Cement. Cement, Lime, Gypsum and Fly Ash

Transcription

1 Cement Cement, Lime, Gypsm and Fly Ash 38 Chemical Tests 38 Fineness 38 Consistence, Setting time, Workability and Flow 38 Sondness 38 Air Content and Density 38 Fly Ash (PFA) 39 Mixing, Molding, Cring and Strength The first se of lime as a cementing material is not recorded bt it was certainly sed in ancient Egypt and also by the Romans. In more recent times, there are records that lime, combined with a pozzolan from Italy, was sed in the constrction of the Eddystone lighthose as early as Today, cement is manfactred by a chemical process with raw materials being crshed, grond and blended before being heated in a rotary kiln ntil they combine chemically. The clinker from the kiln is then grond with gypsm to form Portland cement. Or cement testing systems provide efficient and reliable methods of measring all of the key criteria to ensre consistent, high qality cement manfactre. 89 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

2 38 Cement - Chemical Tests Chemical Tests Chemical analysis plays an important part in the categorisation of cements and other constrction materials sch as lime. The se of analytical instrmentation sch as flame photometry offers a simple and cost effective soltion to the determination of the constitent parts of cement. Flame Photometry Today, cement is manfactred by a chemical process with raw materials being crshed, grond and blended before being heated in a rotary kiln ntil they combine chemically. ELE Flame Photometer EN196-21; ASTM C114, Test 17 The ELE Flame Photometer is bilt to a high specification and can be sed with confidence for the most exacting analysis. It is a low temperatre, single channel emission flame photometer with a large clear digital readot. The nit incorporates zero and gain controls with fine and coarse sensitivity, electronic ignition and atomatic air spply reglation. The meter is spplied with sodim and potassim filters, fel and air connections, nebliser cleaning wire, hose connecting clips, axiliary power plg, hexagon key, 2 lengths of drain tbing and a comprehensive instrction book and service manal. The nit is hosed in a strong case. Accessories EL /01 Air Compressor. Spplies air at 6 litres/ minte at a pressre of 1 kg/cm 2, for se with EL /01 Flame Photometer. Weight 4 kg. For V AC, Hz, 1 ph. Filters Model nmber EL /01 ELE Flame Photometer Description Reglators Model nmber Description EL Calcim EL for Propane Gas EL Barim EL for Natral Gas Specification Dimensions (l x w x h) Readot Range Sensitivity Na K Ca Reprodcibility Recorder otpt Weight 420 x 360 x 300 mm LED three 12.5 mm digits 0 to ppm 3 to 100 ppm 3 to 100 ppm 5 to 100 ppm (optional filter) 1% CV for 20 consective samples sing 10 ppm, set to read 100 Nominal 1.00 V for a reading of kg Loss-on-Ignition EN196-2, EN459-2 The Loss-on-Ignition of Cement and Bilding Lime can be determined sing a Mffle Frnace to oxidize the sample in air at 975 ± 25ºC. Mffle Frnace see Laboratory Eqipment Section Crcibles see Laboratory Eqipment Section EL /01 ELE Flame Photometer for V AC, Hz, 1 ph. 90 Special Note: The Flame Photometer reqires a sorce of moistre-free air at 6 litres/minte at a pressre of 1 kg/cm 2. It also reqires a fel sorce for the flame and a reglator (see accessories). Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k

