INDUSTRIES GENERAL AND CLASSIFICTAION

Transcription

1 INDUSTRIES GENERAL AND CLASSIFICTAION STDX Q.1. Why is there a great need to set up industries? Ans: 1) Agriculture is unable to support a growing population so the development of industries reduces the dependence on Agriculture. 2) Provides employment and hence reduces unemployment. 3) Raises the standard of living. 4) Leads to expansion of trade and commerce, therefore, provides for economic stability in the country. 5) Reduces dependence on foreign countries, thereby ensuring our freedom. Q.2. What do manufacturing industries do? Ans: Manufacturing industries are engaged in converting raw materials into manufactured or finished products. Q.3. How is the economic strength of a country measured? Ans: The importance of manufactured goods in the modern world is so great that the economic strength and wealth of a country are measured in terms of its manufactures. Q.4. What is the importance of industries? Ans: Industries play a very important role in providing employment not only directly in producing manufactured goods but also in other fields such as transport, banking and trade. Industrialisation is necessary to stimulate self-sufficiency and progress. Q.5. What are the various factors that are responsible for the development of an industry in any region? Ans: Manufacturing industries are located at places which have certain advantages so that the manufacturer is able to get the maximum returns on the capital invested by him. The chief factors of localisation are as follows: a) Availability of raw materials: Raw materials of mineral, plant or animal origin should be easily available at a reasonable distance. b) Power: Thermal (coal), Hydel (water), oil and natural gas supply, wind, solar energy necessary to run machinery must be available at close quarters. c) Transportation: A good system of roads, railways, inland and coastal water ways to carry bulk raw materials and finished goods to factories and market. d) Capital: Banks to provide loans. 1

2 e) Water Supply: Certain industries like textiles need water for washing and dyeing of fibres. Food processing industries require plenty of water. Water is necessary for the industrial township. f) Labour:Both cheap, skilled and unskilled labour. g) Good Market: Local and foreign market for the sale of finished products. h) Ports: For the export of finished goods and for the import of raw materials and machinery. i) Good Governmental Policies: Like setting up industrial zones. Eg. The MIDC in Maharashtra, tax benefits or tax concessions, tax free zones, restricting imports of certain goods that are produced in the country. Q.6. How are industries classified on the basis of raw materials? Ans: On the basis of raw material utilized, industries can be divided into: (i) (ii) (iii) Agro-based industries: utilizing agricultural products. E.g. Textiles, tobacco, sugar and rubber. Mineral-based industries: using raw materials obtained from mines, such as coal, iron ore and bauxite. Forest-based industries: which use wood for timber, wood pulp, paper, etc. Q.7. How are industries classified on the basis of nature of products? Ans: On the basis of nature of products, industries can be divided into: (i) (ii) Heavy industries- which use heavy and bulky raw materials (iron ore, coal) and manufacture heavy products like steel, machinery, etc., and Light industries- which produce materials such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals and drugs. Q.8. How are industries classified on the basis of size and investment? Ans: On the basis of size and investment, industries are classified into large, medium and smallscale. Large-scale industries require a very large investment of capital; employ a large number of workers; production, too, is on a large scale, e.g. iron and steel, petrochemicals. In medium-scale industries, the investment is less; they employ less workers and the goods produced are also smaller. Small-scale industry has a small capital base, employs less labour and is more widespread. Usually the medium and small-scale industries provide subsidiary / ancillary products for largescale industries. In India, about 92% of the factories are in the small and medium-scale sectors. Only 8% of the total are in the large-scale sector. Q.9. How are industries classified on the basis of management? Ans: On the basis of management, industries are classified into: (i) Public sector- is owned and controlled by the central government or state governments and comprises public utilities like railways, road transport services, airways, ports, posts and telegraphs, power and irrigation, defence production, heavy and light steel and engineering works, aircraft, shipbuilding, petroleum refineries. Only about 6% of the 2

