Façades Principles of Construction

Transcription

1 Façades Principles of Construction

2 The following titles in the same series are under preparation: Components and Connections in Architecture Principles of Construction Maarten Meijs, Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann Klein Building Typologies in Architecture Principles of Construction Ulrich Knaack, Marcel Bilow, Tillmann Klein Materials in Architecture Principles of Construction Maarten Meijs, Ulrich Knaack, Marcel Bilow Prefabricated Systems Principles of Construction Ulrich Knaack, Reinhard Hasselbach, Sharon Chung-Klatte

3 Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann Klein, Marcel Bilow, Thomas Auer Façades Principles of Construction

4 We would like to thank Delft University of Technology for the financial support of this publication. We would also like to thank Ria Stein for her editorial guidance as well as the students Jean-Paul Willemse, Vincent van Sabben, Thijs Welman and Farhan Alibux for their help in generating the drawings. Layout and cover design: Oliver Kleinschmidt, Berlin Translation into English: Ursula Engelmann, Seattle Subject editors for the English edition: Thomas Schröpfer, Limin Hee, Cambridge, Mass. Lithography: Licht & Tiefe, Berlin Printing: Medialis, Berlin This book is also available in a German edition: ISBN Library of Congress Control Number: Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at < This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained Birkhäuser Verlag AG Basel Boston Berlin P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland Part of Springer Science+Business Media Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF Printed in Germany ISBN

5 Contents 7 1 Introduction 14 2 From Wall to Façade 14 Solid wall construction 14 Warm façade, cold façade 16 Openings in solid wall construction 18 Bridging the gap 19 Single glazing 20 Box window 21 Insulated glazing 22 Walls with skeletal structure 22 Half-timbered construction 23 Platform and balloon framing 24 Resolution of the wall into loadbearing structure and façade 25 Post-and-beam façade 26 Post façade 26 Beam façade 27 Curtain wall 28 System façade 29 Double façades 30 Second-skin façade 30 Box-window façade 31 Corridor façade 32 Shaft-box façade 33 Alternating façade 34 Integrated façade 36 3 Principles of Construction 37 Areas of construction 38 Façade bearing structures and load transfer 42 Grid and positioning of the façade within the building 44 Systems used in façade construction 45 Post-and-beam construction 46 Unit system façade 46 Designing with systems 47 Openings in façade constructions 47 Hardware 48 Windows 50 Assembly 52 4 Detailing and Tolerances 54 Building grid and positioning of components 56 Combination of functions 57 Detailing principles 57 Layering of details 58 Examples of detail development 59 Masonry cladding 59 Post-and-beam façade 60 Unit system façade 61 Parapet 62 Plinth unit 63 Joints 67 Tolerances

6 70 5 Climate and Energy 70 Façade as interface to the exterior 71 User comfort 71 Thermal requirements 72 Visual requirements 73 Hygienic requirements 73 Acoustic requirements 74 Regulating the comfort level with the façade 74 Ventilation 77 Heating 78 Cooling 80 Sun and glare protection 84 Light-directing systems 85 6 Adaptive Façades 85 Sun 86 Light 86 Heat 87 Greenhouse effect 87 History of adaptive façades 90 Collector façade 90 Trombe wall 91 Transparent heat insulation 92 Exhaust-air façade 93 Double façade 94 Box-window façade 95 Shaft-box façade 96 Corridor façade 98 Second-skin façade 100 Alternating façade 100 Integrated façade Case Studies Unit system façade: 102 Debitel Headquarters, Stuttgart Solid concrete façade: 106 Zollverein School of Management and Design, Essen Free-form metal façade: 110 Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Timber-frame structure with multiple cladding: 114 Hageneiland Housing, Ypenburg A Look Into the Future 120 The forces driving new developments 121 Materials and technology 121 Technology transfer 121 Nano coatings 121 Adhesive materials technology 122 Smart materials 124 Production and assembly 124 Free-form façades 125 Modular construction 125 Composite building materials 126 Generative manufacturing methods 127 Computer technology 128 Evaluation strategies 128 Façade functionality 129 Design tools 130 The integrated envelope Appendix 132 Authors 133 Selected Bibliography 134 Index 135 Illustration Credits