Wahyunto, Ai Dariah and Fahmuddin Agus. Soil Research Institute INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

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DISTRIBUTION, PROPERTIES, AND CARBON STOCK OF INDONESIAN PEATLAND Wahyunto, Ai Dariah and Fahmuddin Agus Wahyunto_wt@yahoo.co.

1 DISTRIBUTION, PROPERTIES, AND CARBON STOCK OF INDONESIAN PEATLAND Wahyunto, Ai Dariah and Fahmuddin Agus Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Soil Research Institute INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

PEATSOILS IN VARIOUS LANDUSE PEAT DECOMPOSITION IN VARIOUS LANDUSE PEATLAND

2 Outline : INTRODUCTION GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEATLAND A LOWLAND PEATS OF INDONESIA Extent and distribution, Below ground carbon stock BULK DENSITY OF PEATSOILS IN VARIOUS LANDUSE PEAT DECOMPOSITION IN VARIOUS LANDUSE PEATLAND UTILIZED PROBLEM ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY ON SOIL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES WITH LOW EMISSION ON PEATSOIL CARBON

3 INTRODUCTION Indonesian peatland 20.9 M ha (11.1% of Indon land areas), carbon stock 33,000 M ton to 55,000 M ton, and high emission rate upon clearing and drying Peatland have a great potential for carbon storage Peatland forests are under tremendous pressure from agric./ silviculture devolopment and logging. From 1985 to 2000 about 1.3% (260,000 ha) per year are deforested It is indicates a wide range a below ground carbon stock in peatland. Peat depth and the influence of mineral layer determine dominantly the carbon content. Planning the wise used of peatland with low carbon emission will be a challenge in the future Regional Dev.planning There is opportunity of compensation through REDD+ if the carbon stock in peatland could be conserved Paper describes: Indon carbon stock of peatland and its properties based on survey during

4 Source Of Peat Soil data were Used East Kalimantan: 46 Site, 174 soil samples data analysis West Kalimantan: 31 Site, 245 soil samples West Sumatra: 9 site, 39 soil samples Krueng Tripa Aceh, NAD: 15 sites, 94 soil samples total: 101 site --> 552 soil sample Lab analysis Peatland Map of Sumatra, Kalimantan

5 BD, C-Org, Carbon Density of peat soil depth increment by landuse/land cover -1 Peat Depth of Soil C-Org Bulk Carbon No. Observer Thickness Soil sample Landuse/ Peat Content Density Density Code (Cm) Analysis (cm) landcover Maturity (%) (gr/cm3) kg/m3 Nr. 9/I Sec Forest saprik Nr. 9/II fibrik Nr. 9/III fibrik Nr. 9/IV fibrik Nr. 9 (average) saprik Nr. 21/I Sec Forest hemik Nr. 21/II hemik Nr. 21/III fibrik Nr. 21/IV fibrik Nr. 21(Average) hemik Hs. 5/I Sec Forest fibrik Hs. 5/II fibrik Hs. 5/III fibrik Hs. 5/IV fibrik Hs. 5(Average) fibrik sec Hs. 11/I saprik forest/bush Hs. 11/II saprik Hs. 11/III fibrik Hs. 11(Average) Nr. 24/I Sec Forest saprik Nr. 24/II slash & burn saprik Nr. 24/III hemik Nr. 24/IV hemik Nr. 24(Average) saprik Nr. 12/I Sec.Forest/ hemik Nr. 12/II Sawah hemik Nr. 12/III fibrik Nr. 12/IV fibrik Nr. 12(Average) hemik sec Nr. 22/I saprik forest/bush Nr. 22/II sawah saprik Nr. 22/III fibrikik Nr. 22/IV fibrik Nr. 22(Average) saprik Hs. 6/I Sec Forest/ fibrik Hs. 6/II sawah fibrik Hs. 6/III fibrik Hs. 6/IV fibrik Hs. 6(Average) fibrik Nr. 28/I Sec Forest saprik Nr. 28/II dry field/ hemik Nr. 28/III palawija hemik Nr. 28/IV Nr. 28(Average) saprik

