Energy & Power Electronics

Transcription

1 Energy & Power Electronics University of Miami College of Engineering Distinguished Lecture Series December 1, 2014 by Fred C Lee Director of CPES Virginia Tech,

2 students 77% undergraduate 23% graduate instructors Colleges Annual Budget:$1.1 B $230M state $320M tuition $260M research $290M other Science Liberal Arts & Human Sciences Natural Resources Agriculture & Life Sciences Engineering Business Architecture & Urban Studies Medicine Dec. 10th,

3 Engineering Science & Mechanics Engineering Education Materials Science & Engineering Mechanical Aerospace & Ocean Chemical Mining & Minerals Electrical & Computer Computer Science Biological Systems Industrial & Systems Civil and Environmental School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Myers-Lawson School of Construction 3

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5 What is Power Electronics? Input Audio/Video A-to-D Conv. Signal Processing Micro Electronics Number Crunching Energy & Power Electronics Power Electronics D-to-A Conv. Output Audio/Video Power Electronics is Power an Enabling Processing Infrastructure Technology Input Power A-to-D Modulation D-to-A Filter Output Power 60 Hz 60 KHz 600 Hz 5

6 Power Electronics Applications EV More Electric Aircraft Ship 6

7 Energy and Power Electronics Total Energy 40% Electrical Energy 80% 40% 20% 60% Motor 55% Other 14% Lighting 21% Internet 10% Power Electronics * EPRI 7

8 Electrical Energy Consumption Total Energy 40% Electrical Energy Electrical Energy 80% Doubled Today in

9 Energy and Environment Population Growth to 9 billion by 2050 Energy Consumption increases 22% from ) 65% global warming coming from energy generation and use * Courtesy of GE Global Technology Center 9

10 Impacts of Green House Gas Emission Temperature increases Extreme weather Sea level rise Ecological zone shifts Agricultural zone shifts In the past 50 years, the world has lost 25% of its topsoil, 30% of its forest 10

11 Impacts of Green House Gas Emission Statement of Ocean Acidification Signed by the Academies of Science of 70 nations June 1, 2009 At current emission rate, coral reefs and polar ecosystems will be severely affected by 2050 Ocean acidification is irreversible Courtesy from Sam Baldwin, Chief Scientist 11

12 Scale of Challenges 12

13 Scale of Challenges Average nuclear power plant = 1 GW. Install 1 million 2-MW wind turbines. 300X Current capacity Install 3000 GW-peak of solar power. 215X Current capacity Install 700GW of Nuclear power. 700 nuclear power plant Increasing fuel economy of 2 billion cars from 30 to 60 mpg Cut carbon emissions from buildings by additional one fourth by 2025 Introduce carbon capture and storage at 800GW of coal-fired power. Equivalent to 800 NPP Courtesy from Sam Baldwin, Chief Scientist 13

14 Electrical Energy Consumption Total Energy 40% Electrical Energy *Total electrical energy consumption: 20,000TWH in 2012* 1 GW capacity (average) 7 TWH (energy/yr) 3000 NPP 14

15 Energy Conservation The Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley said Energy is the single most important problems facing humanity today and Conservation efforts will help the world wide energy situation The U.S. Past President Jimmy Carter Energy conservation is an act of patriotism What can power electronics do In energy conservation? 15

16 Energy Conservation US Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) Total Energy Electrical Energy Year 30% saving with improved Power electronics** 857 NPP 16

17 World Electrical Energy Consumption it Motor Drives Lightin g Other s *Total electrical energy consumption (2012): 20,000TWH 1% efficiency improvement: 160TWH 23 NPP Today s total wind power generated in the world 17

18 Impact of Power Electronics in it it Motor Drives Lighting Others 1% efficiency improvement of power supplies in IT equipment? 20 TWH saving = 3 18

19 Hard Switching Against Law of Physics Turn-off disrupting Inductor current Turn-On disrupting capacitor voltage id Parasitic + vds Parasitic Turn ON Turn off Switching losses Switching Stresses vds Switching Noises _ Parasitic 19

20 Soft Switching i d v ds Energy transfer World 1 st Patent in soft swotching Zero-Voltage Switching Techniques in DC/DC Converter Circuits, K.H. Liu and F.C. Lee, (IEEE Power Electronic Specialists Conference 1986); US Patent 4,720,668 Over 25 US patents Quasi-Resonant Converter Multi-Resonant Converters ZVS/ZCS PWM converters 20

21 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% Efficiency 90% 85% 80% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load Power Supplies were operated below 70% efficiency

22 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% Efficiency 90% 85% % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load

23 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% Efficiency 90% 85% % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load

24 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% Efficiency 90% 85% % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load

25 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% 2012 Efficiency 90% 85% % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load

26 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% Efficiency 90% 85% % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load

27 Efficiency Improvement - Energy Star Initiatives Power supplies for IT industries 100% 95% Efficiency 90% 85% % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Load 2008 More than 20% improvement over the past 6 years (60 NPP) 27

28 Soft-Switching Techniques Server Data Center ZVS Resonant Converter ZVS PWM Converter 28

29 Trend of Microprocessors * (Xeon E7) P CPU C V 2 CC f Larger power consumption. 29

30 Powering Microprocessors Multi-phase voltage Regulators *

31 Intel s Multi-core Processors 4 core CPU for Ultrabook Ivy Bridge Core U-series processors 5 core 5 core 5 core 15 core CPU for Server 31

