Groundnut: ICRISAT and East Timor

Transcription

1 Groundnut: ICRISAT nd Est Timor S.N. Nigm 1, B. Plmer 2, G. Sn Vlentin 3, P. Kpukh 4, C. Piggin 5 nd B. Monghn 6 1 Principl Scientist (Penut Breeding), ICRISAT, Ptncheru , Andhr Prdesh, Indi; e-mil: s.nigm@cgir.org 2 Project Leder, Seeds of Life Est Timor, AVI/ACIAR, PO Box 221, Dili, Est Timor 3 Liison officer World Bnk AARP, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry nd Fisheries, Dili, Est Timor 4 Agronomist, World Vision Est Timor, Dili, Est Timor 5 Project Mnger ACIAR, PO Box 1571, Cnberr City, ACT 2600, Austrli 6 Agronomist, AVI/ACIAR, Betno, PO Box 221, Dili, Est Timor Abstrct Although it is widely grown in smll plots s n uplnd crop with little or no inputs, groundnut is not mjor crop in Est Timor. The cultivrs tht re grown hve low yield potentil nd there is gret potentil to increse the cultivtion of groundnut in the country. Under the ACIAR Seeds of life Est Timor project, new groundnut cultivrs were introduced nd trilled in the nd sesons t number of loctions. Mny of the introduced vrieties outperformed the locl vriety t ll the loctions. As well s stimulting the locl food nd oil processing industry, incresed groundnut production would provide n opportunity to export the produce to neighboring countries in the region. To enble sufficient supply of good qulity seed of the improved vrieties frmers should be encourged to produce nd sve their own seed. For this to hppen, they need trining in seed production nd processing s the seed crop requires different hndling thn the commercil crop. Introduction GROUNDNUT (Archis hypoge L.) is n nnul legume, which provides rich source of high-qulity, edible oil (45 50%), esily digestible protein (23 25%), minerls, nd vitmins. It rnks 13th mong the food crops nd nnul oilseed crops in the world. Its high oil nd protein contents serve importnt needs for food, energy, nd industril uses. Groundnut hulms provide excellent fodder for nimls. Groundnut cke, obtined fter extrction of oil, is used in the niml feed industry nd lso in humn food preprtions. Groundnut shells re used s fuel nd s filler in niml feeds nd fertilisers. They cn lso be used in mking crdbords. Cultivtion of groundnut helps to improve soil fertility s it leves behind substntil mount of nitrogen in the soil. The crop is cultivted under diverse growing conditions rnging from subsistence to high-input mechnised griculture. It cn be grown s sole crop, intercrop, or mixed crop. Groundnut, which probbly originted in the region of southern Bolivi nd north-western Argentin, is grown in more thn 100 countries on bout 25 M h with totl production of 33 M t nd n verge productivity of 1.3 t/h. Over the pst 12 yers, the nnul growth in re hs verged 1.8%, in production 3.3%, nd in productivity 1.5% (FAO, 1999). Asi remins the lrgest producer of this crop, while Chin, Indi, nd the USA re the leding groundnut producing countries in the world. Cultivted groundnut hs two subspecies hypoge nd fstigit, which, in turn, hve two (hypoge nd hirsut) nd four (fstigit, vulgris, equtorin, nd peruvin) botnicl vrieties, respectively. Groundnut hs severl wild reltives, some of which re cross-comptible with the cultivted vrieties, while others re not. These wild reltives of cultivted groundnut hrbor resistnce genes for mny biotic nd biotic stresses tht ffect groundnut productivity. In Asi, these stresses include drought, rust, lte lef spot, erly lef spot, 90