6 BD, C-Org, Carbon Density of peat soil depth increment by landuse/land d cover -2 Peat Depth of Soil C-Org Bulk Carbon No. Observer Thickness Soil sample Landuse/ Peat Content Density Density Code (Cm) Analysis (cm) landcover Maturity (%) (gr/cm3) kg/m3 Hs. 3/I shurb& bush fibrik Hs. 3/II fibrik Hs. 3/III fibrik Hs. 3/IV Hs. 3 (Average) fibrik WT. 4/I sec forest/ saprik WT. 4/II shurb& bush saprik WT. 4/III hemik WT. 4/IV hemik WT. 4/V No data WT. 4(Average) saprik WT. 7/I oil palm saprik WT. 7/II years saprik WT. 7/III saprik WT. 7/IV hemik WT 7(Average) saprik WT. 11/I Oil palm saprik WT. 11/II year saprik WT. 11/III hemik WT. 11/IV hemik WT. 11/V hemik No data WT11(Average) saprik WT. 1/I Oil palm saprik WT. 1/II Pesisir i slt saprik WT. 1/III saprik WT. 1/IV hemik WT.1(Average) saprik WT. 3/I Oil palm saprik WT. 3/II saprik WT. 3/III hemik WT. 3/IV hemik WT.3 (Average) saprik

7 C-Org CONTENT & BD by DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION No. Degree of Peat Bulk Density (g/cm3) C Org.Content (%) Decomposition Range Average Range Average A SUMATRA 1 Fibric Hemic Sapric B. Kalimantan-1 1 Fibric Hemic Sapric C. Kalimantan-2 1 Fibric Hemic Sapric

8 Bulk Density and C Org content by Various Landuse Landuse/ Number Peat Bulk C Org C density C Total Land cover of Thickness Density Content Kg/m3 Density C Stock Transect (cm) (g/cm3) (%) (t/ha/m) (t/ha) Sec.Forest Shurbs&Bushes Sawah/dryfield Oilpalm

9 INDICATED WETLAND DISTRIBUTION FOR INDONESIA Swampy land Peatlands (Source : Subagjo, 1998)

10 PEATLAND DISTRIBUTION FOR KALIMANTAN, SUMATRA AND PAPUA ISLANDS

11 PEATLAND IN INDONESIA Peat thickness Total Area No. Island/ Province <200 cm >200 cm of Peatland (ha) (ha) (ha) SUMATRA 1 Riau 1,611,055 2,432,546 4,043,601 2 South Sumatra 1,454,383 29,279 1,483,662 3 Jambi 387, , ,839 4 North Sumatra 302,908 22, ,295 5 Nanggroe Aceh D 202,794 71, ,041 6 West Sumatra 146,250 63, ,234 7 Lampung 87,567 87,567 8 Bengkulu 60,212 2,840 63,052 Total of Peatland 4,252,221, 2,952,070, 7,204,291, Percentage KALIMANTAN 1 West Kalimantan 1,211, ,024 1,729,980 2 Central Kalimantan 1,493,850, 1,513,765, 3,007,615, 3 South Kalimantan 234,919 2,031,789 2,266,708 4 East Kalimantan 377, , ,997 Total of Peatland 3,317,795 2,448,426 5,766,221 Percentage PAPUA 1 Papua 5,413,668 1,587,570 7,001,238 2 West Papua 844, , ,217 Total 6,258,110 1,717,345 7,975,455 Total of Peatland Grand Total of 13,828,126 7,117,841 20,945,967 Indonesia Peatland

PEATLAND BELOW GROUND CARBON STOCK FOR INDONESIA No. Island/ Province A. SUMATRA Below ground carbon stock (mill. ton) <200 cm >200 cm Total 1 Riau 1,891.77 12,713.27 14,605.04 2 South Sumatra 1,389.

82 9.72 30.54 Total of carbon stock 4,242.36 14,571.02 18,813.38 Percentage (%) 22.55 77.45 100.00 B. KALIMANTAN 1 West Kalimantan 1,290.26 2,334.93 3,625.19 2 Central Kalimantan 472.47 5,879.

12 PEATLAND BELOW GROUND CARBON STOCK FOR INDONESIA No. Island/ Province A. SUMATRA Below ground carbon stock (mill. ton) <200 cm >200 cm Total 1 Riau 1, , , South Sumatra 1, , Jambi , , North Sumatra Nanggroe Aceh D West Sumatra Lampung Bengkulu Total of carbon stock 4, , , Percentage (%) B. KALIMANTAN 1 West Kalimantan 1, , , Central Kalimantan , , South Kalimantan East Kalimantan , , Total of carbon stock 1, , , Percentage (%) C. PAPUA 1 Papua 1, , , West Papua , Total of carbon stock 1, , , Percentage (%) Grand Total (Indon) 7, , , Percentage (%)

13 Outline : INTRODUCTION GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEATLAND A LOWLAND PEATS OF INDONESIA Extent and distribution, Below ground carbon stock BULK DENSITY OF PEATSOILS IN VARIOUS LANDUSE PEAT DECOMPOSITION IN VARIOUS LANDUSE PEATLAND UTILIZED PROBLEM STRATEGY ON SOIL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES WITH LOW EMISSION ON PEATSOIL CARBON

