Animals. Have different methods of feeding (special adaptations) such as filter feeders, gizzards, mandibles, or teeth

Transcription

1 Animals Animal Characteristics (for ALL animals): Belong to the Kingdom Animalia Are multicellular organisms Are made up of eukaryotic cells Are heterotrophic Have different methods of feeding (special adaptations) such as filter feeders, gizzards, mandibles, or teeth Animal Non-Movement: Do all animals move from place to place? NO! Some stay in the same place. Sessile: means non-movement from place to place Examples of sessile animals: sponges, corals, sea anemones

2 Reproduction: Fertilization: union of sperm & egg to form zygote which divides to form organism 2 types of animal fertilization 1) Internal fertilization: occurs _inside female s body_, egg remains inside female and sperm is carried in to the egg 2) External fertilization: occurs _outside female s body_, egg and sperm both released in _water_ (ex. In fish, frogs it is called Spawning ) Process of development from fertilization to embryo, mitosis allows for growth and development, blastocyst forms the embryo with stem cells: Hermaphrodite: animal that can produce both _eggs & sperm _. This increases the probability of _fertilization_ for sessile animals and animals that cannot find a mate easily.

3 Animal Structure for Support and Protection: 2 types of skeleton: 1) exoskeleton: hard waxy covering on outside of body, made of chitin Examples: insects, lobsters, spiders, king crabs 2) endoskeleton: hard bony structure on inside of body, made of bone & cartilage Examples: humans, frogs, fish, snakes Invertebrates: animals without a backbone Examples: worms, mollusks, insects, sponges Vertebrates: animals with backbones Examples: humans, fish, snake, dogs ***Note: ALL vertebrates have _bilateral symmetry_ (can be divided in half in only one way) & ALL vertebrates have _endoskeletons_. Temperature regulation: Endothermic: animal that maintains a constant body temperature, not dependent on their environment (ex. birds, mammals) Ectothermic: animal that changes body temperature based on their environment (ex. lizards, snakes)

4 Invertebrates (5 phylums that we will discuss actually more than 5 exist!) Phylum Porifera: (pronounced por- if-er-a ) Example: sponges Characteristics: 1) name means pore bearer 2) important fact: simplest, least complex animals, primitive 3) movement type: sessile, attached to surfaces 4) method of feeding: filter feeder organism filters small particles of food from water as water passes through the organism 5) reproduction: both sexual (produces sperm & eggs) & asexual (budding) 6) fertilization: external, sperm & eggs carried by water currents 7) excretion: wastes expelled through opening of sponge called osculum 8) respiration: pore cells allow water through sponge carrying oxygen into the cells of the sponge

5 Phylum Cnidarians: (pronounced ni-dari-an ) Examples: coral, jelly fish, sea anemone Characteristics: 1) important fact: marine animals (live in the sea) 2) movement type: some sessile, some move 3) method of feeding: _nematocyst_ = capsule in tentacle that contains poison they sting their prey; mouth for _ingestion_ 4) reproduction: sexual (medusa ) & asexual (polyps break off) 5) fertilization: external 6) excretion: undigested material released through mouth (in & out same opening) 7) respiration: oxygen & carbon dioxide diffuse through body cells

6 Phylum Mollusca: (pronounced moll us- ka ) Examples: snails, clams, oysters, octopus, squid Characteristics of mollusks: 1) 3 types of mollusks: a. Gastropods : single shell, _radula_ = tongue with teeth that drills or scrapes food (ex. snails) b. Bivalves : two shells, filter feeders (ex. clams, oysters) c. Cephalopod : no shell, head-footed, eats food with mouth and beak (ex. octopus, squid) 2) method of feeding: some with radula, some are filter feeders, and some have a mouth 3) reproduction: most are sexual, land-dwelling snails are hermaphrodites 4) fertilization: external 5) excretion: have nephridia which are tube-like structures to expel wastes 6) respiration: gills if live in water, primitive lungs on land SNAIL CLAM SQUID

