NOMS Co-financing Research & Statistics Team November 2013

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1 Report - RS01NE Assessing the Link between Qualifications & Occupations Identifying if certain types of qualification have led to certain types of employment, during the NOMS CFO programme in the North East NOMS CFO, 1100 Daresbury Park, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4HS Enquiries contact the CFO Helpdesk: NOMS Co-financing Research & Statistics Team November 2013 Tel: +44(0) Fax: +44(0) Marek Musiol Lead Manager (Research & Statistics) marek.musiol@noms.gsi.gov.uk Adam Bennett Research Statistician adam.bennett@noms.gsi.gov.uk

2 Copyright The material featured within this document is subject to Crown Copyright Protection unless otherwise indicated. The Crown Copyright Protected material may be re-used free of charge in any format or medium for research for non-commercial purposes, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to the material being re-used accurately and not used in a misleading context. Where any of the Crown Copyright material within this document is being republished or copied to others, the source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. Crown Copyright 2013 Disclaimer Any views or opinions expressed within this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the National Offender Management Service, the Ministry of Justice, HM Prison Service, the National Probation Service or the European Social Fund. Every effort has been made to ensure the material within this document is accurate. However, no responsibility is accepted by the National Offender Management Service, the Ministry of Justice, HM Prison Service, the National Probation Service or the European Social Fund for any errors, negligent, or misleading information held within this document or within any documents which it may reference.

3 Overview This is the first in a series of short statistical reports aimed at better understanding the nature of the participants worked with on the NOMS Cofinancing programme, and the mechanisms that help move them towards employment and reduce reoffending. For more information on this report, please contact the Research & Statistics team via the CFO Helpdesk. Data presented in this report is taken from CATS (Case Assessment & Tracking System), for the second round of the CFO programme through to October Analysis is restricted to those participants that started on the programme in the North East, attaining at least one qualification (including education/training hard outcomes) and went on to gain employment with a known occupation. The aim of this report is to identify links between the subject nature of qualifications achieved and the occupations that have been entered. For example, we may expect that those who gained qualifications relating to health & safety to go into higher risk occupations such as construction. In contrast, we may not expect a participant who has achieved qualifications in hair & beauty to go on to gain employment in engineering. Here we use statistical analysis to identify 'clusters' of qualifications and occupations. The qualifications in a given cluster are likely to lead to the occupations also assigned to that cluster, and less likely to lead to the occupations found in other clusters. This report highlights such clusters and describes in more detail the most prevalent clusters. By studying the identified clusters of qualifications and occupations, we gain insight into how certain qualifications lead to particular occupations. We are also able to identify qualifications that may be seen as irrelevant to the type of employment gained. This judgement however is subjective and left to the reader to determine. Results On the next page can be found an interactive high-resolution map of the links between qualifications and occupations. This map has been made 'zoomable', so that the detail can be seen as you zoom in while capturing the entire map on a single page. Each labelled marker represents either a qualification or occupation as entered on CATS. The thicker the link between them, the more participants have achieved both that qualification and occupation. Finally, the map is colour-coded to show the different clusters found. All of the qualifications and occupations with the same colour marker have been statistically determined to have a relationship between them. *Qualifications are presented as they are entered on CATS. As such, several spelling variations of the same qualification may be seen in the map overleaf. The decision not to 'merge' the same or similar qualifications into a standardised 'label' was both a practical and analytical one, ensuring we capture as much information about the mechanisms as possible.