14 SAPRISTS Peatsoil Carbon stock Vs type of landuse Type of landuse/ Peat depth C-Org content Bulk Denstity Carbon Density Carbon stock Land Cover (cm) (%) (gr cm-3) (kg m-3) t ha-1m-1 Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Sec forest-kaltim Sec forest-tripa Sec forest/slash-burn oil palm-1(nunukan) oil palm-2 (Kubu) Oilpalm-3 (Tripa) Rubber - Kubu Sec forest/ dry field Sec forest/ sawah Zea mays pineapple

15 HEMISTS Peatsoil Carbon stock Vs type of landuse Type of landuse/ Peat depth C-Org content Bulk Denstity Carbon Density Carbon stock Land Cover (cm) (%) (gr cm-3) (kg m-3) t ha-1m-1 Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Sec forest Sec forest-2 (Tripa) Sec forest/slash-burn Shurbs & bushes oil palm-1(tripa) oil palm-2 (Kubu) Rubber Sec forest/ sawah Zea mays pineapple

16 FIBRISTS Peatsoil Carbon stock Vs type of landuse Type of landuse/ Peat depth C-Org content Bulk Denstity Carbon Density Carbon stock Land Cover (cm) (%) (gr cm-3) (kg m-3) t ha-1m-1 Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Sec forest-kaltim Sec Forest- Tripa Sec forest/slash-burn oil palm-1(sumatra oil palm-2 (Kubu) Rubber Sec forest/ dry field Sec forest/ sawah Zea mays pineapple Vegetables

17 Peatland Utilized Problem Shallow peat (<3 m) marginally suitable for Agric. cultivation Thicker in peat, the lower potential for agric. Cultivation Highly decomposed peat (sapric) more fertile when compare to hemic and fibric peat (less decomposed) Agric. Dev in peatland : - required additional input/ capital - Output is generally lower compared to agric. development in mineral soil - considered the environmental aspect of peatland: (i) regulating water management in catchment areas (ii) storage carbon and maintaining biodiversity Agric.Ministry Decree No.14/2009, Pres.decree 32/1990 peatland >3 m should be conserved for env.protection

18 MINISTRIAL DECREE on Opening up Peatland for Development of Oil-palm Plantation (PERMENTAN No. 14/ Permentan/ P.L.110/2/2009) Pedoman Pemanfaatan Lahan Gambut untuk Budidaya Kelapa Sawit Director General for Estate Crops Agency For Agricultural Research and Development INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

19 Quartz-sand Substratum Restricted for the Development of New Oilpalm Plantation MAIN CONCESSION AREAS FOR OILPALM PLANTATION - Peat depth < 3 meters - Clayey Material substratum - Sapric, Hemic -Peat maturity

20 Alternative Strategy on Soil Management Technique With Low Emission i GHG -1 Reduce pressure of the opening farmland/ estate crops through conversion of peat forest Rehabilitation of un-utilized land/ idle land (bushes/shurbs) which has a great potential to increase carbon stock and able to increase people lives Intensification agric.on food crop farming system, small holder estate crops, livestock, improve fertilizer and cultivation system Land swamp at areas with other used for agric (APL landstatus) that having high carbon stock (>100 Mg C/ha) to the region of land that having low carbon stock (<35 Mg C/ha)

21 Alternative Strategy on Soil Management Techniques With Low Emission GHG -2 Improving management of peatland 1. The used peatland for palm oil expansion refer to Min. Agric Decree No. 14/2009 (Peatland thickness <3 m, sapric/hemic, avoid quartz sand and acid sulphate soil substratum) 2. Control burning peat (often occurred at farmland during land preparatation) 1 cm peat fires potentially ti causing the emission i about 5 Mg C/ha or 18 Mg CO2 eq/ha 3. Drainage arragement -Depth of drainage channel greatly affect CO2 emission through peat decomposition - Depth of drainage channel should be minimized to a degree not lower production - CO2 emission increases with the depth of drainage (9.1 Mg CO2 is emitted per ha/year for every 10 cm drainage depth (Hooijer et al., 2006) 4. Use Ameliorant -->potential reduce peatland emission

22 THANK YOU Terima kasih Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution, Properties, and Carbon Stock of Indonesian Peatland

H Distribution, Properties, and Carbon Stock of Indonesian Peatland 1) Wahyunto 1), Ai Dariah 2) and Fahmuddin Agus 2) Indonesian Center for Agricultural land Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture,