Nutrient management policy in China: History, current status and future trends

Transcription

1 Nutrient management policy in China: History, current status and future trends W.F.Zhang, L Wu, Y.X.Li, G.Q.Huang, Z.H.Bai, J.Li, L.Ma, F.S.Zhang China Agricultural University

2 Outline Nutrient s Contribution in China Transforming Nutrient management policies Nutrient management challenge

3 China continually increased crop production in last half century Government Market Farmers Government Market Farmers Government FCO Data from national statistic bureau of China

4 percntage (%) China contributed to the world agriculture Other countries 40 China Figure China s share in global arable land, fertilizer use and agriculture production Share of world agricultural productions Data source: national statistic bureau of China FAO data base Huang et al unpublished data

5 Prof per capita(kg/capita) Per capita agriculture products occupation by Chinese and Americans China America Huang et al unpublished data

6 N fertilizer distribution in various agriculture fields Data from farmer survey in China in 2009 Unpublished data

7 Chinese could rely on N fertilizer to support protein more than the other countries: 60% Protein N came from chemical N fertilizer Million ton N 35 Protein N prodcution 30 Fertilizer N consumption Huang et al unpublished data

8 N application rate(kg/ha) China is unique county to use more and more chemical fertilizer China Poland USA Westen Europe China WE: 100 USA: Poland: 50 0 / 通用格式 / 通用格式 / 通用格式 / 通用格式 / 通用格式 Different trends for N fertilizer use in China, USA, Poland and Western Europe Data from IFA and FAO,Gaoqiang Huang, Unpublished data

9 Overused chemical fertilizer Crops Samples % farmer use N in different amount > 225 kg/ha kg/ha < 150 kg/ha Wheat % 30% 37% Maize % 30% 43% Rice % 25% 22% Data from farmer survey in China in 2008 Unpublished data

10 Strong policies ensuring the continues increase in agriculture, but unsustainable Mt 17 Years Mt 13 Years Mt 11 Years Mt 20 Years Agricultural inputs per every 100 million ton increase of grain output

11 Resources exhausting 2003: High quality P will be depletion in : natural gas can not be used for N production 2007: S price increased by ten times 2008: K price increased by 5 times Consumed by fertilizer Share in total consumption Situation of China s resources Electricity (Million Kwh) Coal (million t) Natural gas (Million m3) Phosphate rock(mt, 30%P 2 O 5 ) Sulfur (Mt) Potash (Mt K 2 O) % 55% 30% 85% 80% 90% Restrict to use for N fertilizer industry High quality coal insufficient Stop increase supply for N industry 2015 have to use low grade rock 56% relay on import 45% relay on import

12 Tremendous Environmental problems related to nutrients in China Environmental issue Water pollution Soil acidification Green house gases emission Status 60% lake got eutrophication Soil Ph decreased by 0.5 from 1980s to 2000s Contribution from fertilizer Data source 57-67% National environmental protection bureau, % Guo, et al million tons 6-8% FCO project

13 Strategy of Nutrient management in China Reduce Over-used chemical fertilizer Increase recycling of organic fertilizer Other BMPS measures

14 Million ton Chemical fertilizer production in China 2. Transforming of nutrient management policies K2O P2O5 N Before 1984 Government FCO Government Market Farmers Government Market Farmers

15 Transforming of nutrient Policies Target Food security Economy Resources Environment Measures Subsidy (industry +farmer) Market reform

16 Energy Consumption (kg ce/t NH 3 ) 2.1 Market reform (1998-now) everyone can produce and sale fertilizer Number of compound fertilizer plants Increased from 648 in 2003 to 7386 in 2009: China World Theoretical minimum Energy consumption in NH 3 processing Unpublished data

17 Chinese market price(yuan/t) International market price($/t) Fertilizer price fluctuated frequently Chinese market International market /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ Data from fertilizer information weekly

18 Subsidy for fertilizer industry (electricity, transportation, VAT) Subsidy per ton nutrient (Yuan/t) Total subsidy (100 million Yuan) Unpublished data from Yuxuan Li

19 More and more Agriculture subsidy to defend in recent years Name Start time Accumulated Implementing funding till 2010 (billion Yuan) Grain subsidy For grain growers based on grain sown area Chemicals input subsidy Direct to farmers in order to defend high fertilizer price Removing Tax Stop to levy taxes from farmers Seeds subsidy Direct to farmers for high quality crop seeds Agriculture machine subsidy Subsidy 1/3 price of Agriculture machine Protecting Price 2006 Government will buy grain if market price is lower than a risk level More and more..