2 fltoxin, collr rot, nd stem nd pod rots (ll fungl diseses), bud necrosis nd penut stripe virus diseses, bcteril wilt, nd Spodopter, lef miner, red hiry cterpillr, phids, thrips, nd white grub (ll insect pests) (Nigm et l., 1991). Groundnut improvement t ICRISAT Two different pproches re dopted in groundnut improvement t ICRISAT. For subsistence frming, the emphsis is on reducing the yield losses cused by biotic nd biotic stresses through resistnce breeding. For high-input frming, the emphsis is plced on improving yield potentil nd confectionery qulities. In the former, incorportion of genetic resistnces my entil some cost of yield potentil, but resistnt cultivrs give higher relized nd stble yields under limited or no input frming. As inputs re no limittion in the ltter, ttempts re mde to improve yield potentil nd seed qulity to ensure higher relized yield with better seed qulity. There re severl gronomic nd end-use specific trits, which determine the dpttion nd end use of new vrieties. In oil types, crop durtion, pod yield, pod shpe, shelling outturn, nd seed dormncy re importnt gronomic considertions. Additionl gronomic trits tht re required in confectionery types include seed mss, seed color, shpe, nd size, nd percentge of sound mture seeds. The qulity considertions in confectionery types include oil content, oleic/linoleic ftty cid rtio, protein content, sugr content, blnchbility, tste nd flvor, nd pesticide residues. The first two trits re lso importnt in oil types. Conventionl breeding domintes the genetic enhncement scene in groundnut. New breeding tools such s genetic trnsformtion nd mrkerssisted selection re just emerging in the crop. Single nd complex crosses re mde mong desired prents to generte segregting popultions for selection of plnts with the desired combintion of trits. The pedigree method of selection is most widely used. In interspecific hybridistion, where genes from wild Archis species re hrnessed, chromosome doubling, embryo rescue, tissue culture, nd bck crossing re utilised (Singh et l., 1990). The selection environment reflects the ner trgetfrming sitution. The breeding mterils developed t ICRISAT erly-genertion bulks, dvnced-genertion breeding lines, country-specific popultions, nd regionl nd interntionl trit-specific trils re mde vilble to ntionl progrms on request for direct introduction or further in situ selection nd relese of cultivrs. Ntionl progrms in collbortion with ICRISAT hve so fr relesed 63 improved groundnut cultivrs in 32 countries. Thirty-seven more vrieties in 12 countries re likely to be relesed soon. Groundnut in Est Timor No relible re or production sttistics of groundnut in the country re vilble. Although it is widely grown in smll plots s n uplnd crop with little or no inputs, it is not mjor crop in Est Timor. The crop is generlly free from biotic nd biotic stresses except for iron chlorosis nd moderte intensity of folir diseses (rust, lte lef spot, nd erly lef spot). Nondescript cultivrs with low yield potentil re grown nd the produce used for direct consumption. There is gret potentil to increse the cultivtion of groundnut in the country. Opportunities exist for its export to the Southest Asi region. Further, introduction of legumes in cropping systems will help to stbilise the productivity of cerel-bsed cropping systems. However, it is essentil to introduce new high-yielding cultivrs to promote groundnut cultivtion in the country. In the short term, introduction of improved, dvnced-genertion genetic mterils nd their subsequent evlution for locl dpttion nd high yield would be desirble pproch to mke the new cultivrs vilble to frmers. Following this pproch, ICRISAT, under n ACIAR-funded nd coordinted project, Seeds of life Est Timor, introduced into Est Timor 15 dvnced vrieties in the seson (Tble 