Environmental and Cultural Factors Influencing Crop Phenology

Transcription

1 Crop Growth and Phenology Species Variability Crop Growth and Development and Environment Species Variability Effects of multiple environmental factor effects on crop growth and phenology across many important crop species. K. Raja Reddy Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS Can we use environmental productivity index concept across the species to quantify the responses and to develop functional relationships? Crop Growth and Development and Environment Major Crops Global Statistics - Crop Wheat Maize/corn Rice Soybeans Barley Sorghum Millets Seedcotton Rapeseed Beans, dry, Million ha , Million Mt. 9 Productivity, Mt. ha Environmental and Cultural Factors Influencing Crop Phenology Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (indirect) Solar Radiation (indirect) Photoperiod (direct on flowering, no effect on modern cotton cultivars) Temperature (direct) Water (indirect) Wind (indirect) Nutrients (N, P and K) (direct & indirect) Growth Regulators (PIX) (indirect) Rice Some Crop Statistics Rice Statistics 7 Year 7 Provides the dietary needs of. billion with another million rely on rice for one-quarter or one-half of their diet. stats are: = Million ha, production = Million Mt, and average yield =. t ha -. Rice production area, Mha 7 7 Rice production, MMt % Irrigated flooded-paddy 7% Rainfed lowland % Rainfed upland % Deep-water Japan Philippines Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Bangladesh

2 Rice Statistics Rice Statistics Rice production area, % Year, =. Mha, =. MMt Rice production, % Rice yield, t ha - 7 World average =.97 t ha -, r =.9, 7 kg yr - Japan, r =., kg yr -, r = 9, kg yr -, r = 9, 77 kg yr World, r =.9, kg yr, r =.9, kg yr - Thailand, r =., kg yr - Japan Philippines Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Bangladesh Year Phyllochron Interval d leaf - Days to % Panicle Appearance Phenology Species Variability Rice Phenology and Temperature cv IR 7 7 REPRODUCTIVE VEGETATIVE A) B) TEMPERATURE, C Sowing to Panicle Emergence, d 7 Temperature - Rice Carreon IR Temperature, C S.K. Leong and C.K.Ong. 9. J. Expt. Bot. : -. Phenology Species Variability Rice Phenology and Temperature Photoperiod Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. Corn is the rd most important food crops globally in terms of energy and protein (FAO, ). : 7 Million ha Total production: 7 Million Mt Average yield:.9 t ha -

3 Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. Maize production area, Mha Year, = 7 Mha, production = 7 MMt World average =.9 t ha - Maize production, MMt Corn production area, % Year, = 7. Mha, = 7. MMt Corn production, % Mexico France Romania Argentina Nigeria South Africa Mexico France Romania Argentina Nigeria South Africa Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. Phenology Species Variability Maize yield, t ha - France, r =., kg yr -, r =., kg yr - Argentina, r =.7, 99 kg yr -, r =.9, kg yr - World, r =.9, kg yr -, r =., 7 kg yr -, r =.79, kg yr - Nigeria, r =.9, kg yr - Phenology Leaf Appearance Rates (Phyllochrons); Maize or Corn. Notice the base temperature which is much different than that of cotton. The rate of development is also linear across a wide range of temperatures Year Phenology Species Variability Corn Growth UV-B Radiation Species Variability Phenology and Silking to Maturity: Maize or Corn Notice the base temperature which is much different than that of cotton, but similar to maize leaf appearance rates. The rate of development is also linear across a wide range of temperatures ( to C). UV-B Indices Stem extension leaf area expansion Leaf development Biomass UV-B radiation, kj m - d -

