The Ins and Outs of Biological Crop Stimulants. Carl Rosen Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota

Transcription

1 The Ins and Outs of Biological Crop Stimulants Carl Rosen Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota Indiana CCA Conference December 12, 2017

2 Topics Addressed Definition of crop biostimulants Types of crop biostimulants Application methods Research methodology Possible modes of action Do they work in the field? Case studies Potatoes Corn

3 What are Crop Biostimulants? Currently no legal definition More popular in Europe than in the U.S. Definition is evolving European Biostimulants Industry Council Definition Plant biostimulants contain substance(s) and/or microorganisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/ benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality.

4 What are Crop Biostimulants? Another definition: Substances/microbes provided in minute quantities that promote plant growth (du Jardin, 2015) Not fertilizers Not pesticides Not soil conditioners Various products have been marketed for many years Regional committee developed in 1980 to test claims of biostimulants and other nonconventional products NCR-103; NCERA 103

5 Categories of Biostimulants Humic substances ` Amino acids and other N compounds Chitosans Seaweed extracts Beneficial microorganisms Bacteria plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Fungi often mycorrhizae Applied individually or in combination; promoted as natural

6 Humic Substances (HS) Constituents of soil organic matter Decomposition products of plants, animals, microbes Occur naturally in soil (OM breakdown) Categorized by molecular weight

7 Commercial HS Products Sources of commercial humic substances Peat soils Composts Leonardite (oxidized lignite or compressed peat)

8 Humic substances Application methods Soil application with starter fertilizer Foliar application Studies to determine mode of action Usually conducted in the greenhouse Often using hydroponic techniques Effects found in the greenhouse do not necessarily translate to an effect in the field

9 Reported Modes of Action for HS Under conditions of adequate nutrition in solution Stimulation of root growth length and secondary growth Complex metal cations (iron, zinc etc) Increase in membrane permeability Stimulation of nutrient uptake Foliar application Some indication of increased root and shoot growth In general, effects of HS on plant growth are not consistent and depend on a number of factors

10 HS Meta-Analysis (Rose et al., 2014) Response to HS was affected by: Source of HS (compost HS > lignite HS) Rate of application Lesser extent crop type & growing conditions HS increased shoot and root growth by 15-25% Half the studies failed to increase growth by 5% High variation increases risks to farmers Rates in meta analysis that promoted growth were much higher than rates recommended for commercial HS products used in the field

11 Amino Acids and Other N Compounds Amino acids and peptides are protein breakdown products Often termed protein hydrolysates Protein is split with acid, alkakli or enzymes Formed from animal or plant waste material

12 Amino Acids and Other N Compounds Protein hydolysates have multiple uses: Media for animal and plant cell culture Animal feeds Dietary supplement for humans Crop production Source of nitrogen that is easier to digest than protein For animals Plants can use inorganic N Effect in plants is not due to the N supply

13 Amino Acids and Other N Compounds Reported Modes of Action Some amino acids have a chelating effect Increase micronutrient availability and acquisition Decrease heavy metal toxicity Regulate enzymes involved in N assimilation Antioxidant activity scavenge free radicals Increase tolerance to stress salt, heat, chilling Indirect effect increase microbial biomass and nutrient cycling Most effects are based on greenhouse studies Soil and foliar application methods

14 Effects on Plant Growth -Amino Acids Commercial products are available, but consistent crop responses are not common Amino acids are a readily available source of N for microbes Direct effects of amino acids or other small N compounds on plant growth in the field are questionable; more likely indirect by stimulating microbes Foliar application Repeated application has been reported to increase yield in some horticultural crops

15 Chitosans Linear polysaccharide composed of glucosamine Made by treating the shells of shrimp (chitin) with sodium hydroxide Uses: Cancer treatment Dietary supplement (weight loss?) Wine making Agriculture

16 Effects and Reported Modes of Action for Chitosans Effects on plants Seed treatment or foliar application Aids in defense of pathogens biocontrol of fungi and nematodes biopesticide registered by EPA Stimulates growth; increases photosynthesis; stimulates nutrient uptake Modes of action Affects cell membranes; alters DNA; activates defense genes

17 Field Research with Wheat Hadwiger, 2013 The conditions that enabled chitosan to increase wheat yield were so influenced by environmental or cultural practice that in a given year the chitosan benefits could deviate both up and down from the average 10% yield increase and reflected on the product credibility On the plus side, chitosan can also increase yields and is edible, without being allergenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Thus, the application of chitosan directly to the plant part to be consumed is not of major concern.