3 (ii) (iii) (iv) total number of factories belong to the public sector, e.g. SAIL, BHEL, DVC, ONGC, IPCL, NTPC, NTC. Private sector industries are owned and managed by private industrialists as joint stock companies or proprietary concerns, e.g. cotton or textile mills, chemicals, smaller engineering concerns, etc. Of the total number of factories, 92% belong to this group, for example, TISCO, TELCO, RIL and WIPRO. Joint sector industries are owned jointly by the government and private individuals who have contributed to the capital, but the day-to-day management is in private hands. The remaining 2% of factories are in the joint sector, e.g. MTNL. Cooperative sector industries are owned and run cooperatively by a group of people who usually produce the raw materials, e.g. sugar mills, oil ghanis, Mehsana Dt. Cooperative Milk Producers Ltd. (AMUL) etc. Q.10. Differentiate between large scale and small scale industries. Give an example of each. Ans: Large Scale Employs a very large number of workers. Large capital investment for purchasing raw materials and setting machinery. e.g. Iron and Steel plants. Small Scale Employs less number of workers in a unit. Capital investment is less for raw material and machinery. e.g. Rice Mills and Sugar Mills. Q.11. How are Heavy Industries (Fertilizers/Steel) different from Light Industries (Woollen/Pharmaceuticals)? Heavy Industries Light Industries Large Investments. Small Investments. Use heavy/bulky raw material and manufacture Use light/less heavy raw materials. heavy equipment/material. Large transport cost/ power. E.g. Iron and Steel Less transport cost/power e.g. Silk, cotton and woollen industries Only men employed in process as the work is Women are employed as well. very heavy. Q.12. Differentiate between Basic and Secondary Industries. Ans: Basic Industries are those whose products are the base or key or the main products required by other Industries. e.g. Iron, Steel, Cement and Chemicals. Secondary/Consumer Industries are those industries whose products are primarily machine building for consumption purposes. They depend on other industries. Q.13. Why are some industries termed Cottage Industries? What are they also called? Give examples of this type of industry. Ans: Cottage Industries are those that are located usually in the homes of the producers. They depend on Local raw materials. They are also traditional in nature. 3

4 They cater to the local requirement. They are also called Village or Handicraft Industries. Egs.:- Weaving carpets, ivory carving, handloom industry, pottery, doll making, wood carving, coir matting, handmade paper, stone carving, shawl making, etc. Q.14. What important part do Cottage Industries play in India s Economy? 1. Subsidiary occupation, therefore, additional income. 2. Provides employment. 3. Valuable foreign exchange earner of the country. 4. Checks an influx of people into cities thereby boosting rural economy and not putting strain on Urban economy. Q.15. Mention the problems faced by small scale and cottage industries. 1. Outdated methods and techniques. Therefore, inefficient in production of the latest variety of goods. (Only for small scale) 2. Inadequate financial resources- Improper Credit facilities. (Small scale only) 3. Poverty and ignorance of artisans and they are not in a position to purchase suitable raw materials. 4. Competition from Large-scale industries. 5. Improper marketing organization to set up proper scale. 6. Exploitation by moneylenders and middle men. Q.16. What are the advantages of the Small Scale Industries? 1. Contribution to National Income. 2. Provides employment and income to a large section of people. 3. Since it requires less capital it is easier to set up. Q.17. Name some forest based industries. Ans: Paper Industry, Furniture Industry, Match Industry, etc. Q.18. Describe the Industrial Regions in Detail. Industrial Regions Western Industrial Region: Most important industrial region. It was developed by the colonial powers as an important textile centre. Cities/ Industries It includes Mumbai-Pune and Vadodara-Ahmedabad belts. Cities: Mumbai, Pune, Kalyan, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Vapi, Bhavnagar, etc. Industries: Cement: Dwarka, Porbandar. Petrochemicals: Ankleshwar Oil Refineries: Koyali and Trombay. 4 Other Information/ Advantages/ Drawbacks Advantages: Ports: Mumbai, Kandla, JNPT at Raigad, etc. Are ports, which enable trading in these regions. Transport: This region has a well developed railway network from the early 19 th century. They connect these cities to other parts of the country and to the ports. It is well connected by roads, highways, airways, etc. Electric Supply: Receives Hydel power from Tata Hydroelectric Power System, which harnesses power from the Western Ghats.

