Proposal Regional Action Plan for Intergovernmental Cooperation on Air Pollution for Latin America and the Caribbean

Transcription

1 Nineteenth Meeting f the Frum f Ministers f Envirnment fr Latin America and the Caribbean Ls Cabs, Mexic March 2014 A. PREPARATORY MEETING OF EXPERTS Distributin: Limited UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Mnday 13 January 2014 Original: Spanish Prpsal Reginal Actin Plan fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean

2 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Prpsal fr a Reginal Actin Plan fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Prpsal 30 Octber

3 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean United Natins Envirnment Prgramme Reginal Office fr Latin America and the Caribbean The United Natins Envirnment Prgramme, thrugh its Reginal Office fr Latin America and the Caribbean, thanks the Clean Air Institute (CAI) and Mexic s Natinal Institute f Eclgy and Climate Change (INECC), fr the preparatin f this secnd draft f the Reginal Actin Plan fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean. This draft cnsiders the cntributins made by the experts f the Reginal Intergvernmental Netwrk n Atmspheric Pllutin and frm ther individuals and rganizatins that have prvided with valuable cmments and infrmatin. ee 3

4 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Abbreviatins and Acrnyms BC CAI-LAC CCAC COPD GAPF GHG IADB INECC LAC O 3 OECD PAHO PM SLCPs UNDESA UNEP WB WEC WHO BC Clean Air Initiative fr Latin American Cities Climate and Clean Air Calitin Chrnic Obstructive Pulmnary Disease Glbal Air Pllutin Frum Greenhuse Gases Inter American Develpment Bank Mexican Natinal Institute f Eclgy and Climate Change Latin America and the Caribbean Ozne (trpspheric in this cntext) Organizatin fr Ecnmic C-peratin and Develpment Pan American Health Organizatin Particulate matter Shrt-Lived Climate Pllutants United Natins Department f Ecnmic and Scial Affairs United Natins Envirnment Prgramme Wrld Bank Wrld Energy Cuncil Wrld Health Organizatin 4

5 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 5

6 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Cntents Abbreviatins and Acrnyms... 4 Prlgue... 8 Backgrund... 8 The Air Pllutin Prblem... 8 The Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Pllutin... 9 Elements fr Reginal Cperatin Natinal and Reginal Envirnmental Gvernance Actin Plan Objectives Overall Objective Reginal Objectives Cuntry-Specific bjectives Strategy Pririty Pllutants Particulate Matter Black Carbn (BC) Trpspheric Ozne Nitrgen Dixide (NO2) Hydrcarbns including Vlatile Organic Cmpunds Sulfur Dixide (SO2) Carbn Mnxide Air txics Strategic Sectrial Actins Transprt sectr Brick and pttery prductin Bimass use fr cking and heating Pwer plants and industrial facilities Oil and gas activities Slid Waste Management Wastewater Management Agriculture, frestry and livestck Reginal Cmpnents Cmpnent 1. Technical assistance, training and capacity strengthening Cmpnent 2. Plicy dialgue, cperatin and crdinatin Cmpnent 3. Methdlgies fr Integrated Assessment f Plicies, Plans and Prjects Cmpnent 4. Research Cmpnent 5. Awareness raising and utreach Cmpnent 6. Reginal Plan Mnitring and Evaluatin Medium term gals Resurces

7 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean References

8 Prlgue UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 1. This dcument was prepared with the aim t advance decisins frm the Frum f Ministers f Envirnment f Latin America and the Caribbean, t: a) establish the Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean, and b) develp an actin plan. Backgrund The Air Pllutin Prblem 2. Air pllutin is a serius threat t public health, human wellbeing and ecsystems integrity. Amplified premature mrtality, exacerbated mrbidity, prductivity lsses, frest degradatin, crps damage and augmented glbal warming are sme f the effects that air pllutin spreads at lcal, reginal and glbal scales. These harmful effects are extremely cstly, mrally unacceptable and largely hurt the mst vulnerable grups f the ppulatin, including children and elders, as well as the ill and the pr. Air pllutin, its effects and csts largely deter the achievement f the Millennium Develpment Gals, and natinal develpment ptential. 3. In particular, air pllutin is a serius cncern in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC). The Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO) estimates that ver 100 millin peple in Latin America are expsed t high levels f air pllutin that exceed the recmmended guidelines. The Panamerican Health Organizatin (PAHO) als states that, amng ther public health effects, urban air pllutin in Latin America causes at least 35,000 premature deaths per year. Furthermre, the Wrld Bank estimates that the health related cst f urban air pllutin in sme Latin American and the Caribbean cuntries represents abut 1% f the natinal GDP. The OECD warns that, if n new plicies are implemented, urban air quality will cntinue t deterirate glbally. By 2050, utdr air pllutin is prjected t becme the tp cause f envirnmentally related deaths wrldwide. 4. Indr air pllutin is als a majr cncern. Accrding t WHO, abut 3 billin peple wrldwide use bimass fuels r cal fr cking and heating. In such cases, Particulate Matter (PM) levels may be times higher than the guideline values. Arund 2 millin premature deaths are linked t indr air pllutin mstly in develping cuntries and almst half f these deaths are due t pneumnia in children under 5 years f age. Mre than 1 millin peple a year die frm chrnic bstructive pulmnary disease (COPD) that develps due t expsure t such indr air pllutin. Bth wmen and men expsed t heavy indr smke are 2-3 times mre likely t develp COPD. 5. In additin t its health impacts, air pllutin damages agriculture and ecsystems. Fr example, grund level zne als affects sensitive 8

