen and Power-to-Gas Downloaded by Claire Whiting - 11 Nov :57:19

Transcription

1 2. Introduction 2.1. New energy context Economical but more and more social and environmental targets are defining the world of energy nowadays: We need for a sustainable growth efficient, affordable, secure energy supply but also air quality improvement and noise reduction. It is amazing to imagine that there are cruise ships in our harbors that can emit as much particles as Autos*. So if we want to change that the development of economical business models for efficient energy technology using less pollutant fuels is necessity number one and the politic is leading the way with legislative frameworks. *Voyager of the Seas of the shipping company Royal Caribbean International 2.2. New fuels changing the game From a European view, the European Climate Protection Proposal, the so called EU 20/20/20 objectives should lead to such changes in the EU. It has as goal to reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by minimum 20%* and EU global energy use by 20%*, and increase renewable energy sources in the EU energy mix to 20%*.This is being accompanied by measures in the transportation and primary energy generation sector amongst others with policies supporting the uses of greener gases as fuel in particular from renewable sources like Biogas, SNG, or hydrogen. * by 2020 (compared to 1990) The energiewende in Europa boosting the development of hydrogen and Power-to-Gas The commitment of the European Commission to green hydrogen has been stressed as a second phase of the first Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH) Joint Technology Initiative (JTI)* has been recently launched with the specific objective, amongst others, to demonstrate the viability of large scale hydrogen production from electricity generated from renewable energy sources. The basic idea is to convert the surplus of wind 3

2 Fig. 3.3 Germany is the country with the highest cogeneration installation potential Further factors for the business case The qualification for CHP-Bonuses is defined in the EU-CHP-Directive: 70% overall efficiency grad (them. + elec.) In order to be eligible for CHP-Bonuses according to the CHP-Directive and to the German CHP-Act for devices over 1 MWe you have to reach 10% economy on primary energy in comparison to separated production of power and heat. Below 1 MWe you only have to reach a certain economy. In the mainframe of the co-generation act as well as in the mainframe of the Renewable Resources Energy Act Tax exemption is available under the condition of use of waste heat: 0,55 ct/kwh. Average price for natural gas for industrial application is 3,18 c /KWh for the 1. Quarter of 2009 (for 2,8 GWh to GWh gas consumption).). So the average price that should be taken into account for your calculation should be around 2,63 c /KWh (for the first half 2009) +transmission fees for gas (0,20 c - 0,40 c /KWh in average).so an approx. price of 3c c /KWh that should be taken for the calculation. The price is subject to strong variation depending on the quantity and location. With following suppositions LHV for H2= 120,1 MJ/Kg, 1Kg H2=11,2 m3, 1KWh= 3,6 MJ; Result (LHV)=Price c /KWh. The value for the H2 by-product should be 8,95 c /m3* *That is merely an average price. The price is subject to strong variation depending on the quantity and location. 24

3 4. Mobile applications 4.1. Market definition and scope As fuel cell applications are manifold we decide in this chapter to focus on what we consider as the main markets in the future for fuel cell technology in the mobility sector: cars, buses and motorcycles. Some markets like for example forklift or military applications (drones amongst others) are commercial and already generate earnings and they would require an own chapter in order to detail in a proper way their advantages, perspectives but also the players and customers that are involved. In order to keep that survey clear laid out this topics will be analysed in another study Fuel cell cars Some history/development of the technology Fuel cell cars continue to make substantial gains in performance and cost reduction. These reductions are largely due to R&D efforts that enabled reduced platinum group metal content, increased power density, and simplified balance of plant. If cars were series produced now they would cost just around 100,000/unit. This would have to fall before it could be marketed to match with costs of battery cars. This is expected for the time horizon While fuel-cell electric cars may go further, OEMS still have to struggle with costs of production that are double or triple that of battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) and a lack of refuelling infrastructure. An expected mass market The consulting firm McKinsey already published several studies for the FCH JU* (the role of battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell ectric vehicles (2010), Urban buses: alternative powertrains for Europe (2012)) and is involved in the development of several national hydrogen road map, sees 1 million fuel-cell electric cars on Europe's roads in In Germany to FCEVs could be on the roads in 2020 if the H2 infrastructure is developed**. The UK initiative, UKH2Mobility, is even more optimistic expecting in its most favorable scenario 1.6 million fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) on UK roads by 2030 and sales of unit/a*. The FCCJ** sees already 2 mio. FCEV in Japan on the road by In the USA the most optimistic previsions see a bit more than sold annually by Pioneer states 67

