Functionalized, Structured Reactors for Sustainable Mobility and Clean Energy

Transcription

1 17 th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles Functionalized, Structured Reactors for Sustainable Mobility and Clean Energy Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos & Eleni Papaioannou Aerosol & Particle Technology Laboratory, CPERI/CERTH & Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece CERTH

2 Outline Motivation and introductory material Sustainable Mobility (Emission Control) Clean Energy (Carbon Neutral Fuels) Conclusions

3 The Challenge of Sustainable Development γῆ μὲν ὁπόση πόσους σώφρονας ὄντας ἱκανὴ τρέφειν, πλείονος δὲ οὐδὲν προσδεῖ... Πλάτων, Νόμοι, 360 π.χ. Thelandmustbesufficientto support no more than a certain number of people living with moderation Plato, Laws, 360 B.C.

4 Aspects of Sustainable Mobility Fuel & Lubricant Composition, additives, source In cylinder measures Fuel Injection Engine management Combustion mode Emissions Characterization and Impact Exhaust Emission Control System Novel component designs (TWC, DOC, DPF, GPF, SCR, LNT, LNC, ) System Integration/Optimization/Control Gaseous emissions (regulated/non regulated) Particulate emissions ( size /composition, number concentration) Biological impact

5 Cost of Emission Control System is Increasing 4WC Ohno, IQPC (2012)

6 Functions of an Emission Control Reactor (4WC) Nanoparticle Separation: Filtration & Pressure Drop Reactor: Soot, CO/HC/NO oxidation, NOxreduction Ash Accumulator: Aging performance

7 Adding Multiple Catalytic Functions to a Wall Flow Filter Separate Catalyst Functionalities Substrate Catalyst 1 Catalyst 2 Catalyst 3 Different Catalyst Particles Multi Functional Particles High ΔP Low ΔP

8 Multi Functional Filter Reactor (MFR) The MFR is a single brick solution for nanoparticle removal and soot, CO and HC oxidation, while NOx removal functions are in development. SAE

9 MFR Assessment 4 times higher soot oxidation rate at 550 C compared to a State of the Art DPF 1/m(dm/dt) (s 1 ) 4.5E E E E E E E E E E+00 State of the Art DPF Uncoated MFR1 Our MFRDPF samples samples 1, 21, 2 MFR Temperature (C) SAE

10 Effect of Aging (equivalent to 100 loading/regenerations ~10 5 km) /m(dm/dt) (s 1 ) New Samples Aged Sample Temperature (C)

11 Fuel penalty comparison for different driving cycles 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% SA DPF MFR 17.1 % 29.0 % 3.00% 2.00% 45.2 % 18.4% 1.00% 0.00% NEDC Slow city cycle Interurban cycle Highway cycle SAE

12 Sustainability vs Economic Growth

13 Energy Consumption and Economic Growth energy demand and GDP per capita ( ) Primary Energy per capita (GJ) China India Brazil US Australia France Russia S. Korea UK Japan Ireland Greece Malaysia Mexico Smallest per capita use, Fastest growing, Largest Population 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 GDP per capita (PPP, $1995) Source: UN and DOE EIA

14 The TeraWatt Challenge (R. Smalley, 2004) Earth Capacity: 5 x 10 9 people Population (Oct 2011): >7 x 10 9 Population in 2050: >10 x 10 9 Energy Requirement: ~ 60 TW

15 Deus Ex Machina: The Sun

16 Concentrated Solar Radiation 212 B.C.: Archimedes uses solar reflectors to burn the Roman fleet which was keeping Syracuse under siege. Galleria degli Uffizi (Florence, Italy). Painted by Giulio Parigi ( ) in the years

17 1981 today Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plants Parabolic Trough Solar Tower Dish C C C

18 Functions of a Solar Thermochemical Reactor Volumetric Receiver: Absorption of solar radiation/conversion into heat Heterogeneous reactor: Gas solid reactions/catalytic reactions

19 Common Development Path Particle Synthesis Shaping of structured reactors Coating of monoliths

20 Application Specific Testing Lab side stream reactor Engine test cell Field Testing Lab fixed bed reactor Solar Simulator Field Testing