9 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean vegetatin and ecsystems, including frests, parks, wildlife refuges and wilderness areas. When sufficient zne enters the leaves f a plant, it can interfere with the ability f sensitive plants t prduce and stre fd. Cntinued zne expsure ver time can lead t increased susceptibility f sensitive plant species t disease, damage frm insects, effects f ther pllutants, cmpetitin, and harm frm severe weather. These effects can als have adverse impacts n ecsystems, including lss f species diversity and changes t habitat quality and water and nutrient cycles. 6. Beynd its lcal effects, there is an increasing evidence f the reginal and glbal nature f air pllutin. Lng-range transprt and transfrmatin f air pllutants acrss natinal bundaries and cntinents can carry pllutants far away frm their surces. Thus, lcal air quality can be impacted by pllutin generated elsewhere, t the extent that critical levels may be exceeded. Furthermre, recent scientific research has fund that sme air pllutants can als cntribute significantly t glbal warming. Thse pllutants have been gruped under the term Shrt-Lived Climate Pllutants (SLCPs). 7. Rapid urban, industrial and mtrizatin grwth has made the regin increasingly cncerned with these envirnmental issues. Significant prgress has been made in sme Latin American cities t imprve air quality as a result f bth air quality management plans and sectrial interventins. Hwever, a serius prblem remains and air pllutin issues are extending t a grwing number f urban areas. The Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Pllutin 8. The Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean (the Intergvernmental Netwrk) was established by a decisin f the Frum f Ministers f Envirnment in The bjectives f the Netwrk are t: Prmte the technical exchange f research and infrmatin n air quality management and strengthen capacities; Harmnize natinal air quality management legislatin, standards, mnitring methds, and data management prcedures. Assessing and prpsing plicy ptins fr reducing air pllutin; and Supprting the develpment and implementatin f a reginal actin plan with the bjective f reducing air pllutin in the regin. 9. This Reginal Actin Plan fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean respnds t this mandate frm the Frum f Ministers f Envirnment. 9

10 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 10. Key elements fr a framewrk agreement n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean were riginally utlined as an utcme f discussins f the Intergvernmental Netwrk held in Panama in April 2010 and submitted t the 18th Meeting f the Frum f Ministers f Envirnment f Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Quit Ecuadr in Further Ministers agreed t cntinue wrking n the elabratin f a Reginal Actin Plan which wuld prvide rientatin t the wrk f the Reginal Intergvernmental netwrk, where ptential surces f funding are assessed, with the aim f presenting it t the Ministers at the next Meeting f the Frum fr cnsideratin f pssible apprval. 11. This draft build upn the dcument entitled Elements fr a Framewrk Agreement n Air Pllutin. It als incrprates findings and recmmendatins frm an internatinal meeting held n 31st Octber and 1st Nvember , where representatives f 20 Gvernments in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) supprted by invited experts frm acrss the regin and elsewhere discussed the relevance f shrt-lived climate pllutants (SLCPs) t Latin America and the Caribbean, and strategies fr reducing emissins acrss the regin. 12. Regarding natinal plans, they are expected t take int cnsideratin the varying levels f develpment f air pllutin and climate plicy and available resurces in different cuntries f the regin. They may need t cmplement and wrk with existing prgrammes and effectively reflect natinal pririties in respect f the different sectrs that generate SLCP emissins. Elements fr Reginal Cperatin 13. Members f the Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Quality have agreed t jin effrts t cmbat air pllutin, including SLCPs, based n the fllwing cnsideratins: Reginal cperatin shuld allw a maximizatin f resurces, synergies and shared benefits fr addressing air quality and SLCPs issues simultaneusly, as well as their impacts n health, sciety and envirnment. Natinal plans shuld be flexible and differentiated accrding t natinal circumstances t imprve lcal air quality while mitigating shrt air quality emissin f atmspheric pllutants, including greenhuse gases and SLCPs; Develp and align amng the States, as much as pssible, the plicies, guidelines, legislatin, standards, mnitring 1 The meeting was held in Bgta under the auspices f the Climate and Clean Air Calitin t Reduce Shrt-Lived Climate Pllutants (CCAC), and the UNEP Reginal Office fr Latin America and the Caribbean (ROLAC), and hsted by the Gvernments f Clmbia and Mexic, which are partners in the CCAC. It was held in cnjunctin with a meeting f reginal representatives charged by the Frum f Envirnment Ministers f Latin America and the Caribbean with preparatin f an Actin Plan n Air Pllutin in the LAC regin. 10