5 Northern Zone OR Ganga- Yamuna Valley Region OR Punjab- Haryana- Delhi-Uttar Pradesh Region Central Zone OR Madhya Pradesh- Chhattisgarh Region Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Industrial Region OR Madurai- Coimbatore- Bangalore Region The Southern Zone The North- Eastern Industrial Zone. Textiles: Ahmedabad, Surat, Mumbai, etc. Other Industries: Chemicals, fertilizers, paper, pharmaceuticals, steel, sugar, etc. Industrial Centres: Cotton and Silk Textiles- Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Varanasi, Lucknow and Delhi. Other Industries: Handloom, paper, sports goods, glass, fertilizers, etc. Industries: Textiles, cement, heavy chemicals, paper, newsprint. Iron and steel: Centres: M.P.- Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Bhopal. Maharashtra- Nagpur. Cities: Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Bangalore. Industries: Cotton and silk textiles, sugar, Iron and steel, watches, etc. Industrial Centres: Textiles (Silk and Cotton): Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore and Bangalore. Iron and Steel: Bhadravati and Salem. Watches, telephones, etc.: Bangalore. Chennai: Military tanks, Motorcycles, railway coaches, automobiles, etc. Cities: Jamshedpur, Raanchi, Rourkela, Kolkata, etc. Industries: Jute, Iron and steel, fertilizers, chemicals, 5 Nuclear Energy from Tarapur Nuclear Power plant. Labour: Available from the nearby states. Raw Materials: Agricultural products like cotton and sugarcane form the major raw materials. Petroleum imported from Middle-Eastern countries form a raw material to oil refineries and Petrochemical Industries. Market: Cities like Mumbai, Pune, Kalyan and the others with huge population themselves form markets. Raw Materials: Soft wood forests from Himalayan Region. Agricultural products like sugarcane, cotton, etc. from Indo-Gangetic plains. Minerals like iron ores, other chemicals from the vicinity. Power Supply: Bhakra-Nangal dam. Coal from vicinity Water Supply: Rivers like Jhelum, Ravi, Ganga, Yamuna, etc. Labour: Nearby states of U.P., M.P., Punjab, etc. Advantages: Power Supply: Neyvelli provides lignite. Hydroelectric power from Pykara, Mettur and Sharavati or Mahatma Gandhi H.E.P. Project. Atomic power from Kalpakkam. Raw materials: Sugarcane grown in Tamil Nadu is of superior quality. Sericulture practised close to these centres. Rubber, coffee, spices grown on Nilgiri Hills. Transport: Well developed roads and railways. Ports like Chennai, Mangalore, etc. Labour: From cities like Chennai, Bangalore, etc. Advantages: Minerals: like coal, iron ore, mica, manganese, limestone, copper, etc. is available in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

6 Also known as Damodar- Hooghly Region. Most of the industries have their origin in the East-India Company days. locomotives, glass, silk, paper, cement, etc. Power supply: Thermal and hydel power is generated by the Damodar Valley Project (DVC). Labour: From densely populated areas of Jharkhand and Orissa. Water Supply: From Damodar, Mahanadi and other rivers. Agricultural Products (Raw Materials): The fertile hinterland of the Ganga and Brahmaputra plains with their rich production of timber, sabai, bamboo, jute and tea. Transport: Well developed Kolkata and Haldia ports. Distributaries of Ganga and Padma offer cheap transport. Well connected roads and railways. Disadvantages: After partition, the vast Jute growing tract of Brahmaputra and Padma, went to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and Jute mills were left with India. Partition also cut off Assam from Kolkata, which affected the tea industry. Finally, alarming rate of silting in Hoogly made dredging necessary and increased the maintenance cost of Kolkata port. 6

