1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 50000

Transcription

1 Artificial areas Arable & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wets Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Turkey Land cover 2006 Overview of cover & change Landscape in Turkey is composed mainly by natural surfaces (5), dominated by transitional wood and shrubs, and agricultural areas (4) formed by both non-irrigated and irrigated arable, with natural vegetation and complex cultivation patterns. The percentage of change area on total area of the country is relatively low (0.08% a year). However, total area of change is considerably large (70000 ha a year). The most dynamic cover type is forested having the highest area turnover, followed by arable and artificial areas. Concerning the net change, artificial areas are on the top, followed by arable/crop and forested areas. In contrast, negative net change balance (total area decrease) is observed for semi-natural vegetation areas and pastures/mosaics. Besides the forest internal conversions (57%), agricultural conversions (with prevailing share of internal changes) are the main driver of cover change in Turkey (20%). Artificial sprawl, represented mostly by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures, is another significant driver of cover change in Turkish scape (1). Concerning the spatial distribution, highest density of changes is concentrated into surroundings of the Bosphorus (especially artificial take and changes of forested ) and into European part of Turkey. Izmir in western Turkey and Adana in southern part of the country are the other hotspots with high density of cover changes. Finally, there is also significant concentration of artificial sprawl in proximity of the capital city Ankara. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over almost two decades see Corine cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2000-CLC2006 data for Turkey: Land cover 2006 [% of total] Wetl. 0,4 % 16% Net change in cover [ha] Net change in cover [% of initial year 2000] % A rtificial areas A rable & permanent crops P astures & mosaics Forested Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare soils Wets Water bodies Summary balance table Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

2 lcf1 Urban management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural to lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes Turkey Land cover trends Annual cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] A rtificial areas A rable & permanent crops P as tures & mos aic s Forested A rtificial areas A rable & permanent crops P as tures & mos aic s Forested Semi-natural vegetation O pen s pac es / bare s oils Wets Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation O pen s pac es / bare s oils Wets Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual cover change [ha/year] Annual cover change as % of initial year 0.08% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 7348 Agricultural uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 5887 Net uptake of forests and semi-natural by as mean annual change [ha/year] 4136 Net conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 1346 Forest & other wood net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 1453 Dry semi-natural cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wets & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

3 Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 0.6 Turkey Artificial areas 3.8. Artif icial take [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development driven by construction Sprawl of artificial areas is moderate, driven mainly by construction (38%) and by extension of quarrying sites and mines (26%), together with industrial/commercial (18%) and residential sprawl (1) to a lesser extent. Mainly agricultural areas, with almost equal percentage of pastures/mosaics and arable have been taken by the artificial sprawl. Besides the take, there are multiple areas where recycling of developed urban take place was identified, represented by conversion of construction sites into residential, commercial/industrial and transport units. Spatially, artificial sprawl occurs close to the existing large cities. In particular, the highest density of changes is concentrated into surroundings of the Bosphorus, in the European part of Turkey, in Izmir and Adana and in proximity of the capital city Ankara Artif icial surf aces 2006 [% of total area] Artif icial take [ha/year] 6% % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

4 Nonirrigated arable Permanently irrigated Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. Agroforestry areas Non-irrigated arable Permanently irrigated Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. Agro-forestry areas -0.29% % % % 0.19% % 0.28% % 0.08% 0.0 Turkey Agriculture Intensification of, conversion to permanently irrigated Agricultural in Turkey is composed by arable (both non-irrigated and irrigated), followed by agricultural areas with natural vegetation and complex cultivation patterns. Pastures and mosaics have negative balance of net change in 2000/2006. In contrast, net change balance of arable is positive, which is caused by formation of permanently irrigated arable (mostly through conversion from non-irrigated arable ) and rice fields. Internal development of agricultural surfaces in Turkey in this period is characterized by intensification of agricultural use. The most significant internal flow is the conversion of non-irrigated arable areas to permanently irrigated. The other major flows are conversions from pasture to both non-irrigated and irrigated arable and crop and internal conversions of arable. Moreover, there is also significant area of agro-natural mosaics, which have been converted into continuous. The interaction between agricultural and other cover types is represented mostly by consumption of by artificial sprawl, mainly by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures. Besides, agricultural has been also consumed by water bodies creation. Formation of agricultural cover from natural surfaces has been driven mainly by intensive conversion from semi-natural (with more than ½ share of natural grasss) and wets to. Spatially changes are spread over intensive (low) regions Agricultural areas 2006 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] % % C onsumption of initial cover Formation of new cover 211 Non-irrigated arable 212 Permanently irrigated 213 Rice fields 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns Agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas 4

5 Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grass Moors and heath Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional wood Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual In marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grass Moors and heath Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional wood Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow In marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean % -0.57% % % % 2.57% % % 1.27% Turkey Forest & nature Forest & nature areas 2006 [% of total area] 4 29% 2 Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wets Water bodies Transitional wood/shrub creation over natural More than half of natural surfaces in Turkey consists of open space/bare soils and semi-natural vegetation areas. These cover types are represented mostly by sparsely vegetated areas and natural grasss. The rest of natural is composed of forested areas, with prevailing share of transitional wood. Beside forest internal conversions, the main flow in natural exchange is forest (mainly transitional wood/shrub) creation over natural grasss, restoration of burnt areas and to a lesser extent forest creation over sclerophyllous vegetation and sparsely vegetated areas. The other significant drivers of natural change are intensive consumption of natural grasss by arable (conversion of marginal ) and, in contrary, water bodies creation over agricultural Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] C onsumption of initial cover Formation of new cover Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