11 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean prcedures and data management prcedures with respect t atmspheric pllutant management at natinal level; Facilitate the exchange and disseminatin f infrmatin and research n, and technlgy fr, atmspheric pllutant management thrugh sub-reginal netwrks and databases; including innvative financial ptins. Fster develpment f research and prvide technical assistance t: a) identify and assess surces f pllutin and their impacts n human health and the envirnment, including the climate system; b) design, implement and evaluate interventin ptins t reduce emissins; and c) quantify impacts f such interventins ptins. Prmte cst benefit studies f atmspheric pllutin and its impacts, including impacts f interventin ptins; Prmte epidemilgical studies in the cuntries fr apprpriate decisin making in each; Align emissin standards and regulatins frm pint surces and areas t cntrl, and prmte research n the effects f transbundary atmspheric pllutants; Cnsider the grwing interest in the rle f shrt-lived climate pllutants t imprve air quality and mitigate climate change in the near term, prmte studies n SLCPs and their mitigatin ptins as part f general atmspheric pllutin strategies. Establish mechanisms fr strengthening reginal cperatin Suth-Suth and Nrth-Suth, and interregins. Recgnize subreginal differences, enhancing and building upn and prgress reached frm the mst advanced cuntries in this field and supprting ther less develped. Develp intersectral appraches. Natinal and Reginal Envirnmental Gvernance 14. Key elements t strengthen gvernance t imprve air quality at lcal, natinal and reginal scales are: Cnsider atmspheric pllutin as an intrinsic cmpnent f natinal develpment plans and review necessary legislatin in rder t adjust it, as required; Prmte develpment f SLCPs natinal actin planning as a key part f the brader air quality management planning t enable cuntries, t identify achievable quick-win benefits, and t prepare the grund fr large-scale implementatin f mitigatin measures geared t their unique natinal circumstances, pririties and particular mix f criteria pllutants and SLCP surces. Prmte the establishment f crss-sectrial crdinatin mechanisms (and c-respnsibility arrangements) with natinal authrities, institutes and agencies invlved in the develpment and implementatin f plicies n atmspheric pllutants and 11

12 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean management strategies, including, amng thers, envirnment, transprtatin, energy, agriculture, urban develpment and finance agencies; Build and imprve the capacity f atmspheric pllutin management units in natinal envirnmental agencies and ther relevant institutins invlved; Develp and maintain, as apprpriate, natinal emissin inventries fr majr air pllutants, including greenhuse gases and SLCPs, and assess the impact f the varius plicies and measures related t these emissins; Prmte and install air quality mnitring statins fr key pllutants using reginally standardized equipment and prtcls and, as necessary, n a sub-reginal level, linking this t the wrk being carried ut glbally with respect t mdelling and frecasting with supprt f internatinal cperatin agencies; Identify and share best practices related t financing plicies in rder t implement measures t reduce atmspheric emissins and carry ut evaluatins using mnitring and emissin inventry systems; Facilitate the reginal alignment f air quality standards and guidelines and carry ut peridic revisins t evaluate the natinal and reginal standards, cmparing them with the best internatinal practices; Prmte the use f netwrks and knwledge platfrms with supprt frm cperatin agencies (Nrth-Suth, Suth- Suth). 12

13 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Actin Plan Objectives 15. The verall bjectives f this Reginal Actin Plan are t pstulate cmmn directins at shrt, medium and lng-term, fr members f the Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean t abate air pllutin in the regin and mitigate emissins f pririty pllutants, as well as t substantially decrease lcal, reginal and glbal impacts f air pllutin. Overall Objective 16. The higher-level bjective f this Actin Plan is twfld: Reduce the cntributin t pririty pllutants frm the regin f pririty pllutants aiming t mitigate impacts t public health, fd security, reginal and glbal climate change mitigatin and ther psitive impacts. Imprve air quality in urban areas f the LAC regin that reduce negative impacts n, and risks t human health, and the envirnment based n harmnized standards. 17. The Actin Plan is designed t fster cllabratin at reginal and natinal levels twards achieving the adptin/creatin f natinal and lcal plicies and prgrammes t significantly imprve air quality and prtect public health and the envirnment while cntribute t mitigate climate change, enhance quality f life and ther c-benefits. Reginal Objectives 18. The reginal bjectives are: a) Strengthening the Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean. b) Prmte and disseminate mechanisms t reduce air pllutin, t raise awareness f air pllutin impacts, as well as preventin and mitigatin strategies; c) Assisting cuntries t develp and/r enhance natinal plans and regin-wide actins, by identifying and vercming barriers, enhancing capacity, generating and disseminating knwledge, deply technlgies and mbilizing technical and financial supprt; d) Prmting best practices and shwcasing successful effrts; e) Cntributing t imprve scientific understanding f air pllutin, its surces and impacts, and supprting its applicatin t design and implement mitigatin strategies and f) Imprving capacities and resurces t quantify impacts f interventins. 13

14 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean g) Prmte and disseminate scientific, technlgical and gd practice cntributins frm ther cuntries t enhance envirnmental sustainability. h) Fster intergvernmental agreements t reduce emissins f pririty pllutants in Latin America and the Caribbean. 14

15 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Cuntry-Specific bjectives 19. The Prpsed Cuntry-Specific bjectives in participating natins are: Imprving air quality and imprving public health by preparing, implementing and enfrcing Natinal Plans t reduce pririty air pllutants, thrugh: cmprehensive strategies accrding t their natinal and lcal circumstances; and mainstreaming pllutin reductin in existing and future relevant sectrial plicies. Creating and enhancing plicy instruments and guidelines t lcal gvernments, as well as t address barriers, fr imprving air quality while reducing transbundary atmspheric pllutants, including SLCPs. Adptin f standards fr mnitring, cntrl and enfrcement f air pllutin t enable pririty pllutants abatement. Establish means, mechanisms, indicatrs and instruments t mnitr efficacy f adpted strategies t reduce pririty pllutant emissins at lcal, natinal and reginal scales. 15

