Biogas in Europe and future goals Few case examples from Denmark and Sweden

Transcription

1 Energy Engineering Seminar Bioenergy & Biorefineries Biogas in Europe and future goals Few case examples from Denmark and Sweden By Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen Ph.D. Head of Energy Section Department of Energy AAU- Esbjerg Campus 1

2 Biogas for a sustainable clean environment and renewable energy production LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS O 2 ANIMAL MANURE BIOFERTILISER H 2 O CO 2 ORGANIC WASTE BIOGAS PLANT CHP-GENERATION BIOGAS AS VEHICLE FUEL Source: JBHN/TAS 2

3 Estimated amounts of animal manure in EU-27 (based on Faostat, 2003) Country Cattle Pigs Cattle Pigs Cattle manure Pig manure Total manure [1000Heads] [1000Heads] 1000livestock units 1000livestock units [10 6 tons] [10 6 tons] [10 6 tons] Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech R Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden U.K EU

4 Energy potential of pig and cattle manure in EU-27 Total manure Biogas Methane Potential Potential [10 6 tons] [10 6 m 3 ] [10 6 m 3 ] [PJ] [Mtoe] 1,578 31,568 20, Methane heat of combustion: 40.3 MJ/m 3 ; 1 Mtoe = 44.8 PJ Assumed methane content in biogas: 65% Biogas Production & Forecast: Actual 2010 production of biogas in EU 27: 10 Mtoe EU forecast 15 Mtoe Manure potentials Mtoe Organic waste and byproducts Mtoe Crops and crop residuals Mtoe Total long term forcast Biogas 60 Mtoe Biogas can cover 1/3 of EU s total RES 20% demands year

5 Biogas and biogas + separation, upgrading facilities Animal manure from farming problems to society resources! 5

6 PJ Biogas currently and potential Danish Biogas Association App. 90 % of natural gas for Co-generation or Industry/households/service 5 % of energy consumption %. af natural gas % of road transport Current Potentiale SOEC opgrading Landfill gas Gardens and park Household/kitchen waste Meat and bone meal Industrial waste import Industrial waste DK Sewage sludge Livestock manure Energy crops Organic biogas Habitats Aquatic biomass

7 Flexibility required to integrate fluctuating wind/solar power increasing towards Wind power Demand Wind power Demand Need for up/down grading of production within hours/minutes/seconds Danish Biogas Association Kilde: Energinet.dk

8 Flexibility required to integrate fluctuating wind/solar power increasing towards Wind power Demand Wind power Demand Need for up/down grading of production within hours/minutes/seconds Danish Biogas Association Kilde: Energinet.dk

9 Danish Biogas Association Current gassector

10 Danish Biogas Association Future gassector?

11 Danish Biogas Association Biomethane market model

12 AD Co-digestion - heterogeneous feedstock s - Manure - Food waste - Organic by-products - Crops 12

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15 Biogas Redistribution and treatment facilities Organic fertilizer plants Bioslurry, biofibres and other biomasses. Redistribution and surplus treatment as organic fertilizer sale products Electricity, heat and transportation fuels Water environment, Climate combat and odour reduction Further treatment of fibres Digested fibre incineration /gasification Increased utilisation of biogas Local and further distances from the biogas plants gas CHP utilisation and the transport sector * Biogas are biorefinery platforms step 1. - This is the future challenge Need fast tracks, by all new projects Joint biogas plants New plants (examp.) 15

16 Environmental and Nature Conservation considerations; Permanent grassland and pastures at such areas the nature has the highest priority. - Ruman grasing or small amounts of biomass harvesting from extensive grassland areas can take place if its in a strategy to support the management of species-rich grassland, to maintain a high biodiversity. 16

17 The open landscape Meadow, heather, marshland, moor, lakes Pressure from society: Intensive cultivation Urbanization Climate changes Nutrient pollution Lack of nature conservation

18 Engen er agerens moder (Meadow - the mother of arable land) Meadow Livestock Manure Crops

19 Meadow Livestock Crops Meadow Biogas plant Crops Energy

20 Energy Biodiversity Nature conservation- Biogas projects Environment

21 Benefits Production of Renewable Energy Alternative to fossil fuel Prevents leaching of nutrients Recycling of nutrients to croplands Potential for organic/ecological fertilizer Preserves the open landscape Increase in biodiversity Recreational value will increase