3 38 Cement - Fineness Fineness The fineness of cement is a property that mst be careflly controlled dring the manfactring process. The total specific srface of the cement represents the srface area available for hydration. Varios methods are in se to measre the specific srface of cements. For most prposes air permeability methods prodce accrate, repeatable reslts. Determination of Fineness Blaine Apparats EN 196-6, 459-2, ; BS ; ASTM C204 This method has been adopted in Erope as the definitive means of determining the fineness of cement and other powder materials. The system is spplied complete with stainless steel cell, perforated disc and plnger, manometer U-tbe, aspirator, bottle of manometer liqid and a box of filter papers. EL Blaine Air Permeability Apparats. Weight 2.8 kg. Accessories EL Manometer Liqid (Dibtylphthalate). 500 ml bottle. EL Reference Cement. 10 g sachet. EL Filter Papers mm diameter. Box of 100. EL Blaine Air Permeability Apparats Spares EL /10 Manometer U-tbe EL /15 Blaine Air Permeability Cell. Stainless steel with a perforated disc and plnger. Specific Gravity (relative density) of Hydralic Cement EN 196-6, ASTM C188; AASHTO T133 It is necessary to know the specific gravity of cement for varios reasons related to its qality and se. In particlar it will be necessary to determine the specific gravity as part of the determination of the specific srface of a cement. The ELE Le Chatelier Flask is a high specification nit that is individally calibrated and spplied with calibration certificate. EL Le Chatelier Flask for determining the density of hydralic cement and lime, spplied complete with calibration certificate. Capacity 250 ml. Gradated from 0 to 1 ml and from 18 to 24 ml gradations. Accrate to 0.05 ml. Weight 0.5 kg. EL Le Chatelier Flask 91 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

4 38 Cement - Consistence Setting Time, Workability and Flow Consistence Setting Time, Workability and Flow Determination of setting time and sondness of cement reqires the se of a neat cement paste of standard consistence. The Vicat method is sally specified as the test sed to determine the water content which will prodce the desired consistence. Vicat Method EN 196-3, ; ASTM C187, C191 This procedre is sed to determine the qantity of water reqired to prodce a cement paste of standard consistence. EL Vicat Frame complete with consistency plnger, 10 mm diameter. Reqires one initial or final set needle to make p test weight to 300 g. Weight 1.3 kg. Accessories EL comprising 1 x EN Initial Set Needle1.13 mm diameter and 1 x EN Final Set Needle 1.13 mm diameter with special footing. Weight 18 g. EL ASTM Initial Set Needle. 1 mm diameter. Weight 9 g. EL Vicat Mold manfactred from brass and spplied complete with a ring and glass base plate. Weight 800 g. EL EN Vicat Mold manfactred from a hard rbber compond and spplied complete with a glass base plate. Weight 500 g. EL ASTM Vicat Mold manfactred from non-absorbent plastic and spplied complete with a glass base plate. Weight 200 g. Spare EL /10 Consistency Plnger Atomatic Vicat EN 196-3, ; ASTM C187, C191 The Atomatic Vicat Apparats exectes the test program sing a flly atomatic test cycle. The integral LCD display indicates test progress in real time. Firmware in the nit enables p to five ser test profiles to be established. Integrated on-board memory will store p to 50 complete tests. On completion of the test the integral printer atomatically prints all test data inclding a graph penetration with related data. As standard, the nit incldes an RS232 serial port for connection to PC which, when sed in conjnction with the spplied software, enables sers to manage test data inclding graphing and report generation. The timed cycle of events is operator-selectable and penetrations can be selectable at intervals of 30 seconds, 1, 5, 15 or 30 mintes. EL /01 Atomatic Vicat Apparats complete with EN and ASTM Initial and Final needles, Consistency Plnger, Windows software and RS232 cable, 1 x EN and ASTM Mold and Glass Plate. Sitable for continos se in satrated hmidity, at a controlled temperatre of 20 C ± 1 C. Weight 13 kg. For V AC, Hz, 1 ph. Accessories EL /12 Needle Cleaning Device EL /14 Printer Paper Rolls. Pack of 10. EL /15 Mold Tank for testing samples nder water as per EN 196-3, for se in temperatre controlled laboratories. Spares EL /16 Consistency Plnger EL comprising 1 x EN Initial Set Needle, 1.13 mm dia and 1 x EN Final Set Needle, 1.13 mm dia. EL comprising 1 x ASTM Initial Set Needle, 1 mm dia and 1 x ASTM Final Set Needle 1 mm dia. Molds see EL , EL or EL EL Vicat Frame EL /01 Atomatic Vicat Apparats 92 Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k