16 Strategy UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 20. The decisin 4 f the Frum f Ministers f Envirnment f Latin America and the Caribbean entangles the preparatin f: a) a reginal actin plan that shuld serve as a framewrk fr all natinal actin plans and deal with the air pllutin in the lng term at a reginal level; and b) natinal actin plans t be prepared by each participant cuntry. 21. Bth Reginal Actin Plan and Natinal Actin Plans shuld identify and address key barriers t implementing sund air quality management prgrammes and related measures. In particular, the Reginal Actin Plan shuld prpse specific actins t address these barriers in its rle f supprting the natinal actin plans. Cmmn barriers t be addressed include: a) institutinal barriers, b) regulatry barriers, c) financial barriers, d) technical barriers, and e) cultural barriers. 22. The Reginal Actin Plan supprts the bjectives f the Intergvernmental Netwrk n Air Quality fr Latin America and the Caribbean (the Intergvernmental Netwrk) by fstering: a) An imprved reginal cperatin and dialgue n exchange f research and knwledge n air quality management and related issues, b) A harmnizatin f natinal air quality management legislatin, standards, mnitring methds and data management prcedures, c) A better understanding f (and assessment tls n) synergies and c-benefits f taking jint measures against the emissin f atmspheric pllutants and greenhuse gases. d) Technical assistance, guidance and training t prmte air quality imprvement in the regin by addressing the different sectrs invlved: a) transprtatin, b) urban planning and management, c) pint and area surces, d) frest fire, uncntrlled burning, and defrestatin. e) An expanded crdinatin and cperatin amngst cuntries, stakehlders, dnrs and ther rganizatins engaged in addressing air pllutin, climate change and related issues in the regin, f) An imprved utreach t key stakehlders and the public. g) Strengthened natinal and reginal gvernance. 23. The prducts and prcesses resulting frm activities f this Reginal Actin Plan will be pen t the direct participatin f all Latin American and the Caribbean cuntries, allwing them access t vital lessns learned. The resulting increases in demand fr resurces and technical assistance will create pprtunities fr dnrs, technical agencies and gvernments t participate with resurces under a cmmn framewrk. 24. The Reginal Actin Plan will be divided int the fllwing cmpnents: 16

17 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Cmpnent 1. Technical assistance, training and capacity strengthening Cmpnent 2. Plicy dialgue, cperatin and crdinatin Cmpnent 3. Assessment methdlgies f plicies, plans and prjects Cmpnent 6. Research Cmpnent 5. Awareness raising Cmpnent 4. Reginal Plan Mnitring and Evaluatin 25. These cmpnents will functin in a cmplementary fashin twards the achievement f the reginal bjectives stated abve. 26. On the ther side, the natinal actin plans will be designed and implemented accrding t their different capacities, as well as sciecnmic and bigephysic circumstances. Technical assistance will be key fr preparing bth baselines and natinal plans. Each natinal actin plan is expected t fcus n the fllwing windws: Air quality management instruments, including emissin inventries, nrms and cmpliance surveillance, air quality standards and mnitring; and health effects and ecnmic assessment, ecnmic valuatin, as well as the apprpriate mdels t assess baselines and measures assessment based n benefits analysis. Sustainable Transprt Prductin, supply and quality f fuels Urban Planning and Management Pint and Area Surces, including methane emitting sectrs such as slid waste management facilities, and natural gas and il prductin Frest Fire, uncntrlled burning, and defrestatin Indr air pllutin 27. The elements referred in previus sectins prvide mre infrmatin n the particular issues t be address under each windw. Bth the Reginal Actin Plan cmpnents and the Natinal Actin Plans windws will functin in cmplementary fashin twards the achievement f each f the bjectives f this Actin Plan. In cnjunctin, the Reginal Actin Plan and the Natinal Actin Plans will cntribute twards the adptin/creatin/enhancement f air quality and climate change prgrammes and related sectrial prgrammes and supprt the adptin f natinal plicies t significantly lwer air pllutant emissins, in particular SLFC cntaminants and GHG while achieving ther c-benefits. 17

18 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Pririty Pllutants 28. Due t their significant impacts n air quality and/r climate change, as well as the imprtant benefits f their cntrl n health, ecsystems, ecnmy and ther cbenefits, the pririty pllutants t be addressed during the first step are: Respirable Particulate Matter (bth PM10 and Pm2.5), with particular emphasis n size and txicity, including Black Carbn. Trpspheric Ozne (O3), including its precursrs. Hydrcarbns (HC) including Vlatile Organic Cmpunds (VOC) Nitrgen xides (NO x ) Sulfur dixide (SO 2 ) Carbn Mnxide (CO) Txic cmpunds 29. In lng-term, Member States may wish t review and update the list f pririty pllutants. Fllwing there is a descriptin f thse pllutants. Particulate Matter 30. Particulate matter (PM) is the term used fr a mixture f slid particles and liquid drplets suspended in the air. These particles riginate frm a variety f surces, such as pwer plants, industrial prcesses, and mtrized vehicles (particularly diesel vehicles), and they are frmed in the atmsphere by transfrmatin f gaseus emissins. Their chemical and physical cmpsitins depend n lcatin, time f year, and weather. Particulate matter is cmpsed f bth carse and fine particles. 31. The majr cmpnents f PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammnia, sdium chlride, carbn, mineral dust and water. It cnsists f a cmplex mixture f slid and liquid particles f rganic and inrganic substances suspended in the air. The particles are identified accrding t their aerdynamic diameter, as either PM10 (particles with an aerdynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm) r PM2.5 (aerdynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm). When PM are inhaled, they may reach the peripheral regins f the brnchiles, and interfere with gas exchange inside the lungs. 32. The effects f PM n health ccur at levels f expsure currently being experienced by mst urban and rural ppulatins in bth develped and develping cuntries. In additin t its shrt term expsure impacts, chrnic expsure t particles cntributes t the risk f develping cardivascular, respiratry diseases and lung cancer. In develping cuntries, expsure t pllutants frm indr cmbustin f slid fuels n pen fires r traditinal stves increases the risk f acute lwer respiratry infectins and assciated mrtality amng yung children; indr air pllutin frm slid fuel use is als a majr risk factr fr chrnic bstructive pulmnary disease and lung cancer amng adults. 18

