LCA of animal production: from temperate to tropical systems
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1 LCA of animal production: from temperate to tropical systems Michael Corson and Joël Aubin INRA, UMR Soil Agro- and hydro-system Rennes, France 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 1
2 Case Studies Life Cycle Assessment of dairy farms (EDEN) Chicken production systems (AviTer) Fish aquaculture systems (EVAD) 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 2
3 LCA tool: EDEN Evaluation de la Durabilité des ExploitatioNs 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 3
4 Objectives Estimate the potential environmental impacts of milk production Identify the key processes or stages that contribute to potential impacts ( hotspots ) Divide total impacts into direct (on-farm) and indirect (pre-farm) components 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 4
5 Input Data farm structure livestock herd management buildings and wastes crops and fertiliser management mineral fertilisers concentrated feed forages and other plants pesticides energy consumed plastics consumed machinery 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 5
6 Structure of EDEN Practices Inputs Calculations Resources Used and Emissions x Characterization factors Potential Impacts Characterization method: CML 2001 baseline 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 6
7 Functional Units 1000 kg fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM) global hectares: on-farm and estimated off-farm surface area occupied 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 7
8 Dairy farms of the ETRE and BIO networks Organic farm Conventional farm 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 8
9 Impacts per 1000 kg of milk and per ha of land occupied Per 1000 kg of milk sold Per ha Impact Organic Conv. Organic Conv. Eutrophication kg PO 4 eq Acidification kg SO 2 eq Climate change Terrestrial toxicity kg CO 2 eq kg 1.4-DCB eq Energy use GJ Land occupation m 2.year Yellow = significant (P<0.05) difference 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 9
10 Pot. impacts per 1000 kg FPCM sold (MJ or kg CO 2 -eq.) Energy use and GHG emissions/1000 kg of milk versus kg milk sold per ha Energy Use - conventional Energy Use - organic Climate change - conventional Climate change - organic kg FPCM sold per ha of on- and off-farm land occupied 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 10
11 Eutrophication per 1000 kg of milk versus kg milk sold per ha 14 Eutrophication - conventional Pot. impact per 1000 kg FPCM sold (kg PO 4 -eq.) Eutrophication - organic kg FPCM sold per ha of on- and off-farm land occupied 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 11
12 Conclusion Strong variability in potential environmental impacts exists among farms, even within the same production mode (conventional vs. organic) The effect of production mode on impacts is strong for a functional unit of 1 ha, but weak for the functional unit of 1000 kg of milk sold With modification, this tool could be applied to tropical dairy production systems 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 12
13 AviTer 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 13
14 AviTer AviTer = Filières Avicoles en France et au Brésil : Impacts sur le Développement Durable des Bassins de Production et des Territoires Economic, social, and environmental analysis of production regions in France and Brazil Brazilian partners: UNB Suinos e Aves 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 14
15 Introduction Objective: show the influence of different scenarios of Brazilian grain production on meat chicken production Most environmental impacts come from feed production (maize and soybeans) Much variability exists in maize and soybean production in Brazil Thus, one single type of Brazilian maize and soybean does not exist 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 15
16 Methods The most representative regions for maize, soybean, and chicken production: Center-West (CW) South (SO) 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 16