22 Biomass from nature conservation Protected nature: meadow, marshland Biomass from permanent grassland Agricultural residues Manure Biomass from other areas Airports Roadside grass Biomass from recreational areas Golf course Parks Football fields Others.. Algae, seaweed Household waste Industrial waste Large Scale Bioenergy Lab Project focus New biomass, innovations technologies, lot s of green jobs in the cross border region. Identification, Analysis, Mapping and Management of Sustainable Biomass Resources in the Region of Southern Denmark-Sleswig-K.E.R.N., Germany:

23 Biomethane powering the growth of the NGV market in the Nordic countries Dr. Mattias Svensson Swedish Gas Technology Centre Biomethane - Upgrading and Utilization 23

24 Why biomethane in transports? Only remaining oil dependent sector in Sweden (95%) Full utilization of energy with solutions available now - Inevitable heat losses in CHP utilization, wind & sun better alt. - Commercially available solutions for oil dependent transports of all types (LDV, MDV, HDV, short, medium and long-distant) - Natural gas and biomethane: freely intermixed and interchangeable - Evident co-distribution and backup synergies (backup for market fluctuations, process failure) Promotional value compensates for added costs - Steadily increasing the renewable share gives true greening The biomethane race team in the Swedish racing contest STCC achieved team gold and individual silver in their 3 rd season of Off the track, E.ON's and VW s advertising campaigns has given a huge 24 boost to the knowledge of and interest in Speaker: Mattias biogas as vehicle fuel among Swedish people. Svensson, SGC

25 Swedish NGV market dynamics Barriers of grid based natural gas The Swedish Energy mix: - Plenty of hydro- and nuclear power (30%) - High share of solid biofuels (25%) Weak support for natural gas - Introduced Only 3% of the energy mix (EU-27: 24%) - Gas grid only along the west coast Grid expansion is both politically and 25 financially dead - Continuous market expansion requires growing proportion of renewable gas! - LNG solutions politically acceptable - Local and regional grids still discussed

26 Biogas production in Sweden Still more vehicle gas to get within current production? 1.47 TWh in total (2011) 2011: 48 upgrading facilities (8 with grid injection, 190GWh) [GWh] Source: Swedish Energy Agency, ES2012:08 Trend toward final utilization as automotive fuel : from 275 to 806GWh - Supplied by WWTP s and centralized co-digestion plants - Long-term supportive policies lacking New production stagnating 26

27 [GWh] Volumes of vehicle gas in Sweden Evidence of a fruitful interplay between the use of natural gas and biomethane 2012: 1.4TWh (57% renewable) 27

28 No. of NGV s in Sweden The NGV market base: Captive bus fleets (1 bus LDV s) 2012: 44,319 (41,820; 648; 1,851) 28

29 NGV market dynamics of Sweden Local pollution problems + no grid access = biomethane buses Converting to NG buses to solve local pollution problems - Grid connected cities of Malmö and Gothenburg - NG companies searching for a new market segment Environmental state funding to municipals Kasper Dudzik, decisive ( ) - Non-grid cities upgraded to biomethane to fuel their buses grid cities followed - Captive bus fleets shown* providing the essential niche of the emerging NGV market in Sweden The intercity bus sector is now also under gasification in Sweden 29 *Sandén, B., Jonasson, K. Variety Creation, Growth and Selection Dynamics in the Early Phases of a Technological Transition: The Development of Alternative Transport Fuels in Sweden pp. 76,