19 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 19

20 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Black Carbn (BC) 33. BC is a shrt-lived climate pllutant that is a majr cmpnent f st and is prduced by incmplete cmbustin f fssil fuel and bimass. It is emitted frm varius surces including mtrized vehicles (particulate diesel vehicles), bimass stves, frest fires, agricultural pen burning and sme industrial manufacturing facilities. It has a warming impact n climate times strnger than CO2. Its lifetime varies frm a few days t a few weeks. 34. Specific BC health effects are still being assessed but it is clear that strategies t reduce BC invlve a reductin in PM because f the cnsistency f their surces. While the prprtin f BC varies PM surce, the type and quality f fuel fr the diesel cmbustin between 50 and 75% f the PM emissins can result in BC emissins. Nt t far away, gasline cmbustin culd result in values between 30% and 40% f PM emissins. Still, this implies a clse relatinship between the PM and the BC emissins. In develping cuntries where emissins f PM generate millins in lsses in respnse t respiratry and cardivascular diseases, besides thusands f deaths per year, reducing BC emissins may imply health benefits that make actin extremely beneficial and cst-efficient. Trpspheric Ozne 35. Ozne at grund level nt t be cnfused with the zne layer in the upper atmsphere is ne f the majr cnstituents f phtchemical smg. It is frmed by the reactin with sunlight (phtchemical reactin) f pllutants such as nitrgen xides (NOx) frm vehicle and industry emissins and vlatile rganic cmpunds (VOCs) emitted by vehicles, slvents and industry. The highest levels f zne pllutin ccur during perids f sunny weather. 36. Excessive zne in the air can have a marked effect n human health. It can cause breathing prblems, trigger asthma, reduce lung functin and cause lung diseases. In Eurpe it is currently ne f the air pllutants f mst cncern. Several Eurpean studies have reprted that the daily mrtality rises by 0.3% and that fr heart diseases by 0.4 %, per 10 µg/m3 increase in zne expsure. 37. In additin t its health effects, trpspheric r grund level zne (O3) is als a SLCP respnsible fr a large part f the human enhancement f the glbal greenhuse effect and has a lifetime f a few days t a few weeks. Nitrgen Dixide (NO2) 38. Nitrgen dixide (NO 2 ) causes health impacts, is a precursr t zne and an acidificatin and eutrficatin cause. Main NO2 antrpgenic surces are cmbustin prcesses (electric generatin and internal cmbustin engines). 20

21 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 39. NO2 is the main f nitrate aersls that is a large PM2,5 cnstituent and in the presence f ultravilet light, it turns int zne. In shrt duratin expsure it is a txic gas that causes majr inflammatin f the respiratry tract. Acidificatin has effects n terrestrial ecsystems, freshwater and marine systems. Hydrcarbns including Vlatile Organic Cmpunds 40. Hydrcarbns are cmpunds cntaining varius cmbinatins f hydrgen and carbn atms. They may be emitted int the air by natural surces (e.g., trees) and as a result f fssil fuel cmbustin, fuel vlatilizatin and slvent use. 41. When reacting t the NOx in presence f slar radiatin, these cmpunds participates in trpspheric zne. Mst f these vlatile cmpunds such as the benzene, tluene, Plicyclic Armatic Hydrcarbns, and aldehydes have high txicity levels. 42. Vlatile rganic cmpunds, r VOCs are rganic chemical cmpunds whse cmpsitin makes it pssible fr them t evaprate under nrmal indr atmspheric cnditins f temperature and pressure3. Sulfur Dixide (SO2) 43. Sulfur dixide (SO 2 ) is a criteria pllutant. Primary surces f SO2 are the use f fuels with high sulfur cntent such as cal, vehicle fuels and ther fuels used fr pwer generatin. 44. Sulfur dixide (SO 2 ) emissins have health impacts as gas and als by cntributing t PM2.5. SO 2 is als has effects n terrestrial and freshwater ecsystems by acidificatin. Since sulfate aersls cl the atmsphere, it is necessary t cnsider the impacts f this reductin in designing climate change mitigatin plicies. Carbn Mnxide 45. Carbn mnxide is a criteria pllutant. It is a clrless, drless gas resulting frm the incmplete cmbustin f hydrcarbn fuels. CO interferes with the bld's ability t carry xygen t the bdy's tissues and results in numerus adverse health effects. Over 80 percent f the CO emitted in urban areas is cntributed by mtr vehicles. CO is a criteria air pllutant. 21

22 Air txics UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 46. Air txics, als knwn as hazardus air pllutants, are thse pllutants that are knwn r suspected t cause cancer r ther serius health effects, such as reprductive effects r birth defects, r adverse envirnmental effects. Examples f txic air pllutants include benzene, which is fund in gasline; perchlrethylene, which is emitted frm sme dry cleaning facilities; and methylene chlride, which is used as a slvent and paint stripper by a number f industries. Examples f ther listed air txics include dixin, asbests, tluene, and metals such as cadmium, mercury, chrmium, lead cmpunds and thers. 22

23 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Strategic Sectrial Actins 47. This sectin intrduces the majr issues and actins that each cuntry shuld cnsider fr adptin under the scpe f this Reginal Plan, cnsidering its natinal circumstances and pririties, including plicy instruments such as regulatins, ecnmic instruments and infrmatin, amng thers. Transprt sectr Brick and pttery prductin Bimass use fr cking and heating Pwer plants and industrial facilities Oil and gas activities Slid waste management Wastewater management Agriculture, frestry and livestck Other 48. Fllwing there is a discussin f issues and recmmended strategic actins t address thse sectrs frm an integrated perspective cmprising air pllutin management and mitigatin f SLCPs. Table 3 summarizes these pririty sectrs and their relatinship t key pllutant t be addressed by the reginal actin plan. As agreed by member f the Intergvernmental Netwrk, this actin plan shuld be designed t fster cllabrative effrts at a reginal and glbal level. In this cntext, bx 2 shws sectrial actins in which the Climate Chance and Clean Air Calitin is fcused its wn actin plan Transprt sectr 49. Transprt sectr is the main surce f air pllutants in the regin. It is als ne f the largest and the fastest grwing surce f greenhuse gas emissins frm fssil fuels. Latin America is highly urbanized and mtrizatin has been grwn very rapid. The prblems that this brings including the ecnmic impacts f cngestin, inefficient fuel cnsumptin, deteriratin in the quality f life, and ther issues such as rad safety require integrated urban strategies which cmbine these varius cnsideratins. Hwever, reducing the impact f vehicle emissins particularly BC - n public health shuld always be a key cnsideratin within such multi-bjective planning prcesses. 50. Emissin reductin frm the transprt sectr requires tw cmplementary strategies: i) t reduce vehicle emissin rates (diminishing amunt f emissins per kilmeter traveled) and ii) t manage transprt activity (ratinalizing grwth f kilmeters travelled). This strategies can be achieved by: a) aviding unnecessary and inefficient, highly plluting trips per passenger, b) shifting t mre efficient and cleaner mdes, and c) by 23

24 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean imprving technlgies and fuels, aligning emissin standards and vehicle fuels specificatins at a reginal level. 51. There are many examples f impressive prgrammes t reduce emissins in the regin s largest cities, including Mexic City, Santiag, Ri de Janeir, Sa Paul, and Bgta, but the rapid unplanned grwth f cities can ffset the impact f new plicies and technlgies. Strategies are nw needed that can take respnd t this and can extend the successful multiinterventin strategies develped in the larger cities t rapidly-grwing smaller cities and t ther regins. Actins 52. Against this backgrund, implementatin f the fllwing set f sustainable transprt plicies are needed t achieve the required emissin reductins in areas such as: Cleaner vehicles and fuels Enhanced public transprt Integrated nn mtrized transprt ptins Travel demand management Integrated land use and transprt planning Freight management Cleaner vehicles and fuels A key measure is imprvement in fuel quality, including sulfur cntent f diesel aiming fr a sulfur cntent nt exceeding 50 ppm by Similarly, by 2015, establish increasingly stringent vehicle emissin standards cupled t the apprpriate fuel specificatins, fr light, medium and heavy-duty vehicles, as well as mtrcycles. In the case f cuntries that are nt able t establish such standards in 2015, they shuld have a prcess t establish such standards. Intrducing better fuel in designated urban areas can be an ptin, particularly in large urban areas. Hwever, imprvements in fuel quality shuld be carried frward with regard fr what is being dne in ther cities in the regin as varying quality can be a disincentive t intrductin f new technlgies that require high quality fuel. Imprvements in fuel quality and stringent emissin standards need t be cmplemented by better inspectin and maintenance. Regulatry prgrammes are nw emerging in sme cuntries but need t be mre widely develped and applied. There is als scpe fr vluntary prgrammes which can encurage gd practice; Targeting ld and high emitting vehicles2 (including scrappage schemes), particularly diesel emissins frm heavy-duty 2 In Latin America public transprt fleets are relatively ld technlgies that barely meet regulatins equivalent t Eur II emissins. This is an issue that als affects the sustainability 24

25 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean vehicles, frm fleets and individual wners, can be an effective apprach. Hwever, fr this t be publicly acceptable, steps need t be taken t prtect individual wners. Fr instance flexible financing, duty tax exemptins and/r reductin f registratin fees may need t be put int place fr small cmpanies and individuals, backed by the state. Taking int cnsideratin the absence f hmlgatin labs t verify standard cmpliance with new vehicles, prmte the requirement f internatinally recgnized certificates and intrduce labels that enable the identificatin accrding t their emissins. Ec-labeling may als have a rle t play, based n experiences in sme cuntries, such as the Mexican Clean Transprt Prgramme (Transprte Limpi), which is based n the US Smartway Prgramme. Fr thse cuntries where the imprt f used vehicles is permitted, prmte the establishment and enfrcement f stringent emissins cntrl regulatins and ensure that the cnditin f these vehicles des nt pse a threat t human health and the envirnment; Explre and adpt mdern technlgies and standards (r ther plicy instruments) that prmte vehicle fuel efficiency and the reductin f emissins, fr new vehicles and fr thse in circulatin, including vehicle scrappage prgrammes; Carry ut detailed ecnmic, scial, and envirnmental evaluatins t assess the use f bifuels and ther clean fuels. Sustainable Transprt 53. Sustainable transprt strategies include: a) enhancing public transprt, b) land use and transprt crdinatin, c) nn-mtrized transprt, d) travel demand management and d) freight management. There are different initiatives frm which the Reginal Actin Plan and Natinal Plans culd build upn. Since 2009, the Clean Air Institute is implementing a Reginal Sustainable and Air Quality Prgramme in crdinatin with natinal executin agencies and lcal gvernments frm Argentina, Mexic and Brazil that culd be easily expanded thrughut the regin. Embarq and ITDP have als an intense activity in several cities f the regin. Sustainable transprt als frms part f the 5-year Sustainable Develpment Plan f the United Natins Secretary General. 54. Fllwing there is a general descriptin f general interventin that are necessary t implement sustainable transprt interventins, cmplementing thse related t clean vehicles and fuels. f public transprt systems, increases levels f accidents, and discurages their use by citizens. In Sa Paul, fr example, the public transprt fleet represents a majr surce f particulate matter (37% f ttal transprt emissins) and nitrgen xides (31%). In Bgta buses prvide 39% f particulate matter emissins frm mbile surces. 25