5 38 Cement - Consistence Setting Time, Workability and Flow Concrete Mortar Penetrometer The Concrete Mortar Penetrometer is sed for field and laboratory evalations of the initial set of concrete mortars. The test involves inserting the penetrometer shaft to a depth of 25.4 mm at constant rate and time interval. The resistance in lbf/in 2 is shown on the penetrometer s direct-reading scale. Specification Dimensions 19 x 178 mm (diameter x length) Shaft needle Steel, 1/20 in 2 srface area Range 0 to 700 lbf/in 2 Scale Direct-reading, indicator sleeve holds reading ntil released Weight 227 g EL Pocket Concrete Penetrometer spplied complete with belt-loop, canvas carrying case. Flow and Workability of Mortar and Lime To perform this test, a sample is placed on a metal srface which is then raised and dropped throgh a known height. Flow of Mortars and Hydralic Cement BS , ; ASTM C230 EL Flow Table manfactred from cast bronze as specified in BS and ASTM C230. Complete with Tripod and Baseplate. Weight 25 kg. EL Flow Mold manfactred from bronze as specified in BS and ASTM. Weight 900 g. EL ASTM Calipers for measring the diameter of the sample. Weight 450 g. EL /01 Motorising Unit for se with EL Operates the cam at a speed of 100 rpm. For V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. Weight 5 kg. EL Plastic Tamper EL Pocket Concrete Penetrometer EL Flow Table 93 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

6 38 Cement - Sondness Sondness The sondness of cement and hydrated lime is of particlar importance. It is essential that once hardened the paste does not ndergo a large change in volme. The sondness of cements and limes can be determined by an expansion test sing Le Chatelier Molds. The method of cring lime differs from that of cements, lime being cred in a steam tank and cements in a water bath. The ASTM method ses a high-pressre steam vessel (Atoclave) to cre the specimens. General Expansion of Dry Hydrated Lime by the Le Chatelier Method; BS 6463; EN 196-3, EL Le Chatelier Mold comprising a split cylinder fitted with two indicator stems. The mold is spplied complete with two glass plates and a weight 100 g ±10 g. Three molds reqired for each test. Weight 900 g. EL Extensibility of Mold Apparats. Conforms to BS The nit comprises a metal sleeve with a hook and set screw to fit over one of the mold pointers, and a clamp to fit onto the other pointer of the mold. Spplied complete with one weight 100 g ±1 g. EL Extensibility of Mold Apparats. Conforms to EN196-3, The nit comprises a metal sleeve with a hook and set screw to fit over one of the mold pointers, and a clamp to fit onto the other pointer of the mold. Spplied complete with one weight 300 g ±1 g. EL Tamping Rod. 17 mm end diameter. Weight 70 g. Sondness of Cement Paste by the Le Chatelier Method EN 196-3, Le Chatelier Mold see EL EL /01 Le Chatelier Water Bath manfactred from corrosion resistant material, complete with a removable rack to hold p to twelve molds and timer nit. Weight 5.4 kg. For V AC, Hz, 1 ph. EL /01 Le Chatelier Water Bath EL Le Chatelier Mold 94 Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k

7 38 Cement - Sondness Sondness of Portland Cement by the Atoclave Method ASTM C151 Specimens are cred in a high-pressre steam vessel and the change in specimen length is determined sing Drying, Shrinkage and Moistre Movement Apparats. The Atoclave provides high pressre steam cring of the specimens. The nit conforms to the reqirements of ASTM. Spplied complete with safety valve, pressre gage and thermostat controlled heater nit. Special Note: This nit draws a crrent of 20 amps. EL /01 Atoclave as specified. Weight 108 kg. For V AC, Hz, 1 ph. Spares EL /13 Lid Sealing Gasket Heat of Hydration of Cement BS 4550 The Heat of Hydration Apparats is manfactred to the reqirements specified in BS It comprises a Dewar flask, an internally lagged case, a constant speed electric stirrer, filler fnnel and a Beckman-type thermometer complete with reader. EL /01 Heat of Hydration Apparats. Weight 13 kg. For V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. Spares EL /10 Dewar Flask EL /12 Beckman Thermometer and Reader Glass. Range 6ºC ± 0.01ºC EL /13 Glass Paddle for Stirrer EL /01 Heat of Hydration Apparats EL /01 Atoclave 95 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