18 Seaweed Extracts Seaweed used in agriculture for thousands of years Nutrient source; compost Process developed in the 1950s to produce liquid extracts Mostly made from brown seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus, Laminaria, Sargassum, & Turbinaria spp. Proprietary process includes: Includes extracting with water, acids, alkalis with or without heating Physical disruption low temperatures; high pressure

19 Seaweed Extracts

20 Seaweed Extract Composition Polysaccharides (long chain sugars) Carrageenans (polysaccharides with sulfur) Flucoidan, alginates, laminarin Macro and micronutrients Various plant hormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, etc.

21 Seaweed Extract Uses Like amino acids extracts are also consumed by humans as a dietary supplement Applied to soil or directly to the plant as a foliar application Generally applied with the seed or as a foliar application; often combined with fertilizer qts/a

22 Seaweed Extracts - Reported Effects Enhanced root development Stimulates nutrient uptake Improved stress tolerance Drought, salinity, temperature Increased microbial biomass & diversity when applied to soil

23 Seaweed Extracts - Mode of action Rates applied are too low to be of direct nutrient benefit Rates applied are also too low to have direct plant hormone effects Some evidence that foliar application stimulates production of hormones within the plant, which in turn may affect growth and stress tolerance

24 Seaweed Extracts - Effects on field grown plants Many commercial products As with other biostimulants results are inconsistent Like amino acids, compounds in seaweed extract are a readily available nutrient source for microbes Any bioactive effects of the extracts would be short-lived for soil applied products, but may stimulate microbes

25 Beneficial Microorganisms Practice of microbial inoculation has been used for centuries Rhizobium for legumes; Nitrogen fixation Often termed microbial inoculants Classified as biopesticides or biofertilizers Grey area as some are considered biocontrol agents Fastest growing segment of the biostimulant industry New DNA techniques for analyzing the soil microbiome Interest in more sustainable practices

26 Types of Microbial Inoculants Free living bacteria, fungi, mycorrhizal fungi Isolated from soil, plants, plant residues, composted manure, and water Most isolated from the rhizosphere

27 Development of Inoculants Factors to consider: Plant species (root exudates) Reproducibility over environments Commercial formulation must survive and be effective Compatibility with fertilizers and pesticides Bashan, et al., 2014

28 Beneficial Fungi Fungi have co-evolved with plants for millions years Symbiosis to parasitism Fungal endophytes Mycorrhizae beneficial symbiosis with over 90% of all terrestrial plants Associated with increased P uptake, Zn uptake, protects against some diseases, increases drought tolerance Extends the root system to explore more soil (similar to root hairs) Other fungal endophytes e.g. Trichoderma Transfer nutrients and also have biopesticidal activity

29 Mycorrhizal non-mycorrhizal Roy-Bolduc and Hijri, 2011

30 Is Inoculation with Mycorrhizae Beneficial? Depends on the situation In most field studies no effect on yield Soils have high populations of native mycorrhizae High soil P inhibits mycorrhizal infection Exceptions are if the soil is fumigated Beneficial effects in potted media Sometimes co-inoculated with bacteria Improves uptake of micronutrients

31 Beneficial Bacteria Two types of bacteria isolated Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Mechanisms reported for stimulating plant growth and nutrient uptake Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation (free living) Nutrient solubilization (esp. phosphorus) Production of chelating agents Production of volatile organic compounds Production of growth hormones

32 Examples of Beneficial Bacteria Free living nitrogen fixers Azospirillium Azobacter Bacillus polymyxa Clostridium pasteurianum Azospirillium is found in close contact with roots Can supply 7-12% of N for wheat Phosphorus solubilizers Pseudomonas spp., Azospirillium, Bacillus spp., etc. Produce organic acids and phosphatase enzyme

33 Examples of Beneficial Bacteria Iron transport chelators Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces Siderophore production Volatile organic compounds Paenibacillus, Bacillus strains Alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons Biocontrol properties Growth stimulation increased auxin production Production of plant growth regulators Azospirillium spp. produces auxin & gibberllins Bacillus subtlis increases cytokinin

34 Lateral root formation by VOCs emitted by Bacillus pumilus (Delaplace, et al., 2015)

35 Is Inoculation with Bacteria Beneficial? Field studies with microbes and other biostimulants so far have been inconsistent Each teaspoon of field soil contains over 1 billion bacteria Beneficial microbes must compete with the existing microbial community They often lose out

36 Field Studies with Biostimulants Humic acid, Calcium, and Foliar carbon (sugars) study on potato Treatments: 1. Starter only (30 lb N/A) 2. Reduced N (135 lb N/A as MAP + Urea) 3. Reduced N + Humic Acids + Calcium (HA + planting) 4. Reduced N + Humic Acids + Foliar carbon planting) 5. Recommended N (240 lb N/A as MAP + Urea) HA applied at 2 gal/a; Ca at 5 gal/a; Foliar C at 16 oz/a

37 Field Studies with Biostimulants - Humic acids Marketable Yeild, cwt/a d b bc 30 lbs N/A 135 lbs N/A 135 lb N/A + HA + Ca Treatment c 135 lb N/A + HA + foliar carbon a 240 lbs N/A Biostimulants had a slight negative effect on yield

38 Field Studies with Biostimulants N Fixers + Microbial enhancer potato study (2 yrs) Treatments: 1. Starter only (30 lb N/A) 2. Reduced N (150 lb N/A as MAP + Urea) 3. Reduced N + N fixers (Azotobacter + Clostridium) 4. Reduced N + N fixers + Microbial enhancers 5. Recommended N (225 lb N/A as MAP + Urea) 6. Recommended N + N fixers (Azotobacter + Clostridium) 7. Recommended N + N fixers + Microbial enhancers Microbial Enhancers = amino acids, chitin, chitosan, glucosamine N fixers and ME each applied at 2.6 quarts/a in + 2 wks after emergence

39 Field Studies with Biostimulants - Potato 650 b Total Yeild, cwt/a c 2015 b ab a ab ab b Total Yield, cwt/a c 2016 ab ab ab b a b Treatments Treatments Significant effect of N fixers & ME at 150 lb N/A, but not at 225 lb N/A in 2016 Significant effect of N fixers at 225 lb N/A, but not at 150 lb N/A in 2017

40 Field Studies with Biostimulants - Corn Microbe and plant growth regulator (PGR) study on corn 2 year (2016 & 17) study in Indiana (Lee and Camberato, 2017) Five Purdue research farms: acres SE, NE, Davis, Pinney, Throckmorton Purdue Ag Centers; 4 to 6 reps/site; 17 to 55 acres/site Six treatments No starter N-P Starter - 2x2 application (~10 to 16 gal/a) N-P Starter + 4 biostimulant treatments (applied in furrow) N rates: 191 to 220 lb N/A (2016); 175 to 215 lb N/A (2017)

41 Field Studies with Biostimulants - Corn Biostimulants used: Bio-A (2016 & 32 fl oz/a Bacillus licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus PGR (2016 & 6 fl oz/a Cytokinin, Indole-3-butyric acid, Gibberellic acid Bio-B (2016 & 32 fl oz/a Rhodopseudomonas palustris, B. bravis, B. lichenifomis, B. megaterium, R. rhodochrus, Lactobacillus planetarium Bio-C ( fl oz/a Trichoderma harzianum; T. atoviride Bio-D ( g/80,000 seeds Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Trichoderma virens

42 Field Studies with Biostimulants - Corn General results for grain yield (based on 9 sites): Comparisons based on starter treatments vs. biostimulant (10% probability): Statistically positive response to biostimulants at 3 sites Positive response to Bio-A (1 site), Bio-B (1 site), PGR (2 sites), Bio-D (2 sites) Statistically negative response to biostimulants at 1 site Negative response to Bio-B (1 site)

43 Results at Throckmorton Ag Center Grain Yield, bu/a * TPAC Grain Yield, bu/a TPAC 2017 ** ** ** 180 Control Starter BioA PGR BioB BioC Treatment 180 Control Starter BioA PGR BioB BioD Treatment Bio-B 3 bushel decrease in 2016; no effect in 2017 Bio-A & PGR no effect in 2016; 6 to 8 bu/a increase in 2017 Bio-D 8 bu/a increase in 2017 (was not tested in 2016)

44 Summary and Key Points Biostimulants are substances or microbes applied to plants or plant roots in small amounts that promote growth Modes of action for biostimulants vary Direct on plant or indirect effects by stimulating microbes Improved nutrient availability and uptake Act as a growth regulator or hormone Protect against diseases Effects found in controlled lab experiments often do not translate to the field

45 Summary and Key Points Responses in the field are inconsistent at best There are no silver bullets They come at a cost Do not use biostimulants based on testimonials Evaluation of biostimulants should be based on replicated field studies over multiple years Compare apples to apples A more systematic approach is needed to define situations when a biostimulant may be beneficial

46 QUESTIONS???????

47 Field Studies with Biostimulants Azospirillium (N Fixer) on potato study Treatments: 1. Starter only (30 lb N/A) 2. Reduced N (180 lb N/A as MAP + Urea) 3. Recommended N (240 lb N/A as MAP + Urea) 4. Reduced N + Azospirillium at planting 5. Recommended N + Azospirillium at planting Azospirillium applied in 12.8 oz/a