20 But, market reform can not eliminate overuse fertilizer 100% 75% Top dressing Other 1% 50% 25% Basal fertilizer NPK 55% Urea 23% SSP 4% ABC 3% DAP6% Mop 2% SOP 6% 0% Rice 水稻 Wheat 小麦 Maize 玉米 N fertilizer distribution in different time Farmer survey in 2000(n=10877) and 2009(n=9384) Fertilizer cost for grain crops Farmer survey in 6 province (n=1152)

21 Transforming of nutrient Policies Target Food security Economy Resources Environment Measures Subsidy Market reform Fertilizer Law Famer training

22 Percentage farmers % 2.2 Education and technology extension % Know what is N P 2 O 5 K 2 O to avoid misuse 25% Know what is soil testing 4.17% Got service in last 3 yr Farmer survey out of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation regions 0% Got training in last 3 yr Unpublished data

23 氮素吸收量 (kg hm -2 ) 播种后天数 ( 天 ) National Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation Project (totally 4.25 billion RMB in 5 years) 200 Million Yuan covered 200 counties in Million Yuan covered 600 counties in Million Yuan covered 1200 counties in Million Yuan covered 1861 counties in Million Yuan covered all agric.counties 2009 Fertilizer consulting Soil test Regional recommendation Experiment 根系 0 有效吸收层次 基于土壤硝态氮测试和氮素平衡的夏玉米氮素实时监控技术目标产量 :8.2t hm -2 氮素阶段地上部氮素吸收量 (kg hm -2 ) 氮素阶段供应目标值 (kg hm -2 ) 播种苗期大喇叭口期 Index 收获期 播种后天数 ( 天 ) Fertilizer formulation Yield +11% NUE +10% Fertilizer production

24 Yield (kg/ha) Education and service can help farmer to change their practice Yield N use N use (kg/ha) 6500 Changes practice with service Changed practice without service Did not change practice n=16 n=41 n=158 Farmer survey in soil testing and fertilizer recommendation regions 100 Unpublished data

25 Why only small proportion of farmers adopt this technology? (not interesting, difficult to understand, do not believe, can not use) Know Tested soil Trained Got recommendation card Partly adopted Totally adopted

26 Transforming of nutrient Policies Target Food security Economy Resources Environment Measures Subsidy Market reform Fertilizer Law Famer training Farmer community

27 2.3 Set up farmers organization to lower cost and increase economic profit 司寨 马布 永安村 北油村 2009, summer maize: 1 village, 1 demonstration district, 6 demonstration sites, 18.7ha. 甜水庄 Yield increased by 16.7% Cash income increased 5.14% 马布 2009, winter wheat: 7 villages, 18 demonstration districts, 153.3ha. 司寨 Yield increased more than 20% Cash income increased 9.89% 司寨 马布 永安村北油村 高庄 糕李庄 席庄 艾台 2010, summer maize: 13 villages, 43 demonstration districts, 573.3ha. Cash income increased 13.44% 甜水庄

28 Government encourage farmers cooperatives organization development from ,000 FCO,12% farmers involved,major in vegetable, fruits, tea and animal

29 FCO need technique support to reduce fertilizer consumption Xiang ping Jia and Jikun Huang,unpublished result

30 One FCO used biogas residue substituted the Chemical fertilizer Integrated nutrient management practice Good mechanism Household biogas Good leader Good technical people

31 Fertilizer company can extend this model in large scale 玛纳斯县 农安县 藁城县寿光市栖霞市 扶沟县金乡县武功县萧县明光市兴化市奉节县 梁平县沙洋县 湖南 安徽 Support the technology demonstration Supply right products Supply in time service 东方市 乐东县 徐闻县文昌县 CAU demonstration with fertilizer companies