8 38 Cement - Air Content and Density Air Content Mortars are sed for a variety of prposes, the most common being as a bond between brick and blockwork. Both air content and density are important if drability and strength of mortar is to be adeqate. Specifications often reqire minimm levels of air content and density. The eqipment described enables standard tests to be performed on mortars and similar materials. Air Content of Mortar, Masonry Cement and Lime by the Pressre Method EN Direct reading of air content in percent Fine control test valves Positive sealing, qick release clamps Integral air pmp Heavy dty 0.75 litre container This Air Entrainment Meter is designed to satisfy the reqirements of a variety of EN and other Standards for testing mortars, limes and masonry cement. EL Air Entrainment Meter The nit incorporates a large pressre gage giving direct reading of air content in percent. EL Air Entrainment Meter litre capacity, complete with integral pmp. Weight 11 kg. 96 Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k

9 38 Cement - Fly Ash Fly Ash Fly Ash or Plverised Fel Ash (PFA) is a by-prodct of coal-fired power stations. It is a fine material with spherical particles. Uses inclde as an additive in composite cements, as a cementitios component in concrete and as a filler in certain types of asphalt. Varios test methods are specified in BS and EN Standards and inclde the determination of moistre content, water reqirement, strength, loss-on-ignition, initial setting time, and sondness. These tests are based on those described in BS EN196. A major reqirement for Fly Ash is consistency of fineness. Loss-on-Ignition EN 450 Fineness of Fly Ash (Wet Sieving) BS ; EN 451-2: ASTM C430 EL Spray Nozzle Apparats comprising a spray nozzle 17.5 mm ID with 17 holes as specified in EN 451, a vacm pressre gage, 160 kpa gradated at 5 kpa divisions and fittings to attach the apparats to a standard domestic water spply. Spplied withot sieve. Weight 2.1 kg. Accessory EL /12 45 µm Sieve. Stainless steel mesh, 50 mm internal diameter. This method is for cement specified in EN196-2 with an ignition time of 1 hor at 975ºC. Mffle Frnace see Laboratory Eqipment Section Activity Index EN 450 The activity index is the ratio (in percent) of the compressive strength of standard mortar prisms 40 x 40 x 160 mm, prepared with 75% reference cement and 25% fly ash, to standard mortar prisms prepared with reference cement alone. The eqipment reqired comprises that sed to prepare specimens and determine their compressive strength in accordance with EN Sondness EN450 The expansion of a cement/fly ash paste is determined sing the Le Chatelier method specified in EN EL Spray Nozzle Apparats 97 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