4 Phenology Species Variability Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Sorghum is the th most important food crops globally in terms of energy and protein (FAO, ). stats are: :. Million ha Total production: 7. Million Mt Average yield:. t ha - United States =. Mha,. t ha -, MMt = 9. Mha,. t ha -, 7. MMt Nigeria = 7. Mha,. t ha -,. MMt =.7 Mha,. t ha -,. MMt Mexico =.9 Mha,. t ha -,. MMt Sudan =. Mha,. t ha -,. MMt Sorghum Cultivar Differences Phenology Panicle Initiation. Notice the base temperature which is almost similar to corn. The rate of development can be described by a bilinear model. Sorghum Phenology Cultivar Differences Sorghum Vegetative Growth and Development Phenology Leaf development. Notice the base temperature which is almost similar to corn. The rate of development can be described by a bilinear models. Also, notice the genotypic variability. Plant height (cm) Internode length (cm) A C 7 µmol CO mol - µmol CO mol - / / / / B D / / / / Air temperature ( C) (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum)..... Nodes (no. plant - ) Stem diameter (cm) Sorghum Vegetative and Reproductive Growth and Development Sorghum Reproductive Growth and Development Total dry weight (g plant - ) Harvest index..... C A 7 µmol CO mol - µmol CO mol - / / / / B D / / / / Air temperature ( C) (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum) Seed dry weight (g plant - ) Seed size (mg seed - ) In-vitro pollen germination Pollen viability Pollen production (%) (%) (no. anther - ) A 7 µmol CO mo l - µmol CO mo l - B 7 C 7 / / / / Air temperature ( C) (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum) Individual seed weight (mg seed - ) A / C 7 µ mo l CO mol - µ mo l CO mol - B / C C / C Time after tagging (d)

5 Wheat Some Crop Statistics Wheat Trends Year, =. Mha, = 7. MMt Provides % of the energy and % of the protein requirements of over billion population. stats are: = 7 Million ha = Million Mt Wheat production area, Mha Wheat production, MMt Average yield =. t ha -. N.a.N. Russian Fed. France Germany Canada Australia Turkey Ukraine Pakistan Wheat Trends Wheat Trends Wheat production area, % Year N.a.N. Year, =. Mha, = 7. MMt Russian Fed. France Germany Canada Australia Turkey Ukraine Pakistan Argentina Kazakhstan Wheat production, % Wheat yield, t ha - Germany, r =.9, kg yr - France, r =.9, kg yr -, r =.97, 7 kg yr -, r =., kg yr - World, r =.97, kg yr -, r =.97, kg yr - Australia, r =., kg yr Year Wheat and Phenology Temperature Effects on Flowering to maturity Soybean Statistics Soybean the most important protein and oilseed crop globally (FAO, ). : 9. Million ha Total production:. Million Mt Average yield:. t ha -

6 Soybean Statistics Soybean Statistics Soybean production area, Mha Year, = 9. Mha, =. MMt Soybean production, MMt Soybean production area, % Year Soybean production, % Argentina Paraguay Canada Bolivia Italy Argentina Paraguay Canada Bolivia Italy Soybean Statistics Temperature and CO Effects on Soybean Developmental Rates Soybean yield, t ha - Italy, r =., 7 kg yr -, r =., kg yr -, r =.9, kg yr - World, r =.9, kg yr -, r =.9, kg yr -, r =., kg yr - CO, ppm Temp. C /9 / /9 /9 Plastochron interval, d leaf Final node number, no. plant Year / / Crop Growth and Development - Environment Response to temperature - Soybean biomass and seed yield Biomass / seed yield (g/plant) -week old cotton Biomass seedlings Seed yield CO = 7 ppm / / / / / / Day/night temperature, C Rangeland grass Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) C photosynthetic pathway Clump forming perennial grass Grows to feet tall but occasionally up to 9 feet. Lower stems are a purplish or bluish color Leaves are / inch wide and up to inches long. Arrangement of the flowers in three dense elongate clusters is the reason for the common name of turkey-foot grass. Grows best in moist well drained soil in full sun and is a major component of the tallgrass prairie.