6 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of cover [% of total change area] 8% Wetl Formation of cover [% of total change area] Wetl. Seminat. 1 10% 17% 56% 57% A rtificial areas A rable & permanent crops P astures & mosaics Forested Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare soils Wets Water bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lc f8 lc f9 lc f1 lc f2 lc f3 lcf1 U rban management lcf2 U rban residential sprawl 1 lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lc f4 lcf4 A griculture internal conversions 1 lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural to lc f5 7% lc f6 Withdrawal of farming lc f7 lc f6 lcf7 Forests creation and management 57% lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple c aus es 6

7 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial take [% of total] O pen Water s pac es / bodies bare soils A rable Seminatural & permanent vegetation c rops 1 29% Fores ted 19% Formation by artificial take [% of total] C ont. Sport/ urban Dis c. leis ure fabric urban 0.1 % fabric Green 1 urban 0.1 % I ndus trial/ c ommer. 18% C ons truc t. 38% Road/rail network P ort areas 0.2 % P as tures & mos aic s 3 Dump s ites 0.2 % M ineral extrac tion 26% A irports Net f ormation of artif icial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

8 Agriculture LC consumed by [% of total] Water c. M in. extr. Salt mars h. 0,0 4 % I nl. Water b. mars h. 9% 9% Burnt ar. 0,3 % Spars ely areas 10% Beac h./ dunes / s and T rans. woodl./ s hrub Sc leroph. 0,5 % C ons truc t. Br.-leaved 0,4 % C onif. M ixed N atural gras s Formation of agricultural f rom non [% of total] C omplex c ultivation patterns A gric ulture with nat. 18% P as tures 7% O live groves 0.2 % Fruit N onirrigated arable 47% trees /berry plantations 0.3 % V ineyards % Rice fields P erm. irr Consumption of agricultural by non [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural from [% of total] A gric ulture with natural 2 C omplex c ultivation patterns 2 P as tures 1 O live groves N onirrigated arable 26% Fruit trees /berry plantations P erm. irrigated 1 Rice fields % V ineyards I nl. mars h T rans. woodl./ s hrub 321 0,2 % M ixed f. C onif. f. Br.-leaved Water c. Water b. 2 C ons tr. 28% Sport/ leis ure Dis c. urban I ndus trial/ fabric c ommer. 1 17% Road/rail network A irports M ineral extrac tion Dump 1 s ites 0.2 % Main annual conversions between and forests & semi-natural [ha/year] Mean annual conversion between arable and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural to Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow Conversion from wets to Withdrawal of farming with wood creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant wood creation 8

9 9.31. Mean annual internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable lcf451 Conversion from arable to vineyards and orchards lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural to lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wets to lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with wood creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant wood creation lcf452 Conversion from arable to olive groves lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable to permanent crops lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable and permanent crops lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

10 Forest & nature I ndus trial/ c ommer. A gric ulture with nat. 29% C omplex c ultivation patterns I nl. 2 mars h. Burnt ar. 0,2 % Spars l. ar. 10% Bare rock 0.1 % Beac h./ dunes / LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] M ineral Dis c. urb. Dump extrac tion fabric s ites 9% C ons truc t. P as tures Fruit / berry arable 9% Consumption of forest & nature P erm. irrigated 10% V ineyards by non-forest/nature [% of total] Salt mars h. 0,3 % s and T rans. woodl./ s hrub Sc leroph. Water b. 6% Sea/ oc ean N atural gras s 4 Br.-leaved C onif. f. 6% M ixed Br.-leaved Sea and Formation of f orest & nature oc ean 0.2 % Water bodies 7 f rom non-f orest /nature C onif. f. [% of total] M ixed f N at. gras s l. Water c. 0,4 % Sc leroph. Beac h./ dunes / s and Spars l. ar. Burnt ar. I nl. mars h Formation of non-forest/nature from forest & nature [% of total] P erm. irr. 1 C ompl. c ult. pat. P as tures O live gr. Fruit/berry 0,2 % Rice fields 0.5 % N on-irr. arable 26% A gri-nat. fabr. 0,2 % 10% C ont. urb. Sport/ leis ure C ons tr. 16% Dis c. urb. Green urban 0.1 % fabr. I nd./c om. Road/rail network P ort a. 0,2 % M in. extr. 19% Dump s ites 0.1 % Forested 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in wood & f orests consumption/formation [ha/year] T rans it. wood s hrub 38% 7% N onirrigated Broadleaved 20% Consumption of forest by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to Recent fellings and transitions M ixed 18% C onif. 2 Withdrawal of farming with wood creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional wood to forests Forest creation over wets 10

11 Dry semi-natural areas 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in dry semi-natural consumption/formation [ha/year] Spars ely areas 4 N atural gras s. 40% Consumption of dry semi-natural cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural cover to Bare roc k 10% Beac h./ dunes / s and Sc leroph. Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural Withdrawal of farming without wood creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wets & water 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in wets & water consumption/formation [ha/year] C oas tal lagoons I n mars hes 16% Salt mars hes Salines Consumption of wets by urban sprawl Conversion of wets to Forest creation and afforestation over wets Water bodies 7 Water c ours es 7% Withdrawal of farming without wood creation Net water bodies creation Net wets creation Mean annual conversions of forest & other wood [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with wood creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional wood to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional wood to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

12 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural to lcf523 Conversions from -nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant wood creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wets and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wets to lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant wood creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

13 13