1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 20000

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1 Land cover 2006 Overview of land cover & change Polish landscape is dominated by (63%) and forest (3). The situation is characterized by consumption of agricultural areas (with a predominant share of arable land and crops), forest land and artificial surfaces. Overall change dynamic of land cover, characterized by annual land cover change, slightly decreased compared to the period. The main source of this slow down is decrease of intensity of internal conversions. The land cover type with highest intensity of land cover development, shown by total turnover, is forested land, followed by agricultural surfaces and artificial areas. Concerning the net change of particular land cover types, forested land together with artificial areas and water bodies have positive balance, on the contrary, arable land/permanent crops is the land cover type with largest area consumed, followed by pastures and mosaics and by open spaces/bare soils, which is the land cover type with highest percentual consumption. The structure of land cover flows is similar to the period The main differences are within in the power of internal conversions and changes due to natural and multiple causes, witch have significantly lower intensity during. In contrast, the intensity of sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures and of withdrawal of farming increased compared to previous period. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over almost two decades see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2000-CLC2006 data for Poland: Land cover 2006 [% of total] Open Wetl. sp. 0,3% 0, 2% Seminat. 4% 0, 3 45% 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of init ial year 2000] % Artificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

2 Land cover trends comparison vs Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 0.10% 2.5. A nnual turnover of LC t ypes [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.10% 0.10% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by as mean annual change [ha/year] Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

3 Artificial areas 3.8. A rt if icial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % 0.27% Acceleration of commercial and industrial sprawl, highway construction The development of artificial surfaces in Poland during is characterized by increase of both total turnover of artificial land and land take rate compared with the period. However, net formation rate of artificial areas remains comparable to previous period. It is caused partially by increased intensity of recycling of developed urban land together with accelerated consumption of developed areas by or natural land cover, which occur beside the artificial land take. Similar to previous period, sprawl of mines and quarrying areas, construction and diffuse residential sprawl are the main drivers of artificial land take. However, after year 2000, the intensity of sprawls of transport networks (driven by highways construction), industrial or commercial units and sport and leisure facilities increased significantly and these flows became the other powerful drivers of land take in Poland. On the other hand, mostly agricultural landscape has been taken by artificial sprawl (85%), with prevailing share of arable land (67%), followed by forested land (3). Regarding the spatial distribution, artificial sprawl in Poland is concentrated into surroundings of major cities like Wroclaw, Gdansk, the capital city Warsaw, Poznan, Lodz, Katowice or Szczecin. Besides, there are apparent linear features shown on the map, which represent construction of new highways. Besides the land take, the other major driver, recycling of developed urban land occurs, consisting of conversion of construction sites into discontinuous urban fabric, industrial or commercial units and transportation networks. As mentioned before, there also occurs significant consumption of former artificial areas (mostly mineral extraction, dump or construction sites) by agricultural or natural land cover during the period A rtif icial surf aces 2006 [% of total area] A rt if icial land t ake [ha/year] 3% 9% 4% % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

4 Agriculture Agricultural land uptake by artificial sprawl and woodland creation The development of agricultural areas in Poland, which have a predominant share of arable land (more than 70%), has been characterized by withdrawal of internal agricultural conversions and by accelerated consumption of agricultural surfaces by artificial and forested land. All agricultural classes, with the only exception of fruit and berry plantations, have negative balance of net change. Compared to the previous period, prevailing consumption of arable land has significantly increasing intensity, in contrast, the intensity of pasture consumption decreased after year Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation and sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures (the intensity of both increased compared to ) remain the two main drivers of agricultural land consumption, followed by urban residential sprawl and water bodies creation. Mostly arable land, followed by pastures and with natural vegetation has been consumed by transitional woodland, water bodies or artificial areas in frame of these conversions. In contrast, there is a significant share of conversion from developed areas (mostly mineral extraction, dump and construction sites) to. Concerning the internal agricultural conversions, the situation is different to the period. During, the intensity of both formerly main internal flows (conversions between arable and pasture land) decreased significantly and the conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards became the most significant driver of internal change of agricultural areas A gricult ural areas 2006 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] 242 7% % % % 0.04% Non-irrigated arable land 100% Permanently irrigated land 4.28% -0.66% 0.22% -0.36% C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops 0.04% -0.05% Complex cult. patterns 0.18% -0.22% Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves 231 Pastures Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas Nonirrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agroforestry areas 4

5 Forest & nature Forest & nat ure areas 2006 [% of total area] Wetl. 5% Open sp. 0,2% Seminat. 0,4% 94% Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Withdrawal of farming with transitional woodland creation Beside the internal conversions of forested landscape between standing forests and transitional woodland, withdrawal of farming with woodland creation has been the main driver of natural landscape formation in Poland during the period, with even increased intensity compared with. The other significant driver of forest area formation is transitional woodland creation mainly over former artificial areas (mineral extraction and dump sites) and over natural grasslands and sparsely vegetated areas. Development of both dry-semi natural land cover and wetlands/water has stabilized. Already mentioned woodland creation over natural grasslands and sparsely vegetated areas and semi-natural rotation (represented mostly by conversion of sparsely vegetated areas to natural grasslands) remain the two most significant drivers of change of dry semi-natural land cover. However, the intensity of both these changes decreased significantly compared to the previous period. Significant water bodies creation over former mineral extraction sites and pastures is the main driver of wetlands/water development Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % 0.44% 0.48% 1.33% 31.43% 0.35% 1.10% % -1.09% -0.42% -1.34% % % C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand -100% Bare rock -0.05% Sparsely vegetated -0.57% -0.02% -0.02% Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

6 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Formation of land cover [% of total change area] Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Open Wetl. sp. Seminat. 0, 0, Water 0,3% 8% 22% Seminat. 0,3% Open sp. 0,02% 2% 14% 6% 5% 6 8% Artificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies 73% Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf9 0.4% lcf8 2% lcf1 3% lcf2 2% lcf3 9% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 8% lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 2% lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural land to lc f6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 63% lcf6 1 lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

7 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Semi-nat. Forested 0, land 14% Wetlands 0. Water bodies 0. C onstruct. 23% Sport/ leisure 2% Disc. urban fabric 16% Pastures & mosaics 19% Arable land & permanent crops 67% Dump sites Mineral extraction 28% Airports Industrial/ commer. 14% Road/rail network 15% Net f ormation of artif icial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

8 Agriculture LC consumed by agricult ure [% of total] Formation of agricultural land f rom non- [% of total] Trans. woodl./ M ixed f. shrub 0,5% 0,4% C onif. f. 0,2% C onstruct. 13% Dump sites 16% Sparsl. veg. ar. 2% Water bodies Industrial/ commer. 2% Complex cultivation patterns 0.2% Agriculture with natural veg. Nonirrigated arable 17% Perm. irrigated land 0.4% Mineral extraction 64% Pastures 82% Consumption of agricultural land by non- [% of total] Agriculture with Complex natural cultivation veg. patterns 8% 2% Pastures 15% Fruit trees/berry plantations 0. Nonirrigated arable 75% Formation of non-agricultural land from [% of total] Disc. urban Ind./com. Water fabric 7% bodies 8% Road/rail 6% network 7% Airports 0.2% Min. extr. T ransition. 12% woodland/ Constr. Dump s. shrub 1 0,2% 47% Sport/ M ixed f. leisure C onif. f. Br.-leaved 0,3% 0, fores t 0,05% Main annual conversions between and forests & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion bet ween arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

9 9.31. Mean annual internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

10 Forest & nature LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] Industrial/ Airports commer. Agri-nat. 0. 0,3% 8% Mineral Compl. extraction cult. pat. 18% 0,3% Dump Pastures sites 14% 3% C onstruct. Non-irr. arable 56% Consumption of forest & nature land by non-forest /nature [% of total] Format ion of f orest & nat ure land f rom non-f orest /nat ure [% of total] C oniferous Mixed Br.-leaved fores t fores t fores t % Natural 0, grassl. Water 0, bodies 16% Transition. woodland/ shrub 83% Formation of non-forest /nature land from forest & nature [% of total] Sparsl. veg.ar. 3% Trans. woodland/ shrub 15% Natural grassland Mixed fores t 16% Inl. marsh. Water b. Coast. lag. 0,3% Br.-leaved fores t 5% C oniferous fores t 58% P erm. irr. Pastures land 4% Non-irr. arable 0,5% 0,2% Sport/ leisure Constr. 24% Dump sites Min. extr. 42% Compl. cult. pat. 0,2% Disc. urb. fabr. Industrial/ commer. 7% Road/rail network 16% Airports 3% Forested land 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in woodland & f orest s consumption/formation [ha/year] Mixed fores t 24% Transit. woodland shrub 4% Broadleaved fores t 16% Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to Recent fellings and transitions C onif. fores t 56% Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Forest creation over wetlands 10

11 Dry semi-nat ural areas 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in dry semi-nat ural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Bare roc k 4% Sparsl. veg. ar. 16% Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Beaches, dunes and sand plains 9% Moors and heath. 6% Natural grass. 65% Conversion of semi-natural land cover to Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wetlands & water 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Coastal lagoons 7% Inland marshes 15% Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Water bodies 65% P eatbogs Water courses 12% Conversion of wetlands to Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of f orest & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

12 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to lcf523 Conversions from -nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

13 CLC Changes CLC Changes 13

14 Drivers of change Drivers of change 14

15 Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15

16 Agriculture Agriculture 16

17 Forest and nature Forest and nature 17