4 Fig The Enertrag project Green hydrogen from chemical sites Bayer, RWE and Siemens have joined forces with a number of academic partners to research ways of transforming climate-damaging CO 2 into useful base chemicals using renewable energy sources. The focal point of the CO 2 RRECT (CO 2 -Reaction using Regenerative Energies and Catalytic Technologies) project is the long-term use of fluctuating energy from renewable sources (electrolytic hydrogen) for CO 2 conversion into carbon building block for chemical by-products (carbon monoxide and formic acid). EuWak Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the major municipal energy consumers. On the other hand, a big potential exists to produce renewable energy at WWTPs especially due to the production of biogas as a by-product of the sludge, the composition of sludge digesters biogas being similar to agricultural digesters biogas. Furthermore, WWTP areas serve more and more as location to install windmills, medium-sized solar power plants and small water turbines. Considering these factors, EuWak is a demonstration project which combines the production of bio-methane and hydrogen from WWTPs biogas and from wind and PV energy. The perspective is to produce combined heat and power and serve filling stations for bio methane and hydrogen costumers in the surrounding area and also contribute to the integration of fluctuating renewable energies. Falkenhagen E.ON is developing a pilot plant in Falkenhagen (Brandenburg, Germany) to convert power from wind energy into hydrogen which can then be stored in the gas grid. The plant will produce about 360 m³ of 138

5 HELPING YOU PROFIT FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IDTechEx Research guides your strategic business decisions. We provide independent market research, business intelligence and advice on emerging technologies to companies across the value chain. We are technical, impartial and experienced analysts and business leaders. We provide the answers that will help you to drive revenue in a much shorter time frame. Market intelligence reports from IDTechEx appraise the market opportunity, giving detailed forecasts and assess the technologies, competitive landscape, value chain drivers, barriers, case studies and global trends. PRINTED AND THIN FILM TRANSISTORS AND MEMORY IT PROVIDED THE BEST INFORMATION Dow Corning SUPERCAPACITOR / ULTRACAPACITOR STRATEGIES AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS THE REPORT IS EXTREMELY INFORMATIVE AND HELPFUL Major US Chemical Company AREAS OF COVERAGE PRINTED, FLEXIBLE & ORGANIC ELECTRONICS Materials Manufacturing & Processing Displays & Lighting Photovoltaics Sensors Logic & Memory Energy Storage Applications EMERGING MATERIALS & DEVICES Supercapacitors & Batteries Carbon Nanotubes & Graphene Transparent Conductive Films Touch Surfaces, Screens & Haptics Display, Lighting & TFT Technologies New Advanced Materials Smart Packaging E-MOBILITY: HYBRID, ELECTRIC & FUEL CELL VEHICLES Land Vehicles Water Vehicles Aircraft Components Energy Storage Infrastructure ENERGY HARVESTING Technologies Photovoltaics Energy Storage Applications ENERGY STORAGE Supercapacitors Batteries Enabling Materials Vehicles RFID, NFC, RTLS & WSN Passive RFID & NFC Active RFID & Real Time Locating Systems Wireless Sensor Networks, IoT & M2M Applications RFID FORECASTS, PLAYERS AND OPPORTUNITIES THE MOST INSIGHTFUL AND IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS LogicaCMG

6 PRINTED, ORGANIC & FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS EXCELLENT Metals Industry Research & Development Centre Taiwan HYBRID AND ELECTRIC BUSES AND TAXIS CERTAINLY THE BEST WRITTEN IN THE BUSINESS Batteries International REAL TIME LOCATING SYSTEMS VERY INFORMATIVE Thin Battery Technologies RANGE EXTENDERS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES VERY COMPREHENSIVE AND AUTHORITATIVE Bladon Jets CONTACT US IDTechEx Ltd (UK) Downing Park, Swaffham Bulbeck, Cambridge, CB25 0NW, UK Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) IDTechEx Inc (USA) 222 Third Street, Suite 0222, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States Tel: Fax: IDTechEx GmbH (Germany) Friedrichstraße 191, Berlin, Germany Tel: Fax: MARKET INTELLIGENCE PORTAL Scouting emerging technology spaces for new markets, ideas, applications or partners? Looking to capture opportunities and minimise risks arising from disruptive technologies? Wanting to learn which companies are winning and why? Hoping to find out what your competitors are thinking and doing? Looking for reliable market data to do your own business thinking? The Market Intelligence Portal provides you with timely businesscritical market intelligence on emerging technologies, continually supporting you in assessing opportunity and making business decisions. Subscribers will have access to two market research reports, regular webinars, weekly analytical articles, three to five weekly impartial company profiles, our raw forecast data, one hour of analyst time and company presentations gathered at our conferences. IDTechEx.com/portal SUBSCRIBING TO IDTECHEX RESEARCH Subscribing to IDTechEx research services allows you to access a wide range of our technology and market research on a given topic or across topics, providing you with unlimited access to new related content throughout the subscription period at tremendous value. This service should be of interest to clients seeking to remain constantly updated with all the key information on a topic over a period of time. Prices for our annual subscriptions start at the price of just a few individual research reports. You are able to leverage a team of highly technical researchers (most at PhD level) and business leaders who can provide a critical business function, saving you both time and money. All our subscriptions can be customized to address what suits your needs. CUSTOM RESEARCH AND CONSULTING PROJECTS IDTechEx provides bespoke research and consulting projects including: Business and technology appraisal and benchmarking Strategic assessment and advice Understanding of emerging technologies and markets Technology scouting and merger/acquisition identification or due diligence Identification and appraisal of market needs, opportunities, risks and sizing For more information or to discuss your needs please research@idtechex.com or call one of our offices.