17 System Limits Main flows of the chicken production system Grain production (maize and soybean) Mineral and medical supplements Water Feed production Energy Farmer, Technicians, Industry Limit at the slaughterhouse gate Limit at the port Poultry equipment industry Packaging industry Transport Chicken rearing Product Live chickens Chicken processing Manure storage Soil and water emissions Organic waste Animal feed Product (whole, cuts, processed meat * Adapted from Spies (2003) Domestic consumption Export market 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 17
18 Methods Grain production: We examined different levels of use of inorganic and organic (slurry) fertilizers, pesticides, machines, input transport distances, crop yields, and deforestation. Other variables: transport distances (grains, feed, chicken, litter), electricity consumption, emissions in buildings and from manure storage, feed conversion ratio, chicken density, and final liveweight. 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 18
19 Methods Distances involved in each scenario Santa Catarina, southern Brazil - SC Goiás, Center-West of Brazil - CW 850 km 120 km Feed Prod. Grain Prod. Feed Prod. Grain Prod. 42 km 13 t/truck < 42 km 26 t/truck 95 km 60 km Farm 3130 birds/truck Slaughterhouse Farm 7170 birds/truck Slaughterhouse 100 km 544 km < 100 km 1650 km Hatchery Port Hatchery Port 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 19
20 Methods Feed production scenarios (maize and soybean) for each region: Tillage - no-till (80%) -plowing(20%) Fertilizer - organic (pig slurry) + added N ( %) - inorganic ( %) Scenario composition (%) Maize Soybean Region Fertilizer No-till Plowing No-till Plowing Center West Pig slurry Inorganic South Pig slurry Inorganic March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 20
21 Methods Functional Unit: maize and soybean: 1 tonne of grain delivered to regional storage facility feed: 1 tonne produced at the factory chicken: 1 tonne of live chickens delivered to the slaughterhouse Characterization method: CML 2001 baseline Impact categories: climate change cumulative energy demand eutrophication terrestrial ecotoxicity 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 21
22 Results and discussion Impact variability of soybean in Brazil: Deforestation (CW) Fertilization level ( CW) Crop yields ( CW) Transportation ( CW) Emissions: phosphate (soil loss) ( CW) nitrate loss ( SO) heavy metals: inorganic fertilizer ( CW) and slurry ( SO) 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 22
23 Results and discussion Impact of producing 1 tonne of soybeans Climate change Cumulative energy demand kg CO2 eq Transport 6000 Deforestation Pesticides 5000 Diesel Machines 4000 MJ Engrais 3000 Production soja Transport Deforestation Pesticides Diesel Machines Fertilizer Engrais Soybean Production production soja 0 Chim, sans labour, CW Chim, sans labour, SO Org, labour, SO 0 Chim, sans labour, CW Chim, sans labour, SO Org, labour, SO 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 23
24 Results and discussion Impact variability of maize production in Brazil: Deforestation (maize after soybean in CW) Crop yields ( SO) Transportation ( CW) Emissions : phosphate (soil loss) ( CW) heavy metals: slurry ( SO) 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 24
25 Results and discussion Impacts of producing 1 tonne of maize Climate change Cumulative energy demand kg CO2 eq Transport 3000 Deforestation Pesticides 2500 Diesel Machines 2000 MJ Engrais 1500 Production soja Transport Deforestation Pesticides Diesel Machines Fertilizer Engrais Maize Production production maïs 0 Chim, sans labour, CW Chim, sans labour, SO Org, sans labour, SO 0 Chim, sans labour, CW Chim, sans labour, SO Org, sans labour, SO 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 25
26 Results and discussion Impacts of producing 1 tonne of feed Climate change Cumulative energy demand kg CO2 eq Transport Électricité 5000 Autres ingredients MJ Huile de soja 4000 Maïs Torteau soja 3000 Transportation Electricity Électricité Other Autres ingredients Soybean Huile de oil soja Maize Maïs Soybean Tourteau meal soja SO moyenne CW moyenne 0 SO moyenne CW moyenne 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 26
27 Results and discussion Impacts of producing 1 tonne of feed Eutrophication Terrestrial ecotoxicity 6 3,5 5 3 kg PO4 eq ,5 Transport Électricité 2 Autres ingredients kg 1,4-DB eq Huile de soja Maïs 1,5 Torteau soja 1 Transportation Electricity Électricité Other Autres ingredients Soybean Huile de soja oil Maize Maïs Soybean Tourteau meal soja 1 0,5 0 SO moyenne CW moyenne 0 SO moyenne CW moyenne 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 27