30 NGV market status Nordic countries No. of Vehicles (2012) * ,319 41,820 1, * 1st of Jan 2012 Total No. LDV Buses HDV

31 31 Economy of biomethane in Sweden Capital intensive business with still small profit margins need additional drivers and good framework conditions Main driver: Tax exemption + high fossil fuel taxes - Upgraded biogas: bought at EUR/m3, retailed at 1.6 (8.5SEK/ ) Long-term high-volume contracts securing the market - Waste management + procurement of public transport Substrate costs escalation follow market growth? - Learning curves + volatile fossil fuel prices increase profit margins - Challenge: Starting with free or cheap waste, now followed by more expensive substrates, e.g. energy crops Not provided: Extension of existing policies, no new ones to facilitate production growth - Tax exemption not yet extended; fringe benefit tax reduction of cars questioned (40% red. 800 /yr, majority of LDV s sold as company cars)

32 Conclusions The driving forces that co-create NGV markets Oil-dependent transport identified as a major challenge Corporative: Gas companies looking for new markets, clients wanting renewable transport products National, regional and local interest and policy making - National policies, regional public procurement and long-term commitments to fulfill environmental goals Public-private partnerships and supportive national policies are key in building a biomethane powered NGV market! 32

33 . Ribe Biogas; 22 years of production, m3 biogas/day. New project in the pipelie for m3/day, Source J. B. Holm-Nielsen, Energy Technology, AAU, Denmark.

34 Biogas in Denmark 2009 Biogas 2020 Joint biogas and farmbased biogas Amounts of manure and organic waste 2008: Animal manure t/y Organic waste t/y Total t/y 2008: Estimated 2020: Estimated 2030: Large scale biogas 2020 min.50 Large scale biogas 2030 min biogasfællesanlæg 60 gårdbiogasanlæg 34

35 Big biogas interests from the farming society New environmental demands nutrients and green house gasses Freshwater planning-, Habitat- and nitratdirective Water environmental actionplan Manure treatment before application? Metan release, H2S, Soil-Carbon sources? Needs/demands? Reduction of Odour Redistribution of Manure Reduction of surplus (N/P) Recovering and recov. of P (resource) Optimal utilization of N (enviro., economy) Carbon source sustainability Joint Biogas Farm biogas New projects

36 Big biogas interests from the farming society New environmental demands nutrients and green house gasses Freshwater planning-, Habitat- and nitratdirective Water environmental plan 4 Manure treatment before application? Metan release, H2S, Soil-Carbon sources? Needs/demands? * Reduction of Odour * Redistribution of Manure * Reduction of surplus (N/P) * Recovering and recov. of P (resource) * Optimal utilization of N (enviro., economy) * Carbon source sustainability DK government new agreement March-12: Biogas production needs to trible before 2020 (50 new joint biogasplants) New energy agreement, green enectricityu prices 14 c/kwh March 2012 Joint biogas Farm biogas New projects

37 Society benefits from biogas Joint biogas and farm biogas Cheap Kyototool 40 kr/ton CO2 Recycling of organic waste Efficient redistribution of manure From animal farms to crop farmers From stables to decentralized slurry tanks in the fields Trucking througout the year Environmental technology to all kinds of farms 37

38 Regional initiative RKSK Draft report Biogas from 80 % of livestock manure and 5 % of farm land Danish Biogas Association

39 Samfundsmæssige fordele ved biogas Fællesanlæg og gårdanlæg Kg/ton Billigt Kyotoredskab 40 kr/ton Genanvendelse af affald Effektiv omfordeling af gylle Total N: 5,0 NH4-N: 4,0 P: 0,9 K: 2,8 Deklareret gødningsindhold Fri for ukrudt og patogener 39

40 Samfundsmæssige fordele ved biogas Fællesanlæg og gårdanlæg Billigt Kyotoredskab 40 kr/ton Genanvendelse af affald Effektiv omfordeling af gylle Deklareret gødningsindhold Fri for ukrudt og patogener Mindre lugt ved udbringning 40

41 Samfundsmæssige fordele ved biogas Fællesanlæg og gårdanlæg Billigt Kyotoredskab 40 kr/ton Genanvendelse af affald Effektiv omfordeling af gylle Deklareret gødningsindhold Fri for ukrudt og patogener Mindre lugt ved udbringning Lettere at få afsat gyllen Højere kvælstofudnyttelse Lavere udvaskningsrisiko Mulighed for separation N-udnyttelse i vinterhvede kvæggylle svinegylle afgasset gylle væskefraktion 41