7 AGROBASED INDUSTRIES SUGAR INDUSTRY Q.1. Name the second most important agro based industry Sugar Industry. Q.2. Why is it necessary to process the cane within 24 hrs. of harvesting? Ans. It is necessary to process the cane within 24 hours of harvesting, as the sucrose content begins to deteriorate and thus there will be wastage and sucrose content is lowered. Q.3a Why is the sugar industry considered a major agro industry? Ans. 1) It employs about 3.25 lakhs and provides direct employment for 2.5 crores cultivators. 2) It is an important source of revenue (excise duty) for the government. 3) India also exports sugar and so this helps in bringing in foreign exchange. 4) By products bagasse, pressmud, molasses are valuable and can be used for other industries. Q3b.Why is the sugar industry better developed in South india? Ans. Geographical conditions are better in south.fertilisers is more commonly used Sugarcane is grown under scientific conditions hence yield is better and sugar content is high. The crushing season is longer and mills are near plantations. The mills are beter organised in co operative sectors The Sugar Lobby isresponsible for widescale capital investment. The land holding is large and well planned Q.4. Mention 4 problems faced by the Sugar Industry. Ans. 1) Fluctuation in output of cane as agro based, depending on monsoons. 2) Cane of low quality, low sugar content therefore low yield. 3) Methods of production outdated therefore wastage that leads to increased cost of production. 4) Areas producing cane far from mills therefore adds to transport cost and sucrose lost in transportation. 5) Short crushing season, so mills remain idle. 6) No proper utilization of by- products. 7

8 Q.5. Name the by-products of sugar and state the uses of each. Ans. Bagasse manufacturing paper, cardboard, insulation board. Press mud shoe polish, carbon paper, wax. Molasses manufacture of power alcohol, rum, fertilizers, chemicals, cattlefield, plastic synthetic rubber. Q.6. Name the state which is the largest producer of sugar. Ans. Uttar Pradesh-cntre(Gorakhpur,Lucknow,Allahabad,Bareilley) Q.7. Give 2 important reasons which have made U.P. sugar belt one of the important centres of the sugar industry. Ans. 1) Main cane producing state so raw material available. 2) Coal easily available from Jharkhand. 3) Kanpur good distribution centre.railway facilities are available. 4) Cheap labour (U.P. very densely populated) Q.8. Give 2 reasons why sugar mills are situated in the cane growing areas. Ans. 1) Raw material easily available. 2) Cuts transport costs, so cost of production goes down. 3) Sugar content (sucrose) deteriorates within 24 hours. Q.9. In what way is the sugar production of the North different from that of the South? North South 1) Fields are small and belong to 1) Fields are big and managed by individual farmers. Co-operatives. 2) Yield Less quality not good. 2) Yield per hectare comparatively more as the shape is of better quality. 3) Sub tropical climate not so 3) Tropical climate more suited suitable. frost free condition. 8

9 Q10.Name the research centres that have opened for improving the sugar industry? Ans. The two research centres are at Lucknow and Coimbatore. The research centre at Coimbatore ha scome up with a hybrid variety of cane which has been crossed with plants like Jowar to give better yield. At research centres new varieties of cane are experimented with which will ripen at fdifferent times of the yearand provide sugar industries with raw material throughout the year. SILK INDUSTRY Q.1. What is the art of rearing silkworms for silk production called? Ans. Sericulture Q.2. Name the state which is the largest producer of a) the non-mulberry variety of silk, eg. Eri, Mugs, tussar b) the mulberry variety of silk c) non-mulberry variety Assam d) mulberry variety Karnataka Q.3. Give reasons why the silk industry is important in Mysore/Karnataka/Bangalore. Ans. 1) Climate favourable for rearing silkworms with temp. ranging from 16 C - 31 C. 2) Food necessary for the worms mulberry leaves grow in this region. 3) Abundant soft water free from Alkaline salts and iron available for removal, washing and dyeing of fibre. Q.4. Name a city noted for its silk industry. Ans. Bangalore Q.5. Name the different varieties of raw silk. Which state is the largest producer of raw silk in India? Ans. 1) Mulberry 2) Non- mulberry : (i) Tasar (ii) eri (iii) muga (iv) Pal which is a glossy and smooth variety of muga silk. Largest producer Karnataka mulberry; Assam non-mulberry. 9