32 Bad fertilization practice because of failure in connection with technology, fertilizer products and machine Crop Obs. Basal application Spread Furrow Hole Rice Wheat Maize Crop Obs. Dressing application Spread Furrow Hole Rice Wheat Maize Unpublished data

33 Transforming of nutrient Policies Target Food security Economy Resources Environment Measures Subsidy Market reform Fertilizer law Famer training Farmer community Machine and new products innovation

34 2.4 Encourage the development of machine and new products Waste time and energy, poor quality Too centralized and shallow Moderately deep, straight, well distributed Fertilized by hands Fertilized by machine labor efficiency 0.13 ha per farmer 0.8-1ha per farmer N Rate of topdressing (kgn/mu) NH 3 Volatilization % 27 8 Extra input (yuan/ha) Note:Extra input include cost of gasoline and labor From professor Xiaolin Li

35 How to connect modern agriculture production technology and small poor farmers?

36 Government supply crop protection service for farmers (hundred counties, thousand district, and ten thousands demonstration FCOs in 2010) 600 Million Yuan subsidy for in 2009 and million Yuan subsidy in 2011 Photo from Jingyuan Xia

37 Transforming of nutrient Policies Target Food security Economy Resources Environment Measures Subsidy Market reform Fertilizer law Famer training Farmer community Machine and new products innovation Environment protection policies

38 2.5 Emergent demand for organic nutrient management Organic nutrient in China (Mt) Nutrient N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Total Quantity Recycled Recycling rate % More than 60% organic fertilizer input in vegetable and fruits, which resulted in environment risk. The other 40% organic fertilizer used in small part of grain land (6%)

39 Environmental policy in animal production system Nutrient restrict in feed: no Connection of crop and animal: no Manure storage and transport: yes, but Solid and liquid separation: Yes Ammonia conversation: no Anaerobic digest/odor control: yes Covered storage: no Ammonia recovery: no Manure application: no

40 Numberof digesters Government support (Billion Yuan) Small house biogas developed very fast Household digesters (Million) Digester at animal facilities (1,000) Government investment Wf zhang unpublished

41 It is not easy for old farmers to extract, transport and use the biogas residue into cropping field It is possible to ask yang farmer to do that? NO!!! It is possible to use some machine to do that? Yes, but more money!! It is possible to changes the system? Yes, need more money for storage system!!!

42 Township Service center Village ship Service center Market mechanism and government subsidy

43 Other BMPs measures in cropland Conservation tillage: yes, have some Cover crop: yes, have some Vegetable buffer: no NVZ or P index: yes, have some

44 And other policies in improving SOC and then substitute chemical fertilizer Year Provin ces Investment (Million Yuan) Measures Crop straw return to field Crop straw return to field Crop straw return to field +green manure 2009 > Crop straw return to field +green manure + commercial organic fertilizer

45 Crop straw return to field Photo from xiying zhang

46 Some NVZ management case in China Create a no fertilizer county Miyun County Director Pesticide and fertilizer are not allowed to be used within 5 km to the sea in Dalian city Dalian Environmental Director The pesticide and nitrogen fertilizer consumption should be reduced by 30% and 20% in Tai Lake in 2010 Jiangsu Government Director Change land use and ban fertilizer in 2920km 2 land around Dianchi lake in Kunming with 3-4 years. Ban vegetable and flower growing within 1km of San xia water reservoir regions, 2008 Ban to raise fish with chemical fertilizer in Yicheng, 2008

47 3.It is a big challenge to build up an integrated nutrient management scheme in China Environment management Regulation Subsidy Gove rnme nt Market system Fertilizer market Service market Manure market Indus try Food, economy enviornment Farm er Education and extension Education New fertilizer New technology

48 Conclusion It is just start for nutrient management policy in China We are trying different measures Your experience could help China to avoid big mistake

49 Acknowledgments China-UK project, MOA Thanks you!