4 Qual: CIEH Food Safety Level 2 Emp: Hairdressers and Related Services Qual: Certificate in Adult Numeracy Entry Level Emp: Other Administrative Occupations Qual: Access Certificate in HE Qual: health and safety touch screen Qual: C&G online basics entry level 3 Qual: HOLIDAY REP DIPLOMA ONLINE TRAINING Qual: C&G Applying for a Job Qual: Customer Care Qual: CORE SKILLS FOR VOLUNTEERS Qual: LEVEL 2 FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENE Qual: FITNESS INSTRUCTOR CYQ L2 Qual: EXTREME KETTLEBELL INSTRUCTOR Qual: ECDL ITQ2 Emp: Sales Assistants and Retail Cashiers Qual: Adult Literacy Qual: Volunteering Qual: HairdressingQual: Key Skills Maths Entry Level and Level 1 Qual: City and Guilds Get Into Hospitality Qual: KEY SKILLS ENGLISH Entry Level & Level 1 Emp: Elementary Process Plant Occupations Qual: Word Processing Emp: Sports and Fitness Occupations Qual: CCNSG Site Safety Passport Qual: BTEC Diploma in Professional Competence for IT and Telecomms Qual: CCNSG SITE SAFETY PASSPORT Qual: Advanced Plastering Qual: CONFINED SPACES Qual: OCN Level 2 Core Skills for Volunteers Qual: SCISSOR LIFT & BOOM Qual: CCSNG Safety Passport Qual: Level 2 City and Guilds 3667 Installation Qual: btec level 2 warehousing and storage principles Emp: Sales Related Occupations Qual: ITQ Level 1 Qual: Further Offshore Emergency Training Qual: Hospitality & Catering Qual: BCS LEVEL 1 AWARD IN IT USER SKILLS Qual: Certificate in English Level 2 Emp: Electrical and Electronic Trades Qual: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS INSTALLATION Emp: Building Finishing Trades Qual: NPTC Horticulture Qual: RTITB FLT Counterbalance and Reach Qual: Get Started with football Qual: Fitness Instructor Qual: A17C-TELEHANDLER ALL SIZES-360 Qual: NOCN SLEW Preparing for Work Qual: Food Hygiene Qual: CONFINED SPACE SAFE ACCESS TRAINING Qual: Plumbing Qual: BASIC OFFSHORE Qual: SAFETY SURVIVAL PASSPORT REFRESHER Qual: ADVANCED WORKING AT HEIGHTS Qual: CORE SKILLS FOR VOLUNTEERS-LEVEL 2 Qual: Core Skills Qual: for FORKLIFT Volunteers TRUCK - OCN TELESCOPIC Level 2 HANDLER THEORY & PRACTICAL Qual: GWO Working at Heights Qual: Food Hygeiene Qual: CITY AND GUILDS WAREHOUSING AND EMPLOYABILITY/FLT Qual: CCNSG SAFETY PASSPORT COURSE Emp: Housekeeping and Related Services Qual: Foundation Food Safety Qual: LEVEL 1 CERTIFICATE IN MATHEMATICS SKILLS Qual: LEVEL 2 FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENE FOR CATERING Qual: OPITO RIGGER STAGE 3 Qual: Food Safety level 2 Qual: MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORMS VERTICAL AND BOOM Qual: PASMA TRAINING Qual: CCNSG CARD Qual: edi LEVEL 2 WALL AND FLOOR TILING Qual: CONFINED SPACE COURSE Emp: Other Elementary Services Occupations Qual: CONFINED SPACE TRAINING Qual: FLT Qual: CITB BASIC PART 1 SCAFFOLDING Qual: NEW ASBESTOS OPERATIVE Qual: Level 2 Certificate in Welding Skills Qual: BASISVEILIGHEID VCA Qual: LITERACY LEVEL 2 Qual: PASMA Qual: FOUNDATION FOOD SAFETY Qual: City and Guilds Applying for a Job Qual: SITE SAFETY PASSPORT CCNSG Qual: Banksman and Slinger Qual: Minimum Industry Sfaety training Qual: Employability and Personal Development Qual: IRATA ROPE ACCESS LEVEL 1 Qual: Mutually recognised Basic Safety Training Qual: CCNSG SSP Emp: Protective Service Occupations Qual: site safety passport Qual: Plant Machinery Qual: BTEC LEVEL 2 PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE FOR IT AND TELECOMS PROFESSIONALS Qual: Confined Space Qual: Site Safety Passport refresher Qual: NRSWA - Street Works City and Guilds Qual: Numeracy Qual: C& G 7546 APPLYIONG FOR A JOB Emp: Other Skilled Trades Qual: Core Skills