32 Intel s Multi-core Processors 100MHz Power supplies Fast voltage scaling Dynamic scaling Input: 2.4V Output: 40.4V core - CPU 1.4V for Ultrabook Core 3 Core 4 1 CPU 40-60% energy saving Ivy Bridge Core U-series processors 145 NPP 32

33 Energy Saving in Lighting it Motor Drives Lightin g Other s 4-5 X Energy Saving 4 X Energy Saving

34 Energy Saving on Motor Drives ADJUSTABLE SPEED it Motor Drives Lightin g Other s Adjustable speed drive can save 35 % of energy (620 Nuclear Plants) Why it is not happening today? 34

35 The Grand Challenges Energy Conservation >1500NPP 35

36 Scale of Challenges Install 1 million 2-MW wind turbines. 300X Current capacity Install 3000 GW-peak of solar power. 215X Current capacity Install 700GW of Nuclear power. 700 nuclear power plant Increasing fuel economy of 2 billion cars from 30 to 60 mpg Cut carbon emissions from buildings by additional one fourth by 2025 Introduce carbon capture and storage at 800GW of coal-fired power. Equivalent to 800 NPP Courtesy from Sam Baldwin, Chief Scientist 36

37 Scale of Challenges Future Opportunities 37

38 Power Semiconductor Devices Modified from an Application Note of Powerex, Inc. Youngwood, PA. it Power (VA) 100M 10M 1M 100K 10K 1K 100 SCR GTO & IGCT IGBT K BJT TM MOSFET MOSFET 10K 100K 1M Operation Frequency (Hz) - Motor Drives Lighting Others A possible Paradigm shift? 38

39 Green Manufacturing Innovation Institute Wide-Band-Gap Power Semiconductor An Alliance of - 18 companies - 5 universities - 2 Laboratories 5 Years $140M 39

40 Electric Vehicles 40 TEXACO IC 1.0 x 0.87 x 0.95 x 0.16 = 9000 Btu per mile *EPRI 670 miles per barrel EV 1.0 x 0.32 x 0.92 x 0.80 x 0.90 = 5400 Btu per mile 1100 miles per barrel 65% energy saving 40

41 Future Home / Building Solar panels (PV) Smart appliances Utility grid Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) Energy Control Center (ECC) Energy Storage Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Wind Turbine 41

42 Current Practice GRID Smart meter SMART METER SOLAR ARRAY WIND TURBINE inverters. ENERGY STORAGE PLUG-IN HYBRID VEH. 120 V, 60 Hz ac-dc rectifiers. EMI EMI EMI PFC EMI PFC EMI PFC EMI PFC EMI PFC PFC PFC μc M M μc μc Smart appliances μc μc Consumer Electronics - TV, Computer, Projector Appliances - Washer, Dryer Appliances Air Conditioner Appliances Stove/ Range/Oven LED CF Light (ceiling) CF H Lamp (floor) 42

43 DC Nanogrid GRID SOLAR ARRAY WIND TURBINE ENERGY STORAGE PLUG-IN HYBRID Web-based GUI μc kwh Time ECC 380V 380 V, DC bus ECC: Energy Control Center 48V 48 V, DC μc M M μc μc LED light μc μc Consumer Electronics - TV, Computer, Projector Appliances - Washer, Dryer Appliances Air Conditioner Appliances Stove/ Range/Oven LED light (ceilig) CF light (floor) 43

44 Renewable Energy Power Electronics Solar power Geothermal Wave power Wave power 44

45 Energy Storage Systems Pump Facility Grid Interface Inverter Bi-directional Chopper Three-Phase Inverter P 0 SMES N Batteries SMES Plywheel California mandate 1.3 gigawatts of grid storage by decade s end 45

46 US Energy Flow in 2009 Adapted from U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2009 Renewable Renewables Nuclear Nuclear Coal Coal 2.27 PWh 2.45 PWh 5.79 PWh Electrical 40.7% Residential/ Commercial Residential Commercial 40% 41.6 % Natural Gas Natural Gas Petroleum Petroleum 6.87 PWh PWh Industrial Industrial 30% 29.8 % Transportation Transportation 30% 28.6 % 46

47 Today s Electric Grid Transmission Distribution 47

48 Energy Flow in Sustainable Future Up to 80% of total energy consumption will be supplied by electricity Electrical grid has to double! Renewables Renewable Electrical ~ 80% Nuclear Nuclear Biofuels Biofuels Natural Gas Natural Gas Petroleum Petroleum Storage Residential/ Commercial Residential Commercial 40% 40 % Industrial Industrial % 30% Transportation Transportation 30 % 30% 48

49 Smart Grid Concepts Transmission Distribution Integrated Power & Information Infrastructure J.McDonald, GE,

50 Frequency Frequency Variations of Electric Grid during 2008 Florida Blackout Time 50

51 Response Time Generator Power Electronics In Minutes In Milliseconds 51

52 Grand Challenge Smart Grid Integrated Power System & Power Electronics Integration of Power & Information Infrastructure Invent the way energy is used 52

53 A Future Energy World 53 53

54 Thank You 54