10 COTTON Q.1. What important factors have favoured the growth of the Textile Industry in Mumbai/Ahmedabad/Baroda. Ans.1) Availsbility of raw material as it is close to the growing areas. 2) Adequate transport facilities- good roads, Rly., well connected with all cities in India. 3) Humid condition necessary for the production of yarns and finer counts. 4) Cheap Hydro E.P. Ghats(Tata Hydro Electric) 5) Cheap labour skilled and unskilled. Q.2. Name any 3 problems faced by the Cotton Textile Industry. Ans. 1) Inadequate supply of raw material as it fluctuates with the amount of rainfall received as it is Agro based. 2) Outdated machinery 3) Competition from synthetic fibres, rayon, nylon, polyester 4) Power shortage Q.3. Name the most important place in South India which has the largest number of Textile Mills. Ans. Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu.It has proximity to the local market,cheap skilled labour and hydel power is available. Q.4 Which is the most important cotton manufacturing centre of India? Give reasons for your answer? Ans. Mumbai The Lancashire of india is the most important cotton manufacturing centre of India. Reasons- (factors contributing to its importance) 1) Located close to the cotton producing areas of the Deccan Plateau which has abundance of regur soil hence abundant supply of raw cotton specially medium and short staple cotton, from the interland to the industry. 2) Excellent harbour and port facilities to import a) long staple cotton from the U.A.R & other foreign countries b)to import machinery c) export finished products. 3) Cheap hydro electric power from the Tata Hydro Electric power system located in the western ghats. 10

11 4) The humid climate favours production of yarns of fine counts. Q.5 Why does West Bengal have a large number of Textile mills. Ans. I) Close to Jharia & Raniganj coal fields, therefore it has sufficient power supply. 2) Abundance of cheap labour both skilled and unskilled from Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. 3)Humid climate is advantageous for cotton spinning which produces yarns of fine counts/quality. 4) Excellent means of transport & communication the area is served by a network of railways, roads, & river (i.e. south eastern Rly, Grand Trunk Road, River Hooghly) Q.6 What are the problems of cotton textile industry? Ans. It is agro based, inadequate supply of raw material specially during years of drought/poor rainfall, affected by fluctuating yield quantity and price(high). Expenditure incurred in importing long staple cotton/fine varieties of cotton. 2) Out dated machinery used in factories they are rusty, broken, hence needed to be replaced by modern machinery. 3) Many mills are inefficient and sick/uneconomic hence have to be closed down. 4) Workers go on strike for prolonged period they are poor & weak. Productivity & quality of macine/ product suffer they may not be able to work for longer hous they may not be able to finish the product on time i.e. time schedule is not maintained in the supply of finished products. High cost of production per unit of cloth is due to the low productivity of workers. Q7. Why has the cotton industry thrived in Calcutta? Ans. Calcutta is close to the Jharia and Raniganj coal fields.so it has sufficient power supply Kolkatta has humid climate which facilitates the spinning of fine yarn. It has excellent means of communication.by road rail and air. The soft water from the Hoogly river is useful for dyeing and bleaching. Q6.What is the only disadvantage? Ans.The cotton has to be brought from the distant cotton growing areas in the Deccan. Q8.Name the important Cotton production centres Maharashtra-Mumbai,Pune,Solapur Gujarat-Ahmedabad, Vadodra,surat,Bharuch Madhya Pradesh- Indore,Gwalior Tamil Nadu-Salem,Coimbatore Uttar Pradesh-Kanpur West Bengal-Calcutta,Murshidabad 11

12 MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES NAME RAW MATERIAL TRANSPORT OTHER TISCO (Tata,iron and Steel Company) Private Sector Oldest steel industry started prior to our independence Ironore Singhbhum Noamundi Mayurbhanj(Orissa) and Bonai((Orissa) Coal-( power) Jharia Mang-Noamundi(J) Limestoneand Dolomite- Ganagpur(O) Road and rail transport,kolkatta seaport 250kms away Tin plates,railway wheels, Axles,, bullet proof armour plates BHILAI STEEL PLANT Durg district (Chattisgarh) DVC-Hep Labour-Bihar,Bengal &UP Iron ore- Dalli-Rajhara and Bastar in Durg District. Coal- Korba(Chattisgarh)infe rior thus brought from Raniganj and Jharia Mang- Bandhara (Maharashtra and Balaghat (MP) Well connected by south eastern railway Set up with help of former USSR Biggest steel plant in India Manufactures Heavy structural rails,pig iron and steel plates Structural beams roled wire Limestone Nandini mines Dolomite-Hirri Quarry Electricity-Korba thermal Power Station Water-Tendula canal Labour- Bihar Jharkhand and MP 12