for Volunteers Level 2 Qual: LEVEL 2 BTEC WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE PRINCIPLES Qual: Preparation for work Level 1 Qual: City and Guilds Warehousing & Storage Qual: WELDER QUALIFICATION TEST CERTIFICATE Qual: BPEC Certification in Gas Fitting Qual: IPAF Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (Mobile Vertical and Boom) Qual: CARPENTRY COURSE Qual: NCFE LITERACY & NUMERACY Qual: WAREHOUSING Qual: City & Guilds Employability Award Qual: FORKLIFT TRAINING COURSE-COUNTERBALANCE AND REACH Qual: FORK LIFT TRUCK COUNTERBALANCE AND REACH Qual: Renewable Energy Course Qual: EDI WALL AND FLOOR TILING LEVEL 2 Qual: Adult Numeracy Qual: CONSTRUCTION PLANT COMPETENCE SCHEME Emp: Elementary Security Occupations Qual: C&G Functional Skills Mathematics Level 1 Qual: C&G 7546 Applying for a job. Qual: English skills Level 2 Qual: Asbestos Operative Qual: PRINCES TRUST GET STARTED NEWCASTLE UNITED FOUNDATION Qual: City & Guilds Hairdressing Emp: Metal Forming, Welding and Related Trades Emp: Engineering Professionals Qual: Scaffolding Part 1 Qual: CONSTRUCTION SITE OPERATIVE Emp: Food Preparation and Hospitality Trades Qual: MIST Qual: BASIC OFFSHORE SAFETY INDUCTION AND EMERGENCY TRAINING INCLUDING EBS Qual: FLT COUNTERBALANCE & REACH Emp: Elementary Cleaning Occupations Qual: Basic Skills Qual: Business Admin Qual: level HABC 2 BASIC FOOD HYGIENE Qual: ESOL Level 1 and Qual: Level GCSE 2 English & Maths Qual: COUNTERBALANCE CSCS Site Safety AND REACH FORK LIFT TRUCK LICENCE Emp: Elementary Construction Occupations Emp: Mobile Machine Drivers and Operatives Qual: ITQ Level 2 Qual: Entry Level 3 Adult Literacy Qual: City & Guilds 7546 Applying for a Job Qual: CAD Level 3 Qual: IRATA Rope Access Level 1 Qual: 2 Day Site safety Passport Training Qual: BOSIET Emp: Managers and Proprietors in Other Services Qual: Construction Site Operative Qual: IRATA ROPE ACCESS Qual: First Aid Qual: IPAF Emp: Agricultural and Related Trades Qual: CITY & GUILDS APPLYING FOR A JOB Qual: Construction Industry Scaffolders Record Scheme Qual: Category B Asbestos Training CourseQual: C&G MATHS LEVEL 2 Qual: 2 day Site Safety Passport Training Qual: CITB Basic part 2 Scaffoloders Qual: Certificate of Competence of Demolition Operative Qual: Asbestos New Operative Qual: Warehousing & Distribution Qual: Employability Skills Programme Qual: 2 day Site safety Passport Qual: ASBESTOS NEW OPERATIVE COURSE Qual: Construction Qual: ASBESTOS NEW SUPERVISOR Emp: Construction and Building Trades Supervisors Qual: Site Safety Passport Qual: CSCS Qual: FOOD SAFETY CERTIFICATE Qual: Telescopic Handler - CPCS Qual: CISRS Scaffolding Qual: Part TELESCOPIC 1 FORK LIFT Qual: Food Safety LEvel 2 Qual: Fork Lift Truck Qual: McDonalds Routeway delivered by working links Qual: FOOD SAFETY Qual: LEVEL 2 AWARD IN FOOD SAFETY FOR MANUFACTURING Qual: FOOD SAFETY LEVEL 2 Emp: Elementary Storage Occupations Qual: CPCS Qual: Site Safety Qual: FLT COUNTERBALANCE Emp: Health Associate Professionals Qual: ITSSAR FLT Reach Qual: FORKLIFT TRUCK TRAINING Qual: PTS Personal Track Safety Qual: Level 2 C&G 3667 Installation Qual: Reach Truck FLT Qual: C&G 7546 APPLYING FOR Qual: A JOB Offshore Survival Qual: OPITO Rigger Competence Stage 3 Emp: Construction Operatives Qual: SITE SAFETY PASSPORT Qual: level 2 award in working in low risk confined Qual: spaces IPAF 3A and 3B Qual: HABC FOUNDATION FOOD HYGIENE Qual: standby fireman and fire safety Qual: safety passport Qual: Applying for a Job Level 1 Qual: HABC FOUNDATION FOOD SAFETY Qual: Applying for a job Qual: 360 Degree Digger/Dumper Emp: Construction and Building Trades