26 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Enhancing public transprt Prviding circulatin pririty and investment fr lw emissin, less carbn intensive, safe, high-capacity and financially sustainable public transprt systems; Integrated land use and transprt planning Fstering the creatin f cmpact cities and dense urban areas, where ppulatin has access, with minimum time, distance and cst, t wrk, schl, markets, public space and recreatinal areas, thrughut apprpriate instruments and institutins that fster that integrated planning. Fster inner urban bilgical crridrs. Nn-mtrized transprt Develping and prmting systems and infrastructure fr nnmtrized transprt (cycling and walking), intercnnected with the public transprt system; Raise awareness amng the ppulatin and lcal authrities n nn-mtrized benefits fr health and envirnmental benefits. Travel demand management Reducing use f less efficient mdes thrugh the implementatin f efficient infrmatin systems fr selectin f rutes and destinatins, cntrl and reductin f parking space, car pling and develpment f sustainable mbility plans in private cmpanies amng ther measures. In Bgta, cngestin is currently being studied. Freight management Cnsidering that emissin inventries cnsistently place freight as a key player in verall particulate matter emissins (and therefre BC emissins), there is a need t develp cmprehensive plans t enhance this subsectr, including technlgy, peratins, rutes mnitring, freight regulatin, ec-driving, lgistic and scrapping ptins. Brick and pttery prductin 55. Mst brick and pttery prductin in LAC is nn-mechanized and traditinal, using inefficient kilns which use wd, waste and heavy il t fire them. In many cases, brick and pttery kilns are lcated in dense urban areas, significantly affecting health f lcal ppulatin as well as that f wrkers. Infrmatin n ttal brick and pttery prductin, number f wrkers, number f kilns and their lcatin is sparse, especially at the LAC reginal level. There is a general lack f infrmatin n the infrmal brick and pttery making sectr in the regin, including children labur explitatin practices, as well as efficient ways t cntrl emissins frm these kilns. 26

27 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 56. It has becme clear that regulatin f the sectr is nt straight frward. There are cases where the infrmal sectr has grwn at the expense f the frmal sectr when emissins regulatin has been impsed -and the infrmal sectr d nt fllw regulatins. Prmting kiln manufacturer assciatins can help emissin cntrl, by prmting the necessary cultural change and helping access t finance. This is imprtant as brick kiln wners in the infrmal sectr cannt access credit in the frmal financial sectr banks are generally unwilling t give lans. New surces f funding are needed t prvide resurces fr technlgy upgrade investments and relcatin. 57. Initial investment in new technlgy can be very high and s state interventin is likely t prve necessary t prvide initial finance. There are examples f successful interventin in LAC with innvatin funding mechanisms, similar t thse by Wrld Bank in Suthern Asia. Plicies prmting mechanizatin and new prduct develpment, such as thse implemented in China, are gd examples that culd be cnsidered by the LAC regin. 58. Other key pririties in the shrt t medium terms include: Develping a better infrmatin base n the sectr acrss the cntinent and develping awareness campaigns and training t brick kiln wrkers. These are imprtant and have been develped t sme extent in LAC, but need t be mre widespread; There needs t be wider recgnitin that, althugh there have been imprtant success stries in mdernizatin, the traditinal artisanal sectr remains very large; Ways need t be fund t catalyze and spread new and cleaner technlgies, and t create a viable market framewrk within which the transitin can be welcmed rather than resisted by the industry; Suth-Suth cllabratin shuld be encuraged because much can be learned frm cuntries that had gne thrugh a change prcess relatively recently. An imprtant effrt shuld be made t frmalize infrmal establishments t amelirate their impacts while prtecting wrker and their families. Fster sustainable cnsumptin mechanisms thrugh apprpriate labeling and prduct rigin identificatin. 59. The issues regarding regulatin and plicy develpment and implementatin are being explred thrugh the CCAC initiative n brick kilns. This will try t develp strategies fr effective implementatin, as well as clarify the different lcal, reginal and glbal issues. Bimass use fr cking and heating 27