7 7 µl L - ; y = x-.x ; R =.9 [CO ] ** ml L - ; y = -.9+.x-.x ; R =.9 7 ml L - ; y = x-.x ; R =.9 [CO ] * 7 µl L - ; y = x-.9x ; R =.9 [CO ] ** T ** [CO ] x T [CO ] [CO ] *** [CO ] x T ** [CO ] [CO ] x T [CO ] [CO ] x T [CO ] - T - [CO ] x T - Panicle initiation rate, /d Rangeland grass Big Bluestem, A. girardii Reproductive Response Panicle initiation µl L - 7 µl L - 9 y =. +.7X; R =.99 for T = < C y =.7 -.9X; R =.97 for T = > C 77. Temperature, C 99 Rangeland grass Big Bluestem, A. girardii Growth and Developmental Responses Leaf addition rate (no. d - ) Stem elongation rate (cm d - ). [CO ] *. [CO ] x T... µl L - y = -.7+.x+-.x ; R =.9. 7 µl L - y = -.+.9x+-.9x ; R =.9. [CO ] * [CO ] x T *.. µl L -. y = -.+.7x+-.x ; R =.9 7 µl L - y = -.7+.x+-.x ; R =.9. Temperature ( o C) Rangeland grass Big Bluestem, A. girardii Growth and Developmental Responses Number (plant - ) Tillers µl L - ; y =.-.x-.9x ; R =.9 7 µl L - ; y =.97-.7x+.7x ; R =.9 Tillers with panicles µl L - ; y = -.+.7x-.x ; R =.9 [CO ] x T Nodes with panicles [CO ] x T Panicles µl L - ; y = x-.9x ; R =.9 [CO ] x T Dry weight (g plant - ) Leaf µl L - ; y = x; R =.97 7 µl L - ; y = x; R =.7 Stem µl L - ; y = -.7+.x-.x; R =.9 7 µl L - ; y = x-.x ; R =.9 Panicle µl L - ; y = x-.x ; R =.97 7 µl L - ; y = x ; R =.9 Root µl L - ; y = -.7+.x-.x ; R =.9 7 µl L - ; y = -.+.x-.x ; R =.9 Total biomass (g plant - ) Rangeland grass Big Bluestem, A. girardii Seed number and weight response Total weight response [CO ] [CO ] x T µl L - ; y = x-.x ; R =.9 7 µl L - ; y = x-.9x ; R =.9 Temperature ( o C) Seeds (no. panicle - ) µl L - ; y = x-.9x ; R =. 7 µl L - ; y = -.+.7x-.x ; R =.9 [CO ] [CO ] x T Temperature ( o C). Seed weight, g 7 µl L -. µl L Temperature, C Temperature ( o C). Temperature, C Chickpea is a cool-season crop grown substantially in South and West Asia, the Mediterranean region, and South and Central America. Chickpea - Cicer arietinum L. and distribution Chickpea is a cool season food legume crop grown on > million ha in countries of the world. Chickpea is either the first or the second most important, rainfed, cool season food legume, grown mainly by small farmers in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) and West Asia and North Africa (WANA) regions. The crop is also grown in southern and eastern Africa (particularly important in Ethiopia), Europe, the Americas and, more recently, Australia. World production is 7 million tones. International trade in chickpeas has increased over the years. 7

8 Temperature - Sowing to % Emergence Chickpea Cultivars Roberts et al., 9. Expt. Agric.:-. Temperature - Sowing to First Flower Chickpea Cultivars Roberts et al., 9. Expt. Agric.:-. Days to % Emergence Chaffa - Early =. -.*X, R =.79 G - Late =. -.*X, R =.7 Rabat - Mid-late =. -.*x, R =. Average Air emperature, C Days from Sowing to First Flower Chafa-Early = -.*X, r =. G - Late = -.9*X, r =. Rabat - mid-late = -.*X, r =. Average Air emperature, C Days from First Flower to Maturity 7 Temperature - First Flower to Maturity Chickpea Cultivars Roberts et al., 9. Expt. Agric.:-. Chaffa-Early = -.*X, r =.9 G - Late = 7 -.7*X, r =.77 Rabat - Mid-late = 7-.X, r =. Average Air Temperature, C Crop Duration (sowing to maturity), d 7 7 Temperature - Sowing to Maturity Chickpea Cultivars Roberts et al., 9. Expt. Agric.:-. Chaffa - Early = - 7.*X, r =.7 G - Late = 7 -.*X, r =. Rabat - mid-late = -.9*X, r =. Average Air Temperature, C Groundnut or Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Groundnut or Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Groundnut, an important cash crop, is an annual legume. Its seeds are a rich source of edible oil (-%) and protein (- %). About two thirds of world production is crushed for oil and the remaining one third is consumed as food. Its cake is used as feed or for making other food products and haulms provide quality fodder. WC Mali Niger Nigeria SEA Kenya Malawi Zimbabwe 7 Asia 7 Semi-arid tropic The semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa (WC = western and central Africa; SEA = southern and eastern Africa (Source: cgiar.org/icrisat/)