1) nd five more dvnced vrieties in the seson (Tble 2). These 15 dvnced vrieties were evluted in replicted trils t vrious loctions during the nd sesons in the country (Tbles 1 nd 3). Mny introduced vrieties outperformed the locl vriety t ll the loctions. Considering the vst groclimtic vrition in the country, the loctions were grouped into three clusters; <1000 mm rinfll (Tble 4), mm rinfll (Tble 5), nd >1500 mm rinfll (Tble 6). The first rnking vriety t ech loction nd the first three vrieties in ech cluster re listed in Tble 7. A creful perusl of Tble 7 identified four vrieties, ICGV# 94063, 93269, 95278, nd which often yielded 2 3+ t/h of kernels nd were worthy of further on-frm testing cross the country nd for initil seed increse. Locl check vrieties, in contrst, yielded 1 2 t/h. The five vrieties introduced in the seson were evluted seprtely t one loction (Tble 2). These vrieties were selected for introduction fter visit to frmers groundnut fields during the cropping seson. These vrieties gve n outstnding 91

3 Tble 1. Performnce of groundnut genotypes in multiloction tril, Est Timor, Genotype Pod yield (t/h) Mubisse Aileu Mlin Men Rnk ICGV (5) 2.19 (3) 3.39 (2) ICGV (13) 1.50 (13) 3.94 (1) ICGV (12) 1.53 (11) 3.33 (3) ICGV (14) 1.69 (8) 3.11 (4) ICGV (6) 2.22 (2) 2.17 (10) ICGV (2) 1.83 (5) 2.19 (9) ICGV (8) 1.72 (7) 2.64 (6) ICGV (1) 2.25 (1) 1.56 (15) ICGV (4) 1.36 (15) 2.53 (7) ICGV (3) 0.78 (16) 2.94 (5) ICGV (11) 1.89 (4) 2.28 (8) Locl 1.08 (7) 1.64 (10) 2.03 (12) ICGV (9) 1.75 (6) 1.67 (14) ICGV (10) 1.47 (14) 2.00 (13) ICGV (15) 1.53 (12) 2.08 (11) ICGV (16) 1.69 (9) 1.31 (16) Men CV(%) l.s.d l.s.d. (Genotypes) 0.88 l.s.d. (Loction) 0.38 performnce of 4 6 t/h of pods. Three of these vrieties, ICGV# 87123, 88438, nd 86590, were selected for seed increse nd multiloction on-frm trils in the country. Tble 2. Performnce of newly introduced groundnut genotypes, Est Timor ( ). Genotype Mjor trit(s) Pod yield (t/h) ICGV Folir diseses resistnce 3.92* ICGV Lrge-seeded (Confectionery) 3.80 ICGV Lrge-seeded, tolernce to iron 4.61* chlorosis (Confectionery) ICGV Lrge-seeded, tolernce to iron 4.04 chlorosis (Confectionery) ICGV Medium-durtion 5.76* * Selected for seed increse nd frmer prticiptory onfrm vriety selection trils. Potentil for groundnut nd Est Timor s future needs From the results of limited trils conducted in nd , it is bundntly cler tht groundnut hs n excellent potentil to perform in Est Timor nd help in incresing the income of poor frmers. Incresed groundnut production would not only stimulte the locl food nd oil processing industry but would lso provide n opportunity to export the produce to neighboring countries in the region which re currently the net importers of the commodity. Groundnut cke obtined fter extrction of oil would support the locl niml feed industry. These ctivities will led to incresed employment opportunities t the locl level. Good qulity groundnut free from fltoxin nd chemicl residues is in gret demnd on the interntionl mrket nd commnds premium price. The food use of groundnut will grow in future. However, to produce premium qulity groundnut, it is importnt tht there is chnge from subsistence griculture to ssured input growing conditions. Prticulrly, the crop should not suffer moisture stress t the podding stge s its produce becomes vulnerble to fltoxin contmintion under drought. As the crop is generlly free from diseses nd insect pest dmge, opportunity exists to produce orgnic groundnut using decomposed orgnic mtter for nutrient supply nd nturl plnt products nd biologicl gents for control of diseses nd insect pests. Becuse of the lrge groclimtic vrition in the country, it would be dvisble to relese groclimtic zone-specific cultivrs to hrness their full potentil for the benefit of frmers. The sme would pply to culturl prctices nd production techniques. 92