7 Phylum Annelida: (pronounced ana lee da ) Examples: earthworms, leeches, bristleworms Characteristics of annelids: 1) excretion: how to handle wastes - have nephridia which excretes wastes through each segment in skin and also through the anus 2) respiration: how to get oxygen - exchange gases through skin (skin must be moist) 3) movement: use setae which are tiny bristles that help worm move by anchoring it in the soil as it contracts muscle segments to pull it through the soil 4) method of feeding: have a gizzard & crop to grind up the organic matter found in soil and leaves 5) reproduction: most are hermaphrodites, but can also mate 6) fertilization: internal

8 Phylum Arthropoda: (pronounced arth ro poda ) Examples: spiders, crabs, insects, lobsters/shrimp Characteristics of arthropods: 1) interesting fact: most diverse (most variety) Invertebrate phylum 2) body parts: head, thorax, abdomen 3) movement: arthro means jointed, they have jointed appendages, 6 (insects), 8 (spiders & crustaceans), 100s (centipedes, millipedes) 4) skeleton: have an exoskeleton to protect & support their internal organs 5) method of feeding: have mandibles (jaws) for chewing & biting 6) reproduction: sexual (sperm & eggs) 7) fertilization: most have internal, those in water have external 8) excretion: Malpighian tubules connect to outside from intestines 9) respiration: gills in water, tracheal tubes on land, book lungs for spiders * Metamorphosis: change in shape as organism develops Egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult

9 Common characteristics for all vertebrates: 1) all are in the Phylum Chordata Vertebrates (1 phylum, 7 classes) 2) all vertebrates have bilateral symmetry (only one way to cut in 2 equal halves) 3) reproduction is sexual (it takes two to tango!) 4) all vertebrates have an internal backbone (endoskeleton) Characteristics vertebrates may differ in these characteristics: 1) skeleton is made of either cartilage or hard bone 2) may have 2, 3, OR 4 chambers in their heart 3) fertilization is either external or internal 4) habitats are everywhere (some on land, some in water) Class Agnatha: (pronounced ag-nath-a ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 2 chambers in heart 2) Temperature regulation: ectothermic 3) Reproduction: external fertilization 4) Special facts: a. Jawless fish (sucker mouth) b. Use gills to get oxygen for respiration c. cartilage for skeleton Examples: hagfish lamprey, remora

10 Class Chondrichthyes: (pronounced con-drick-thays ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 2 chambers in heart 2) Temperature regulation: ectothermic 3) Reproduction: some external (spawning), some internal (sharks mate!) 4) Special facts: a. use gills to get oxygen for respiration b. lateral line system sensory organ c. cartilage for skeleton, flexible animal Examples: sharks, rays, skates

11 Class Osteichthyes: (pronounced os-tee-ick-thays ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 2 chambers in the heart 2) Temperature regulation: ectothermic 3) Reproduction: external fertilization 4) Special facts: a. use gills to get oxygen for respiration b. lateral line system sensory organ c. Scales for protection, streamline for swimming d. Bones for skeleton (prefix osteo- means bone ) e. Swim bladder = regulates the depth that the fish can swim (controls fish going up and down in the water) Examples: bass, tilapia, flounder, catfish, bluefish, goldfish, salmon

12 Class Amphibia: (pronounced am-fib-ee-a ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 3 chambers in heart 2) Temperature regulation: ectothermic 3) Reproduction: external fertilization (needs water) 4) Special facts: a. Undergoes metamorphosis for development b. Life begins in water and moves to land c. Breathes through gills when young in water, then through skin & with lungs when an adult on land Examples: frogs, salamanders Frog lays eggs in water. Adult frog lives on land. Eggs hatch into tadpoles that live in water. Tadpoles grow into frogs.