28 Results and discussion Impacts of producing 1 tonne of chickens Climate change Cumulative energy demand kg CO2 eq Engrais évité Transport Électricité MJ Copeaux Gas 5000 Aliment Émission élevage Avoided Engrais évité fertilizer Transportation Electricity Électricité Litter Copeaux Natural Gaz gas Feed Aliment Farm Émission emissions élevage Centre Ouest Sud Centre Ouest Sud 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 28
29 Conclusion The largest contribution to environmental impacts of chicken production in Brazil is the production and transport of maize and soybeans. Deforestation, transportation (diesel consumption), and fertilizer and machine use are key factors that influence the environmental impacts of feed production. 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 29
30 Conclusion Improvement paths for chicken in Brazil: End deforestation for grain production Improve transportation logistics for grain, feeds, and chicken Optimize fertilization and machine use to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases Follow soil conservation practices to decrease erosion Improve production techniques to increase grain yields Adopt integrated pest management to minimize the use of pesticides 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 30
31 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 31
32 System definition Feeds processing Infrastructure building Fish Production Raw material extraction Equipment manufacturing Waste management 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 32
33 Potential Impact Categories Impact Categories Unit Resources and Emissions Energy use MJ Coal, oil, gas, uranium, lignite N. Prim. Production use kg C Biotic resources Climate Change kg CO 2 -eq CO 2, N 2 O, CH 4 Acidification kg SO 2 -eq NH 3, NO 2, NO x, SO 2 Eutrophication Water dependence Surface use kg PO 4 -eq m 3 m 2 NH 3, NO 3, NO 2, NO x, PO 4, COD, ThOD River, sea, spring, ground water Land Characterization method: CML 2001 baseline 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 33
34 Rainbow trout flow-through system in Brittany Carnivorous fish Artificial feeds 40% protein FCR: around 1.0 Growth: 8-24 months (depending on final fish size) Yield: tonnes per fish farm/year No water recirculation Often use of liquid oxygen Water outlet filtering 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 34
35 Sea bass and sea bream cages in the Mediterranean Sea Carnivorous fish Sea cages 45-50% of protein in feeds with high level of marine sources FCR: around 2.0 Growth: months Yield: tonnes per farm Direct release of wastes into the sea 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 35
36 Polyculture of shrimp, crabs, tilapia and milkfish in brackish ponds in the Philippines Polyculture system of five species Black tiger prawn (Panaeus( monodon) King mud crab (Scylla( serrata) Orange mud crab (Scylla( olivacae) Milkfish (Chanos( chanos) Tilapia (Oreochromis( niloticus) 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 36
37 System characteristics Species Stocking density (per m 2 ) Mortality rate (%) Production (kg/ha/yr yr) Price (peso) Black tiger prawn to 700 per kg Mud crab to 300 per pcs Milkfish to 60 per kg Tilapia to 40 per kg Note: The pond size varies from less than 1 to more than 10 hectares 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 37
38 Polyculture of tilapia and clarias in ponds in Cameroon Association of tilapia (O. niloticus) and Clarias (C. gariepinus) Pond size around 200 m 2 Ponds fed with pig or chicken manure and vegetable wastes Ponds integrated in family agriculture system Yield: around 5 tonnes/ha/year 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 38
39 Production of Pangasius in ponds on Sumatra, Indonesia Pond size 600 m 2 Density of fingerlings/m 2 Locally-made feed (dried fish 45% and rice bran 40%) FCR: varies from Harvesting partially depends on market demand (harvested size is 4-5 fish/kg) Yield: around tons/pond 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 39
40 Production of carp and tilapia in net cages in Cirata lake, Java, Indonesia FLOATING DOUBLE-NET CAGE RAFT FLOATING FLOATING EXTERNAL NET INNER NET ANCHOR WEIGHT ANCHOR Double-net cages Density is 35 fingerling carp/m 3 Feeds (around 25% protein) composed of 20% fish meal FCR: around 1.7 Yield: 9-18 kg/m 3 /yr 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 40