13 ROURKELA STEEL PLANT Ironore Bonaigarh, Mayurbhanj,Keonjhar, and Noamundi Coal- Raniganj,Jharia,talcher,and Korba Manganese- Noamundi Lime & Dolomite Birmitrapur HEP-Hirakud Power project Water-Sankh River Mumbai Kolkata south eastern railway line Set up with help of Krups and Demag Produces heavy steel plates for ships,locomotives and boilers special steel for launch of vehicles of Indian space Satelllite programme VISHAKAKPATNAM STEEL PLANT Iron ore-bailadila(o) Coking Coal-pookkii and Bhalore (Jharkhand) Lime &Dol-Andhra Pradesh and Birmitrapur Vizag port access to markets in South East Asian countries and USA Country s first shore based plant Very modern plant Adopts latest technology Produces superior quality steel for domestic and international use Largest shipyard there.it gets iron and steel for making vessels from this steel firm It plans to use natural gas instead of coal from the Krishna Godavari basin 13

14 PETROCHEMICAL AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES Q1 Name some of the products of Electrical Industry? Electric motors,transformers, steam turbines, generators,cables for power. Q2 Mention the products manufactured by the Electronic Industry? Radios, transisitors, televisions,computers, data processing,radar, sophisticated items for defence of our country This industry is very important because it has made possible wonders such as computers and robots which have speeded up business and industrial operations,x rays and other surgical appliances have helped doctors, this industry has also contributed to space technology and software industry. Q3 Which city has turned out to be a major hub for the electronic industry? Bangalore has turned out to be the major hub with industries like ITI- Indian telephone industry(teleprinters,automatic telephone switching systems), Bharat Electronics (electronic devices for broadcasting, ECIL- Electronic corporation of india ltd,(transistorized modular system for nuclear application,medical areas) Q4 How has the Electronic industry contributed to space technology? Indian space research Organisation (ISRO) has its base in the electronic industry it is at Bangalore and Karnataka. So is the satellite launching station at Sri harikota,the National remote sensing Agency (NSRA) at Hyderabad has its basis in the electronic engineering.remote sensing is a means of acquiring information about an object from a distance without any contact with the object and is widely used in the defence sector.satellites collect data and process Q5Which city has won the reputation of being the information technology capital of india? Bangalore( Satyam services,infosys,wipro) The IT industry has spread from the silicon valley of Bangalore to Pune and Hyderabad.The three sites together form the Silicon triangle The reasons for Bangalore being the main city is: Readily available IT infrastructure Pleasant and comfortable climate Quality research and development institutions Global buyer seller Silicon meets 14

15 Q6 Why has the petrochemical industry emerged? When traditional raw materials like rubber,jute,cotton failed to satisfy the growing demands of the consumer and industrial end products petrochemicals emerged. Q7 The first petrochemical industry was set up at Trombay by Union Carbide India Ltd.followed bythe Udex plant at the Koyali refinery and the Petrochemical corporation at Vadodra.Haldia petrochemicals near Kolkatta,Reliance petrochemicals at Jamnagar. Q8 What are Petrochemicals? They are mainly chemicals derived from Coal,Gas and Petroleum.The process of polymerisaton produces petro products such as plastics,detergents, synthetic rubber and synthetic fibre from the raw materials like Naptha, propylene,ethylene and Benzene. 16)Name some synthetic fibres? Nylon, Dacron,Terylene. Q9 Name the greatest invention of the petro industry? Plastics because it is extensively used being cheap,durable,attractive, replaced glass,wood metal. light weight, It has ******************************************************************************** 15