Qual: CSCS CARD Emp: Customer Service Occupations Qual: SAGE 50 ACCOUNTS 2011 Qual: Asbestos Operative Refresher Training Qual: RENEWABLE ENERGY SKILLS PROGRAMME Qual: Asbestos Supervisor Qual: Refresher PCV DRIVING TEST Emp: Process Operatives Qual: level 2 fitness instructing Qual: CITY AND GUILD WAREHOUSING/EMPLOYABILITY Qual: City & Guilds Entry Level English Qual: SCAFFOLDING PART 2 CISRS Qual: 2 Day Site Safety Passport Qual: 2 Day Site safety Passport Qual: WAREHOUSING AND EMPLOYABILITY Qual: C&G 7546 Applying for a Job Qual: Asbestos Removal Qual: COUNTERBALANCE RTITB Qual: City & Guilds Level 1 in Work based Horse care Qual: ASBESTOS NEW OPERATIVE TRAINING Qual: Edexcel Level 1 in Warehouse & LTSSAR Forklift Certificate Qual: Site Safety Passport Refresher Qual: Part 1 Scaffolding Qual: ITSSAR REACH TRUCK Qual: Confined space Qual: ASBESTOS AWARENESS Qual: LEVEL 2 PAINTING AND DECORATING COURSE Qual: Rigger Training Stage 1 Qual: MINIMUM INDUSTRY SAFETY TRAINING Qual: Counterbalance & Reach Qual: FLT BANKSMAN AND SLINGER TRAINING STAGE 1 Qual: ASBESTOS AWARENESS TRAINING COURSE Qual: Level 2 BTEC Certificate in Warehousing and Storage Principles Qual: Asbestos New Operative Training Qual: Emploability and Personal Developement Qual: BASIC FORK LIFT TRUCK OPERATORS COURSE Qual: NCFE CUSTOMER SERVICE LEVEL 2 Qual: IT Qual: Applying for a Job C&G Qual: BTEC ITQ LEVEL 1 Qual: CITB Scaffolding Part 1 Qual: FORK LIFT TRUCK COUNTERBALANCE Qual: Construction sklls Certification Scheme Qual: ITSSAR FLT Qual: BTEC 2 WAREHOUSIG AND STORGAE PRINCIPLES. Qual: Driving Lessons Qual: Asbestos and Demolition Awareness Qual: Asbestos Operatives refresher Course Qual: Streetworks Excavation and Reinstatement Qual: SCAFFOLDING PART 1 Qual: Health and Safety Qual: NVQ Level 2 Plastering Qual: Construction Site Construction Qual: Asbestos New Operative Course Qual: CUSTOMER SERVICE Qual: BTEC LEVEL 2 CERT IN WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE PRINCIPLES. Qual: Construction site operative Qual: FORKLIFT COUNTERBALANCE Qual: city & guilds numeracy entry level Qual: Level 2 BTEC Dip Telecomms Qual: ADR DRIVER TRAINING CERTIFICATE Qual: Plastering Qual: Basic Offhore Qual: Applying for Job Qual: CISRS CARD PART 1 Qual: 10 day Scaffolding Part 1 Qual: FOOD SAFETY CERTIFCATE Qual: EAL Level 2 NVQ Diploma in Performing Engineering Operations Qual: FOUNDATION FOOD HYGIENE Qual: EDI TILING Qual: MInimum Industry safety Training Qual: Electrical Qual: Safety Training for Qual: the Norweigan BTEC Warehousing sector + Storage Level 2 Qual: ADDITIONAL BASIC SAFETY TRAINING FOR THE NORWEGIAN SECTOR Qual: MEWP Qual: Basic Offshore Survival Qual: Asbestos Operative Refresher Qual: CONSTRUTION SITE OPERATIVE Qual: FORK LIFT COUNTERBALANCE COURSE Qual: PAT TESTING Qual: CPC Qual: Renewable Energy Skills Programme Qual: FLT counterbalance Qual: OPITO MIST Qual: BASIC OFFSHORE INDUCTION AND EMERGENCY TRAINING Qual: Scaffolding part 1 Qual: New Operative Course Qual: applying for a job C & G Qual: construction site operative Qual: Food Safety Level 2 Qual: ASBESTOS NEW OPERATIVE Qual: BASIC CONSTRUCTION SKILLS Qual: Scaffolding part 2 Qual: FLT Reach & Counterbalance Qual: EDI PLASTERING Qual: Customer Service Qual: C&g APPLYING FOR A JOB Qual: Fork Lift Training Qual: LGV Cat C Driver Training Qual: ADR Qual: BCS Level 1 Award in IT Users Skills Qual: FLT Warehouse & Storage Qual: FORKLIFT TRAINING COUNTERBALANCE COURSE Qual: Adult Literacy Level 2 Qual: CPCS trained operator card Qual: FLT Counterbalance Qual: Construction Skills Certification Scheme Qual: CISRS SCAFFOLDING PART 1 Qual: Award in Employability Qual: RIGGER TRAINING STAGE 1 Qual: Asbestos Operative Refresher Qual: Medium Risk Confined Spaces Emp: Transport Associate Professionals Qual: SSP Qual: CPCS - A17C Telescopic Handler Emp: Plant and Machine Operatives Qual: CPCS Excavator Emp: Assemblers and Routine Operatives Qual: Fork Lift Counter Balance and Reach Qual: FORK LIFT TRUCK COUNTER BALANCE Qual: Numeracy level 1 Qual: LEVEL 2 BTEC WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE Qual: INTRODUCTION TO CUSTOMER SERVICE Qual: FOOD SAFETY HYGIENE Qual: TOW TRACTOR Qual: WELDING INSPECTION 1 Qual: FLT-COUNTERBALANCE Qual: Certificate in Mathematics Skills (QCF) Level 1 (C&G) Qual: ECITB Site Safety Passport Qual: Level 2 in Pesticide Operations Qual: ADR Licence Qual: FLT REACH & COUNTERBALANCE Qual: ITSSAR Qual: Counterbalance FLT Qual: LEVEL2 AWARD IN FOOD SAFETY FOR MANUFACTURING Qual: Certificate in Adult Literacy Entry Level Qual: BTEC LEVEL 2 WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE PRINCIPLES Qual: Banksman and slinger Training Qual: City and Guilds Warehousing and Storage Qual: Certificate in adult numeracy entry level Emp: Vehicle Trades Qual: Level 2 Award in Counselling Skills Qual: Driver Training Emp: Health Professionals Qual: HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE LEVEL 2 Qual: LGV Cat C Emp: Road Transport Drivers Qual: LGV CATEGORY C Qual: Forward Tipping Dumper Qual: Site safety passport Qual: Site safey Passport Qual: Counterbalance and Reach FLT Qual: LGV Cat C Driving Test Qual: Combined Slinger and Rigger Training Emp: Other Drivers and Transport Operatives Qual: Certificate in Recruitment Practice Emp: Financial Institution Managers and Directors Qual: Driver CPC LGV Qual: Counterbalance Lift Truck Qual: PCV D1 Qual: FLT Reach Qual: RTITB Counterbalance Refresher Training Qual: Site operative Qual: IATP Asbestos Awareness Qual: Counter Balance and Reach Qual: Driver CPC Qual: NTDD Demolition Safety Awareness Qual: CPCS - Dozer training

5 Identified qualification/occupation clusters Below are the five most prevalent qualification/occupation clusters identified in this analysis. Each table relates to a specific cluster, detailing the occupations and qualifications it contains. For brevity, these tables are limited to the top 10 most commonly claimed outcomes where applicable. Please note that the figures in these tables are the number of participants that have achieved that qualification/occupation, and is limited to those participants who have been included in this analysis - participants who have gained both at least one qualification and employment with a known occupation. Percentages in each table will not necessarily sum to 100%. Finally, consideration should be given to the limitations of the data below. Many occupations and qualifications are only achieved by a very small number of participants (often only a single individual). For example, looking at the first cluster (Construction, Building & Engineering) only four participants gained training in Confined Spaces. Although we can be confident that these individuals belong to this cluster in this instance, it should not be inferred that Confined Spaces Training always leads to the types of occupations in this cluster. As the number of participants gaining an occupation/qualification increases, the more confident we can be that the occupation/qualification belongs to the cluster. A: Construction, Building & Engineering* Construction and Building Trades % CSCS % Engineering Professionals 38 18% Site Safety Passport 40 13% Sports and Fitness Occupations 5 2% Scaffolding 19 6% Managers and