IMBB Molecular biology, DNA
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1 IMBB 2013 Molecular biology, DNA
2 What is Molecular Biology?
3 Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level, especially DNA and RNA Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the processes of replicadon, transcripdon, transladon, and cell funcdon. The central dogma of molecular biology where genedc material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein, despite being an oversimplified picture of molecular biology, sdll provides a good stardng point for understanding the field. Molecular biology chiefly concerns the understanding of the interacdons between the various systems of a cell. Molecular biology overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, pardcularly genedcs (effect of genedc differences on organisms) and biochemistry (chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms). Molecular biology is the convergence of various, previously disdnct biological and physical disciplines: biochemistry, genedcs, cell biology, microbiology, virology and physics.
4 Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the manipuladon of DNA or RNA so that it can be sequenced, detected, modified, and expressed. The techniques of molecular biology are applied to many fields Genomics Cell biology Microbiology Biotechnology DiagnosDcs TherapeuDcs Forensics Agriculture
5 Some core tools of molecular biology DNA purificadon Polymerase chain reacdon Gel electrophoresis RestricDon analysis DNA sequencing BioinformaDcs
6 DNA structure and replica6on
7 DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Macromolecule (average human chromosome has 5 cm of DNA) Contains genetic instructions for development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses) Long-term storage of information Contains the instructions needed to construct RNA molecules and proteins DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes Other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of the genetic information.
8 Figure 4-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
9 DNA is normally double stranded Two strands held together by H bonds between bases A single strand of DNA has an orientation (5 3 ) In double stranded DNA, the two strands have opposite orientation There are four bases A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), T (thymine) Specific base pairing - Base A always pairs with T - Base C always pairs with G The sequence of one strand defines the sequence of the second strand. The two strands are said to be complimentary Information is stored in the sequence of bases Double stranded DNA resembles a ladder - Rails = sugar/phosphate - Rungs = base pairs (bp) DNA building blocks = 4 nucleotides (phosphate/sugar/base)
10 Campbell et al. (2003) BIOLOGY concepts and connecdons. DNA is a polymer of nucleoddes DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleoddes Phosphate group 5 END Nucleotide Nitrogenous base Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone 3 END DNA nucleotide
11 3 and 5 ends of DNA movie h[p://
12 Campbell et al. (2003) BIOLOGY concepts and connecdons. Each strand of the double helix is oriented in the opposite direcdon 5ʹ end P P 3ʹ end P P P P P P 3ʹ end 5ʹ end
13 Campbell et al. (2003) BIOLOGY concepts and connecdons. DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Pyrimidines Purines
14 DNA REPLICATION Campbell et al. (2003) BIOLOGY concepts and connecdons. DNA replicadon depends on specific base pairing In DNA replicadon, the strands separate An enzyme (polymerase) use each strand as a template to assemble the new strands A A Nucleotides Parental molecule of DNA Both parental strands serve as templates Two identical daughter molecules of DNA
15
16 h[p://
17 The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into the polypepdde Transcribed strand DNA Transcription RNA Start codon Translation Stop codon Polypeptide
18 Thank you
19 RNA is also a nucleic acid RNA has a slightly different sugar RNA has U instead of T Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Uracil (U) Sugar (ribose)
20
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