13 Class Reptilia: (pronounced rep-till-ee-a ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 3 or 4 chambers in heart, depends on species, reptiles first to have a 4 chambered heart 2) Temperature regulation: ectothermic 3) Reproduction: internal fertilization 4) Special facts: a. tough, scaly skin adaptation for land b. lungs adaptation for land c. amnionic egg with leathery shell, adaptation for egg on land Examples: snake, lizard, turtle, alligator

14 Class Aves: (pronounced ah-vays ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 4 chambers in the heart, allows for complex oxygen mix in blood 2) Temperature regulation: endothermic 3) Reproduction: internal fertilization 4) Special facts: a. Feathers for insulation and flight b. Hollow bones to allow for lighter weight for flight c. Sternum and wings for flight d. Amnionic egg with hard shell, adaptation for egg on land Examples: penguin, hawk, robin, chicken

15 Class Mammalia: (pronounced mam-mail-ee-ah ) Characteristics: 1) Heart: 4 chambers in heart, allows for complex oxygen mix in blood 2) Temperature regulation: endothermic 3) Reproduction: internal fertilization 4) Special facts: a. most have hair or fur b. have ability to learn c. mammary glands to nurse young (mother produces milk) d. have sweat glands 5) 3 types of mammals: a. monotremes: ONLY mammals that lay eggs examples: anteaters, platypus b. marsupials: embryo develops partially in uterus, then crawls out and up into the pouch of mom to get milk to grow & finish developing examples: opossum, kangaroo c. placentals: embryo develops fully in uterus of mother, mother gives birth & nurses young examples: human, goat, dog, elephant, hamster gestation: length of pregnancy (ex. 9 months human, 22 days hamster)

16 Examples: All the animals below are just a few mammals!!!!!!!

17 Animal Behavior Behavior: anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment 2 types of behavior: 1) Innate behaviors: behaviors animal is born knowing how to do (inherited) a. reflex: simple automatic response that involves no conscious control; example: knee jerk, blinking at sudden noise b. fight-or-flight: body mobilizes for greater activity during stress; prepares to fight or run, increase in adrenaline; example: stallion protecting its herd of mares or run from cougar c. courtship: communicative behavior to ensure mating & continuation of species; example: mating ritual dances & songs

18 d. aggression / territorial : communicative behavior to intimidate another animal of the same species to protect it s territory (resources, mates, habitat); example: big horn sheep fighting for territorial rights, male sealions fighting for territory e. dominance hierarchy: communicative form of social ranking within groups where some individuals are subordinate to others; example: pecking order of chickens, alpha ranking of males in wolk pack f. migration: instinctive seasonal movement of animals; example: birds fly south for the winter

19 g. hibernation: during winter, animal s metabolism slows down; example: Bear sleeps in winter uses built up lipids h. estivation: during summer, metabolism slows down; example: Desert animals in intense heat i. circadian rhythm: 24 hour cycle of animal behavior; example: Man-awake during the day, sleeps at night=diurnal; owl-awake at night, sleeps during day= nocturnal

20 j. taxis: movement toward or away from a specific stimulus i. phototaxis: movement in response to light ii. chemotaxis: movement in response to chemicals k. suckling: nursing from mother (getting nutrition from milk from mother) l. pheremones: chemical scents used for communication to change behavior of individuals; example: skunks warding off predators, ant trails 2) learned behaviors: behavior that changes through experience or practice a. habituation: loss of sensitivity to a stimulus and thus a lack of response get used to something; example: Police horse in NYC learning to ignore loud noises b. imprinting: at a specific time critical to life, an animal forms a social attachment to an animal close to it; example: Baby ducks or geese following their mother after hatching from egg in the nest

21 c. trial and error: learn by getting a reward for the correct behavior, try one solution and another until find a solution that works; example: mouse and maze, math problems d. classical conditioning: learning by association of one behavior with another; example: Pavlov s dogs with food and a ringing bell e. insight: animal uses previous experience to respond to a stimulus; most complex learned behavior; example: Word problems in math, playing a new piece of music

22 Human Body, Disease & Immunity Disease: a change that disrupts the homeostasis of the body Pathogen: is a disease producing agent (ex. Bacteria, virus, fungi, protist, parasites) (see page 1056 table 39.1) Antigen: is a protein on the surface of a pathogen that our bodies recognize as a foreign substance that triggers an immune response to produce antibodies specific to fight that antigen. (Pathogens have antigens on their surfaces) Antibody: is a protein that our bodies produce to react with and disable antigens that invade our bodies. Immunity: (2 types of immunity) 1) Passive (natural) immunity: develops as a result of using antibodies generated by another host (ex. Transfer from mother to fetus through placenta or through breast milk to infant) 3) Active (acquired) immunity: develops as a result of the body being exposed to antigens & making antibodies in response to the exposure. This occurs naturally by exposure to the antigen or artificially by vaccines.