Proprietors 3 1% Applying For A Job 18 6% Construction 16 5% Asbestos Awareness 15 5% Rope Access 6 2% FLT 5 2% First Aid 4 1% Confined Spaces 4 1% B: Process Operatives Process Operatives % Site Safety Passport 28 17% Plant and Machine Operatives 16 11% FLT 28 17% Mobile Machine Drivers and Operatives 5 3% Construction 23 14% Agricultural and Related Trades 3 2% Food Hygiene/Safety 21 12% Health Associate Professionals 1 1% Scaffolding 7 4% Asbestos Awareness 7 4% Customer Service 7 4% Employability Skills 5 3% Applying For A Job 5 3% Warehousing 5 3%

6 C: Construction (ii)* Construction and Building Trades 36 30% Site Safety Passport 21 16% Construction Operatives 36 30% MIST 12 9% Other Skilled Trades 35 29% Asbestos Awareness 12 9% Electrical and Electronic Trades 7 6% BOSIET 10 8% Protective Service Occupations 3 3% Food Safety/Hygiene 10 8% Metal Forming, Welding and Related 2 2% Rope Access 8 6% Offshore Safety/Survival 6 5% 360 Degree Digger/Dumper 5 4% Scaffolding 5 4% Rigger Training 4 3% D: Elementary Services & Cleaning Elementary Services Occupations 57 45% Construction 20 16% Elementary Cleaning Occupations 39 31% Food Safety/Hygiene 16 13% Sales Assistants and Retail Cashiers 16 13% IT 11 9% Housekeeping and Related Services 7 6% Adult Literacy/Numeracy 10 8% Elementary Process Plant 4 3% PASMA 8 7% Hairdressers and Related Services 2 2% Scaffolding 7 6% Elementary Security Occupations 1 1% Core Skills for Volunteers 7 6% Confined Spaces 7 6% Warehousing & Distribution 6 5% Applying For A Job 5 4% E: Food & Hospitality Food Preparation and Hospitality 42 61% Food Safety/Hygiene 30 39% Sales Related Occupations 15 22% Core Skills For Volunteers 8 10% Building Finishing Trades 8 12% Adult Literacy/Numeracy 7 9% Other Administrative Occupations 4 6% Warehousing & Storage 4 5% CAD 3 4% Hospitality & Catering 3 4% Applying For A Job 3 4% Hairdressing 2 3% FLT 2 3% Access Certificate in HE 2 3% *There are two clusters here that appear to lead to construction and building trade type occupations. These two clusters have been determined as distinct from each other statistically, and we can see subtle variation between.

7 Describing the nature of participants found within each qualification/occupation cluster The table below details the demographic and assessment characteristics of the participants found in each of the five qualification/occupation clusters presented previously. Factor Construction, Building & Engineering Process Operatives Construction (ii) Elementary Services & Cleaning Food & Hospitality Demo: % Aged 50 or over 2.5% 6.1% 1.3% 3.8% 6.3% Demo: % Aged Under % 7.3% 7.4% 5.2% 5.6% Demo: % BAME 0.9% 2.2% 0.0% 0.5% 4.9% Demo: % Custody Starts 14.5% 17.2% 13.9% 14.8% 16.0% Demo: % Female 0.2% 1.3% 0.0% 11.4% 22.9% Assess: % Alcohol Need 20.5% 25.2% 20.0% 51.4% 37.5% Assess: % Attitude & Life Skills Need 74.1% 71.0% 62.2% 71.9% 85.4% Assess: % Drugs Need 22.8% 23.6% 10.4% 25.2% 26.4% Assess: % Education Need 92.4% 84.4% 94.3% 83.3% 84.7% Assess: % Financial Status Need 29.0% 33.1% 34.3% 31.9% 35.4% Assess: % Health Need 4.5% 15.0% 2.6% 32.9% 24.3% Assess: % Housing Need 19.2% 16.6% 21.7% 40.0% 34.7% Assess: % Relationships Need 11.6% 12.7% 0.9% 12.9% 11.8% Assess: % Low Motivation on Starting 37.3% 36.9% 34.8% 31.0% 29.9% Total Participants in Cluster Here we can see that the profile of the participants within each cluster varies somewhat. For example, those participants in the 'Construction (ii)' cluster are less likely to have issues with both drugs and relationships, while the 'Food & Hospitality' cluster contains a higher proportion of women than the other clusters.