10 39 Cement - Mixing, Molding, Cring and Strength Mixing The reslts of strength testing of cement and other materials sch as Lime and Fly Ash are dependent on the method and the qality of eqipment sed. A standard system for strength testing is based on compressive strength of mortar prisms. In the USA, ASTM C109 and C190 are the definitive methods for determining compressive and tensile strength. The BS 4550 method sing either 70.7 mm or 100 mm cbes has been retained in the UK only for comparative prposes. EN196-1 is now the definitive method. The reslts of strength testing are dependent not only on method bt also on the qality and accracy of the testing machine sed to determine compressive or flexral strength. The correct mixing seqence and homogenity of mix is important if consistent, repeatable test reslts are to be obtained. Mixers shold be powerfl enogh to ensre that the motor s speed is not affected by the mix constitents and designed to ensre that the mixer action and blade does not break down individal sand particles and preferably provide atomatic mixing cycles. Atomatic/Manal 5 litre Nominal Capacity Mortar Mixer EN 196-1, 196-3, 413-2, 459-2, , , , , ISO 679, BS , , , Specification Dimensions (l x w x h) Speeds (rpm) Low High Rated power Bowl capacity Weight 530 x 350 x 580 mm Paddle 140 ± ± W 5 litres (approx) 54 kg Mixing Head 62 ± ± 10 EL /01 Atomatic/Manal 5 litre nominal capacity Mortar Mixer complete with bowl and paddle, Sand and Water dispensers. For V AC, Hz, 1 ph. Accessories EL Bowl Cover EL Scraper. Plastic 200 mm long. Pack of 5. Spares EL /10 Paddle. Stainless steel complies with EN 196. EL /11 Bowl. Stainless steel complies with EN litre capacity (approx). New Microprocessor control New mix program selector Complies with latest EN Standards pdate Choice of atomatic mixing cycles Sand and water dispenser spplied as standard This mixer is designed to mix mortars and cement pastes to the reqirements of the above Standards. The mixing paddle has a planetary motion and is driven by a motor with a microprocessor based speed and program controller. The mixer can be operated either in an atomatic or manal mode. When the mixer is sed in the manal mode, the two mixing speeds can be changed by means of a rocker switch, withot switching off the motor. In the atomatic mode any one of the preset mixing programs may be selected. EL /01 Atomatic/Manal 5 litre nominal capacity Mortar Mixer 98 Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k

11 39 Cement - Mixing, Molding, Cring and Strength Molding The sccessfl preparation and molding of prisms, cbes and briqettes is essential if sbseqent strength tests on the specimens are to be meaningfl. Molds shold be manfactred from material which is capable of retaining its form nder heavy sage. The eqipment detailed in this section has been designed and manfactred to meet the reqirements for molding laid down in the varios Standards. Molding of Prisms (40.1 x 40 x 160 mm) EN 196-1, 413-2, 459-2, , ,11, , ISO 679. BS , EL Three-gang Mold Two methods of molding and compaction are sed in the varios testing standards. The jolting table method is sally described as the reference method and a vibratory table method is permitted as an alternative. Jolting Table This machine consists of a mold table seated on a rotating cam driven at 60 revoltions per minte. The apparats is spplied with a remote mains switch box, incorporating a psh btton start/stop control, and atomatic stop control at end of test. EL /01 Jolting Table spplied withot molds. Weight 55 kg. For V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. EL Three-gang Mold for 40.1 x 40 x 160 mm mortar prisms. This mold is manfactred to a very high specification. Spplied with glass plate. Weight 12.2 kg. Spare EL /10 Glass Plate. Spare plate for prism molds. EL Feeding Hopper for EL Mold. EL Scraper. Doble-ended, sed for spreading and levelling mortar in mold. EL Mortar Sand. Graded pack for 3 prisms g pack. Molding of 70.7 mm Mortar Cbes BS 4550 EL /01 Jolting Table EL mm Cbe Mold manfactred from steel to dimensions specified in the relevant British Standard. Spplied complete with baseplate. Three molds reqired for each test. Weight 2.9 kg. EL Feeding Hopper 99 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

12 39 Cement - Mixing, Molding, Cring and Strength Molding of 50 mm and 100 mm Specimens BS ; ASTM C109 EL Three-gang Mold for 50 mm mortar cbes. Manfactred from cast iron with simple cbe release mechanism. Weight 6.5 kg. Specification Capacity Dimensions External Internal Temperatre range Flctation (better than) Variation (better than) Recorder Circlar chart type Temperatre Hmidity Rated power Nmber of shelves 10 Weight 320 litres 660 x 635 x 1745 mm 490 x 510 x 1275 mm +5.0 C to +60 C ± 0.2ºC ± 0.5ºC 7 day 0 50ºC 0 100% RH 850 Watt 151 kg EL /01 Hmidity Cabinet. For V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. EL Three-gang Mold Molding of Mortar Briqettes ASTM C307 Spare EL /10 Replacement Circlar Charts EL Briqette Mold manfactred to the dimensions in the relevant specification. Two part constrction, spplied complete with baseplate. Weight 1.3 kg. Cring Prior to testing, EN 196 reqires prisms to be cred for a period of at least 24 hors at 20 ±1ºC, 90% RH minimm. The prisms are then demolded and stored nder water for the reqired cring time, sally 48 hors, 72 hors, 7 and 28 days. Hmidity Cabinet EN , BS The Hmidity Cabinet is bilt to a high specification and is designed for the early cring of mortar prisms prior to storing nder water. The cabinet incorporates a circlar chart recorder to record temperatre and hmidity levels. Relative hmidity p to 98% RH is generated by air blowing across the srface of water or salt soltion. EL Hmidity Cabinet 100 Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k