23 Epidemic: many people in a given area affected by the same disease at the same time example: flu outbreak at GMHS or cholera outbreak in Haiti Pandemic: many people all over the world affected by the same disease at the same time example: H1N1 (swine) flu Vaccine: substance consisting of weak, dead or incomplete proteins of pathogens or antigens that when injected into the body, it triggers an immune response to fight the disease. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine which was to fight small pox. Examples of vaccines you have had OR may have: DPT diphtheria, tetnus, pertusis MMR measles, mumps, rubella OPV polio HBV hepatitis B HIB spinal meningitis

24 Human Body Systems Respiratory system: allows for exchange of gases (ex. Lungs) Circulatory system: allows for blood flow (ex. Heart, veins, arteries) Nervous system: controls sensitivity & movement (ex. Nerves, brain) Urinary system: allows for excretion of wastes (ex. Kidneys) Endocrine system: makes hormones for regulation (ex. Pancreas) Digestive System: digests food (breakdown) to use in cells (ex. Stomach, Intestines, Rectum) Skeletal system: support with muscles of body (ex. Bones) Reproductive system: allows for creation of offspring (ex. Ovaries/testes)

25 T-cell: Type of lymphocyte (white blood cell which is produced in the bone marrow) which activates B-cells B-cell: type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that when activated by a T-cell, becomes a plasma cell or memory cell 1) Plasma B-cell: produces antibodies to fight a pathogen 2) Memory B-cell: stays in the blood stream ready to attack same pathogen if it invades the body again Antibiotics: substance produced by a microorganism that will kill or inhibit growth & reproduction of other microorganisms *** Antibiotics do not affect viruses, only bacteria!! Antivirals affect viruses!!

26 Diseases Viral diseases: diseases caused by viruses Examples: HIV virus attacks and destroys the immune system Influenza (flu) virus attacks cells in the respiratory system Bacterial diseases: diseases caused by bacteria Examples: Streptococcus infection spherical shaped bacteria causes strep throat Tuberculosis bacteria that infects the respiratory system (lungs) Protist: often a protozoan (protist), transmitted by a vector to a host Example: Malaria Plasmodium is carried in saliva of mosquitoes, when the mosquito bites (it is the vector) it transmits the protest into your blood stream the protist travels to the liver and reproduces, it can cause high fever and anemia due to the death of blood cells and eventually death if not treated. *People who are heterozygous for sickle cell are immune to the protist for malaria.

27 Normal antibody production: 1. Bacteria or virus enters the body. 2. T-cell detects bacteria or virus (antigen). 3. T-cell tells body to produce B-cells to make antibodies against bacteria or virus. 4. Antibodies from B-cells join with bacteria and destroy them or prevent them from reproducing, thus stopping the disease or infection. What happens to their body when someone has AIDS?: 1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) enters body (by sexual contact, infected needles, or blood-to-blood contact). 2. Virus enters T-cell, injects virus DNA and takes over DNA in cell. HIV virus 3. Virus DNA causes T-cell to make more viruses inside T-cell and causes T-cell to rupture, releasing HIV into body. 4. New viruses from burst T-cell find other T-cells to destroy. 5. Bacteria or cold virus enters the body and since there are no or few T-cells remaining, B-cells are not produced and no antibodies are produced to fight off the infection. Bacteria or virus reproduction is uncontrolled and rampant. Person usually will die from the infections to their organs because the immune system is broken.