9 Pollen tube length ( m m) Distribution: Groundnut originated in the southern Bolivia/north west Argentina region in south America and is presently cultivated in countries of the world. Asia with.% area produces 7.7% of world groundnut production followed by Africa with.% area and.% production, and North-Central America with.7% area and 7.% production. Important groundnut producing countries are,,, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam in Asia; Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Zaire, Chad, Uganda, Cote d'ivory, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mozambique, and Cameroon in Africa; Argentina and in South America and and Mexico in North America. Temperature - Groundnut (Peanut, cv. Robut -) Rate of Development..... Leaf appearance Branching Flowering Pegging Podding -. Temperature, C S.K. Leong and C.K.Ong. 9. J. Expt. Bot. : -. Temperature - Groundnut (Peanut, cv. Robut -) 7 Temperature Pollen Germination Susceptible Moderate Tolerant ICGV 9 ICGV 9-7 % T b T opt T max Event Equation CGDD Tbase Leaf appearnce =.*T -., r =.79,. Branching =.97*T -.9, r =.9, 9. Flowering =.*T -., r =.9,. Pegging =.9*T -., r =.9, 9. Podding =.9*T -., r =.9, 7. Pollen germination (%) Temperature ( C) S.K. Leong and C.K.Ong. 9. J. Expt. Bot. : -. Effect of temperature on percentage pollen germination of susceptible (T opt < mean-lsd), moderately tolerant (T opt = ±mean) and tolerant (Topt > mean+lsd) genotypes. Symbols are observed values and lines are fitted values. Temperature Pollen Tube Growth ICGV 9 ICGV 9-7 % T b T opt T max Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata belong to the family Fabaceae. Cowpeas were originally native to Asia and are now an important forage and cover crop in the southern United States. The seeds, usually called black-eyed peas or black-eyed beans, are cooked and eaten. Temperature ( C) 9

10 Phenology Species Variability Cowpea Lines Sowing to Flowering Phenology Species Variability Horticultural Crops Phenology Species Variability Phenology Species Variability Crops and weeds Species Tmin or Tbase, C GDD per leaf tip Maize 9 Sorghum Pearl millet Wheat 99 Barley 7 Rice 9 Soybean 7 Sunflower 9 9 Cowpeas Sugar beet Velvet leaf Pigweed Banana 9 Phenology and Seed Germination: The minimum or the base temperature, heat sum (s) or the growing degree days (GDD) from that base temperature for a number of horticultural crops. Phenology Species Variability EPI Concept and Plant Growth and Development One way to quantify the effects of environmental factors on plant growth and development is to use the EPI concept similar to the one that we used in cotton as model crop. EPI-phenology = Temperature (potential) * Nutrient Index (C, N, P, K) * Water index * PPF Index * PGR Index etc., EPI-growth = Temperature (potential) * Nutrient Index (C, N, P, K)* Water index * PPF Index * PGR Index etc., Once the potential is defined and quantified, then we can use EPI concept to decrease that potential to account for the effects of multiple environmental factors on given process such growth or development of any plant/crop species as in cotton crop.

11 EPI Concept and Plant Growth and Development Environmental productivity index concept, if applied, works across species and locations. EPI also allows one to interpret and to understand stresses in the field situations. If we know the factor that is limiting most at any point of time during the growing season, then, we can make appropriate management decisions to correct that limitation. EPI concept is the way to quantify the effects of multiple environmental factors on plant growth and development (photosynthesis, phenology, and growth) and thus productivity of any species or crop.