28 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean 60. Wd is still used t ck acrss the LAC regin, where many cuntries still rely n it and it remains the main fuel used fr cking. Althugh there is very little data n wd fuel use it is clear that there is n fuel that can ttally replace it. Indr expsure t smke frm wdstves has an enrmus cntributin t premature deaths and chrnic pulmnary disease, particularly fr children and elders. 61. The envirnmental, scial and health impacts remain very high. Fr instance, in the Caribbean (where there are mre endemic plants per square km than anywhere else in LAC) fuel wd use led t defrestatin 86% f land was defrested in the Dminican Republic threatening bidiversity and endemic plant life. 62. Ck stve prgrammes have therefre assumed imprtance in a variety f respects, and there have been a range f initiatives in the sub-regin. One f these was a majr LPG gas prmtin linked with refrestatin measures, and this has prved very successful. Gvernment t state plicy and publicprivate partnerships have been invlved in the subsidized cnversin t LPG. Subsidies are expensive, but as that example shwed, can meet scial needs. Alternative technlgies that d nt require subsidies are hwever t be preferred. 63. Efficient ck stves culd eliminate many emissins and help prtect frests. It is imprtant t be sensitive t the needs f users in develping alternatives (e.g. smke is gd fr msquit cntrl and pen fires are als used fr light r drying clthes, quite apart frm the many uses f traditinal cking). Cultural change is therefre an imprtant issue with regard t the prmtin f cleaner cking. Csts and final use are als very imprtant. 64. Whilst there are multiple prgrammes and prjects n ck stves, current initiatives cannt be relied n t deliver SLCP emissin reductins. They are als ften islated, with a lack f crdinatin and systematized apprach. There can als be a lack f quality cntrl and a need fr minimum standards. 65. Market-creatin can be a significant issue. It is imprtant t engage the private sectr, but it is difficult when stves are given away. In all circumstances it is imprtant t use financing that can preserve a rle fr the private sectr. Any successful prgramme must include the private sectr, as well as gvernment and civil sciety. 66. A helpful further step in plicy develpment wuld be the preparatin f infrmatin packages t be presented t stakehlders in the regin (e.g. decisin makers frm different ministries). 67. Finally, plicy develpment shuld als take accunt f the fllwing imprtant general cnsideratins: Training prgrammes and prmte public awareness f the impact f indr air pllutin; 28

29 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean Prmte the use f accessible and mre efficient devices fr clean cmbustin and safer energy; Prmte frmulatin f technical specificatins fr dmestic cmbustin devices and establish emissin standards; Prmte the substitutin f cnventinal ck stves with imprved clean alternatives; Supprt energy efficiency emphasizing manufacturing f prduct that mitigate BC emissins needs t be built int the next generatin f mdels; In case f the need f using bimass, fster bimass frm frestatin and refrestatin. Creating a special fund t fcus n emissin reductins. Fcusing n the health benefits will help deliver supprt fr SLCP mitigatin; Imprtance f user friendly designs; lcal presence t help with maintenance etc. Prmte the use f cleaner and mre advanced technlgies and energy, including the use f renewable energy; Prmte and supprt the building f energy efficient huses, which lcatin takes als int cnsideratin transprt and land use criteria; Prmte electrificatin f pr areas t avid the use f fuel lamps and prmting slar lamps, mini grid r ff grid lightening relevant t areas with scattered r distant ppulatin; Prmte the establishment f standardized methdlgies t analyze cntrl parameters fr sick building syndrme. Implement a campaign t measure indr air pllutin and its impacts. Fster assessment f indr air pllutin and its impacts. Pwer plants and industrial facilities 68. A significant percentage f thermal pwer plans and ther facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean utilize heavy fuel il, and sme pwer plants use cal as fuel, which results in BC emissins. There is a need t adpt adequate plicies, legal framewrks and guidelines t prmte the adptin f effective technlgies and the best practices in cmbustin facilities by Fllwing there are key cnsideratins t reduce emissins frm this sectr. Draft and adpt plicies and legal framewrks t facilitate and prmte the use f cleaner fuels, implementatin f emissin cntrl systems and the efficient use f energy in industrial facilities; Require envirnmental impact evaluatins and envirnmental audits, as the case may be, fr businesses and activities having ptential and real impacts n air quality; as well as the 29

30 UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XIX/7 Prpsal f the Reginal Actin Plan Fr Intergvernmental Cperatin n Air Pllutin fr Latin America and the Caribbean applicatin and enfrcement f envirnmental management plans Prmte the establishment and/r adptin f emissin standards and regulatins fr the different activities and ensure cmpliance with them; Develp the capacity fr the natinal mnitring f emissins caused by area and pint surces. Oil and gas activities 69. There is ample pprtunity t reduce methane and BC emissins frm hydrcarbns explitatin and transfrmatin in Latin America. Arund 22% f glbal methane emissins are frm venting and leakage f natural gas, ttalling 1,595.2 millin tns f CO2 equivalent (MMtCO2e) in Fr anthrpgenic methane the Oil and Gas sectr is pssibly the largest area fr LAC methane emissins reductin. 70. Reductin f emissins in the sectr can draw n the fllwing: Methane emissin reductin nt nly imprves air quality it is beneficial fr health, industrial safety, and clean energy prductin; Prjects with high return rates t reduce methane emissins Apply resurces fr training, feasibility studies, mdeling, and technlgy wrkshps in the il & gas sectr. Slid Waste Management 71. Cmprehensive slid waste management (SWM) can: a) reduce waste in landfills; b) prduce many useful byprducts thrugh recycling, gas capture/incineratin, cmpsting, and dispsal; c) reduce emissins, generate energy and imprve public health. 72. Extensive planning, management, and investments are hwever required, and this can be dependent n strng municipal institutins and effective legislative and regulatry fundatins. There are pprtunities fr cllabratin with activities f the Glbal Methane Initiative (GMI), including the GMI s Clmbian Bigas Mdel that has been used t develp the Clmbian Lw Carbn Develpment Strategy. 73. On the ther side, waste burning in pen dumps is ne f the main surces f BC emissins in the regin, with emissins that are abut 2.5 times higher than thse cnfined cmbustin3. Despite its cntributin, this surce is usually neglected r underestimated in emissin inventries and scientific 3 Emissins frm waste and agricultural burning reached abut 910,000 tn/year f BC, equivalent t 27% f wrld ttal emissins frm these activities. 30