41 Eutrophication For 1 tonne of fish Eutrophisation (kg eq-po4) Eutrophication (kg eq. PO 4 ) 400 Commercialisation Marketing Energie infrastructures/équipement produits chimiques/amendements minéraux Amendements animaux Aliment Truite Bret. Cages Méd. Polyc. Cameroun Cages Cirata Panga.Tangkit Polyc. Philippines Alevins /œufs Elevage 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 41
42 Climate Change For 1 tonne of fish Climate change (kg eq. CO 2 ) Changement Climatique (kg eq- CO2) Marketing Saling Commercialisation On farm Energy Energie infrastructures/équipement Infrastructures / equipment produits chimiques/amendements minéraux Chemicals Amendements animaux Animal manure 0 Truite Bret. Cages Méd. Polyc. Cameroun Cages Cirata Panga.Tangkit Polyc. Philippines Aliment Feed production Alevins/œufs Eggs / Fingerlings Elevage Rearing stage 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 42
43 Acidification For 1 tonne of fish 40 Acidification (kg eq- SO2) Acidification (kg eq. SO 2 ) Marketing Commercialisation Energie infrastructures/équipement produits chimiques/amendements minéraux Amendements animaux Aliment Truite Bret. Cages Méd. Polyc. Cameroun Cages Cirata Panga.Tangkit Polyc. Philippines Alevins/œufs Elevage 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 43
44 Energy Use For 1 tonne of fish Energy use (MJ) Utilisation Energie (MJ) Marketing Commercialisation Energie infrastructures/équipement produits chimiques/amendements minéraux Amendements animaux Aliment Truite Bret. Cages Méd. Polyc. Cameroun Cages Cirata Panga.Tangkit Polyc. Philippines Alevins /œufs Elevage 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 44
45 Net Primary Production Use For 1 tonne of fish NPP use (kg C) Utilisation de Production Primaire Nette (kg C) Commercialisation Marketing Energie infrastructures/équipement produits chimiques/amendements minéraux Amendements animaux 0 Aliment Truite Bret. Cages Méd. Polyc. Cameroun Cages Cirata Panga.Tangkit Polyc. Philippines Alevins /œufs Elevage 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 45
46 Land Occupation For 1 tonne of fish Utilisation de surface (m2) Land occupation (m 2 ) Marketing Commercialisation Energie infrastructures/équipement produits chimiques/amendements minéraux Amendements animaux Aliment Truite Bret. Cages Méd. Polyc. Cameroun Cages Cirata Panga.Tangkit Polyc. Philippines Alevins /œufs Elevage 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 46
47 Comparative LCA Profiles Each impact expressed relatively to the higher level 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 47
48 Conclusion What are the hot spots in aquaculture systems from a LCA point of view? Intensification level and efficiency of input use Feed components and feeding management Energy consumption and energy carriers Freshwater dependence Improvement paths Trophic chain optimization Marine input substitution Recycling Integrated systems (e.g., co-production) Health management Energy management 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 48
49 General Comments Animal and crop production systems more varied in tropical than in temperate regions Because fewer data exist for tropical production systems, data collection will require surveys Because most impacts of animal production are due to feed production, more data about tropical crop production are necessary Emission, fate, and characterization factors from temperate climates should be used with caution in tropical climates Additional site-specific experiments and models would improve prediction of these factors 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 49
50 2 March 2010http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images_topic.php3?topic=life&img_id=17289 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 50
51 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 51
52 LCA Approach System definition Farm Slaughterhouse Inventory analysis Emissions Resources Impact evaluation Eutrophication Climate change Acidification Terrestrial toxicity Energy use Water use Land occupation I n t e r p r e t a ti o n Expressed per Functional Unit (e.g., kg of meat) 2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 52
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