13 39 Cement - Mixing, Molding, Cring and Strength Strength ADR-Ato 250/25 Compression Machine EN 196-1, 459-2, , , ; BS , , ASTM C kn maximm capacity Calibration accracy to BS EN ISO ; ASTM E4 Atomatic loading cycle 25 kn low capacity frame spplied as standard Tests a wide variety of specimen sizes Tests mortar, lime, cement and Fly Ash Complete with compression/flexral jigs and platen sets Spplied with Windows download software as standard The ADR-Ato 250/25 Machine provides consistent atomatic testing of a wide range of specimens. The machine comprises a standard ELE 250/25 kn load frame and ADR-Ato console and incorporates all the featres inclded in the ADR-Ato series concrete testing machines. Specifications Overall dimensions (l x w x h) 250 kn frame Max vertical clearance Max horizontal clearance Upper and lower platens 25 kn frame Max vertical clearance Max horizontal clearance Upper and lower platens Max ram travel Rated power Weight 520 x 850 x 1255 mm 230 mm 225 mm 150 mm diameter 230 mm 160 mm 150 mm diameter 15 mm 1600 W 450 kg Accessories Printer see EL /01 EL Set of distance pieces for testing samples 40 mm, 50 mm, 70.7 mm and 100 mm. Note: These items are reqired when testing above sample sizes NOT sing the compression jig. As standard the machine is spplied with platens fitted to the load frame, compression jig with 40 mm and 50mm/2 inch sqare platen sets and flexral jig for testing 40.1 x 40 x 160 mm prisms. The availability of the 25 kn low capacity load frame as standard extends the test capability of the machine for low strength compression or flexral testing. The atomatic loading cycle is controlled by a closedloop microprocessor hydralic system incorporated with the display in the ADR-Ato console attached to the load frame. A serial otpt port is bilt into the system, enabling test data to be stored in memory (p to 500 test reslts) for sbseqent downloading to PC or sitable printer. Micro-processor Control Specification Measrement kn, lbf or kgf - selectable. nits Accracy Better than ±1% over calibrated range Display Backlit LCD 105 x 31 mm (w x h) Maximm load Otpt Held ntil reset Serial RS 232C ADR-Ato 250/25 Compression Machine. 250/25 kn capacity, complete as specified. EL /01 for V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. EL /02 for 110 V AC, 60 Hz, 1 ph. EL /06 for V AC, 60 Hz, 1 ph. EL series Compression Machine 101 For 24/7 online ordering, payment & order tracking go to

14 39 Cement - Mixing, Molding, Cring and Strength 10 kn Flexral/Tensile Testing Machine EN196-1 This single lever machine is designed for flexral tests on 40.1 x 40 x 160 mm mortar prisms and tensile tests on mortar briqettes. The rate of applied loading for flexral testing is to EN Load is applied by a weight travelling along the beam at a constant rate, driven by a motor/gearbox. Readings are made by means of a crsor visible throgh a window in the moving weight. Failre of a specimen triggers a switch mechanism and brings the weight to a halt immediately. To prevent overloading, a sensor is incorporated in the weight and atomatically stops the machine at its maximm capacity of 10 kn. Spplied complete with flexral and tensile jaws. EL /01 10-kN Flexral/Tensile Testing Machine EL /01 10 kn Flexral/Tensile Testing Machine. Weight 50 kg. For V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. 102 Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ele@eleint.co.k