4 Tble 3. Performnce of groundnut genotypes in multiloction tril, Est Timor ( ). Genotype Kernel yield (t/h) Men Rnk Bucu Betno Loes ICGV bcd 1.02 bcdef 3.43 e ICGV bcd 1.03 bcdef 2.55 d ICGV bcd fg 2.26 cd ICGV d 1.15 cdefg 2.04 bcd ICGV bc 1.14 cdefg 2.47 cd ICGV bc 1.36 efg 2.18 bcd ICGV g 2.05 bcd ICGV cd 1.27 defg ICGV bc 0.78 bcd 2.42 cd ICGV b 0.78 bcd 2.13 bcd ICGV bcd 0.58 bc 1.73 bc ICGV bc 0.55 b 1.85 bc ICGV bcd bcd Locl 1.67 bc 0.64 bc 2.04 bcd ICGV bc 0.84 bcde 1.47 b l.s.d. (Genotypes) l.s.d. (Loction) Column mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P<0.05) ccording to Duncn s multiple rnge test. Tble 4. Performnce of groundnut genotypes t <1000 mm rinfll loctions, Est Timor ( ). Genotype Kernel yield (t/h) Men Rnk Betno Loes ICGV (8) 3.43 (1) ICGV (2) 2.26 (5) ICGV (1) 2.05 (8) ICGV (6) 2.47 (3) ICGV (7) 2.55 (2) ICGV (3) 2.18 (6) ICGV (10) 2.42 (4) ICGV (5) 2.04 (9) ICGV (10) 2.13 (7) Locl 0.64 (11) 2.04 (10) ICGV (4) 1.36 (15) ICGV (13) 1.85 (12) ICGV (9) 1.47 (14) ICGV (12) 1.73 (13) ICGV (14) 1.91 (11) Tble 5. Performnce of groundnut genotypes t mm rinfll loctions, Est Timor ( nd ). Genotype Mlin Pod yield (t/h) Bucu Kernel yield (t/h) Rnk ICGV (1) b ICGV (3) 2.72 (2) 1 ICGV (2) 2.54 (3) 2 ICGV (4) 2.1 (10) 3 ICGV (5) 2.15 (8) 4 ICGV (10) 2.39 (5) 5 ICGV (7) 2.03 (11) 6 ICGV (11) 2.45 (4) 7 ICGV (14) 2.84 (1) 8 ICGV (6) 1.84 (13) 9 ICGV (9) 2.15 (9) 10 ICGV (13) 2.21 (6) 11 ICGV (8) 1.86 (12) 12 Locl 2.03 (12) 1.67 (15) 13 ICGV (16) 2.19 (7) 14 ICGV (15) 1.73 (14) 15 Assumes equl shelling outturn for ll the genotypes t Mlin. b 93

5 Figure 1. Brin Plmer nd workers in field of groundnuts. Photogrpher: Eric McGw Tble 6. Performnce of groundnut genotypes t >1500 mm rinfll loctions, Est Timor ( ). Genotype Pod yield (t/h) Men Rnk Mubisse Aileu ICGV (1) 2.25 (1) ICGV (5) 2.19 (3) ICGV (6) 2.22 (2) ICGV (2) 1.83 (5) ICGV (8) 1.72 (7) Locl 1.08 (7) 1.64 (10) ICGV (11) 1.89 (4) ICGV (9) 1.75 (6) ICGV (4) 1.36 (15) ICGV (14) 1.69 (8) ICGV (10) 1.47 (14) ICGV (16) 1.69 (9) ICGV (12) 1.53 (11) ICGV (13) 1.50 (13) ICGV (15) 1.53 (12) ICGV (3) 0.78 (16) The non-vilbility of good qulity seed of improved vrieties of groundnut in required quntities remins bottleneck in most of the developing countries. Frmers should be encourged to produce nd sve their own seed. However, for this to hppen successfully, they should be given trining in seed production nd processing s the seed crop hs different hndling requirements thn the commercil crop. References FAO Selected indictors of food nd griculture development in Asi-Pcific region, Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions Regionl Office for Asi nd the Pcific, Bngkok. RAP Publiction: 1999/34. Nigm S.N., Dwivedi S.L. nd Gibbons R.W Groundnut breeding: Constrints, chievements nd future possibilities. Plnt Breeding Abstrcts 61: Singh A.K., Moss J.P. nd Smrtt J Ploidy mnipultions for interspecific geno trnsfer. Advnces in Agronomy 43: Tble 7. Summry nlysis of nd performnce of groundnut genotypes, Est Timor. Loction <1000 mm rinfll mm rinfll >1500 mm rinfll Betno Loes Mlin Bucu Mubisse Aileu Best performer ICGV ICGV ICGV ICGV ICGV ICGV Overll 1 ICGV 94063* ICGV 93269* ICGV 95248* 2 ICGV 95299* ICGV 95278* ICGV 95278* 3 ICGV 95248* ICGV 93277* ICGV 92120* * Selected genotypes for seed increse nd frmer prticiptory on-frm vriety selection trils underlined: ICGV# 94063, 93269, 95278, nd