21 Captured CO 2 H 2 O Clean Exhaust CH 4, CH 3 OH, Fisher-Tropsch Fuels Solar Thermochemical Reactor Research at APTL (2000 today) Solar Volumetric Receiver Solar H 2 from H 2 O splitting Solar CH 4 Reforming CH 4 Solar Cracking Solar Reactor manufacturing H 2 O Solar Cavity Honeycomb reactor/ heat exchanger O 2 H 2 SO 2 I 2 Heat ½O 2 + SO 2 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 SO 2 + H 2 O + I 2 H 2 SO 4 + 2I I 2 + H 2 2HI T high T middle off T middle on H 2 SO 4 2HI T low off Coal plant Solar H 2 Plant Design Solar Sulfur Iodine Cycle Carbon Neutral Solar Fuels with CC T amb T low on Turbine No, only CC! T amb On-sun operation. Off sun operation Thermochemical Storage of Solar Energy

22 Solar Thermochemical Reactor Research at APTL 1. (2001) 5th Cologne Solar Symposium, (Funken K.H., Bucher W., Editors), pp (2004) Chem. Eng. Trans., 4, pp (2005) Solar Energy 79 (4), pp (2006) Journal of Solar Energy Engineering - Transactions of the ASME, 128, pp (2007) Journal of Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 91, pp (2007) Catalysis Today, 127 (1-4), pp (2008) Granular Matter, 10, pp (2009) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34 (11), pp (2010) Invited chapter in Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology, (Vayssieres L., ed.), John Wiley & Sons. 10. (2011) Computers & Chemical Engineering, 35 (9), pp (2011) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36 (4), pp (2011) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36 (11), pp (2011) Carbon, 49 (9), pp (2011) Solar Energy, 85 (4), pp (2011) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36 (1), pp (2011) Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, 3 (5), pp (8). 17. (2011) International Journal of Nuclear Hydrogen Production and Applications, 2 (3), pp (2012) Solar Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future, Published by Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN: (2012) Invited Chapter in Concentrating Solar Power Technology (Lovegrove K., Ed.), Woodhead Series in Energy No (2012) AIChE Journal, DOI /aic (2012) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (10), pp (2012) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (11), pp

23 Solar Hydrogen: The HYDROSOL Process Renewable energy sources and raw materials Zero greenhouse gas emissions Long term potential

24 HYDROSOL Principle of Operation: Redox Cycle Water splitting (oxidation step) MO MO H + x 1 HO + 2 x 2 Regeneration (reduction step) x 1 MO MO + O MO x : Metal oxides x 1 2 Single Oxides of Fe, Mn, Zn, 2 Mixed Oxides Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Co, rare earths (Ce, Pr, La), etc H2 and O2 (mmoles/min/gsolid) H2 O2 T bed (C) H 2 O Time (min) Temperature ( o C)

25 HYDROSOL Technology Scale Up 2008: 100 kw Χ 2, World s largest STC H 2 PSA/Almeria 2005: 3 kw x 2, continuous STC Η 2 DLR/Cologne 2004: 3 kw, World s first solar thermochemical (STC) Η 2 DLR/Cologne

26 Why we do not already have a H 2 economy? Which one comes first? H 2 use H 2 infrastructure

27 Carbon Neutral Solar Fuels from CO 2 and H 2 O H 2 O and CO 2 splitting (oxidation step) MO MO H HO x x + 2 MO CO MO x x + Regeneration (reduction step) CO x MO x : Metal oxide 1 MO MO + O x 1 2 2

28 Reactant gas concentration: 100% CO 2 Cycling Process CO O2 Temperature CO and O 2 concentration (mmoles*min 1 1 *g redox ) Time (h) Temperature ( o C)

29 Sustainable Energy & Materials from Sun, H 2 O & CO 2 H 2 O H 2 O CO 2 O O H 2 Solar Synthesis Gas H 2 COH 2 Η 2 + CO C x Η y (Liquid Fuels/Fischer Tropsch process) 4Η 2 + CO 2 CΗ 4 +2H 2 O (Gas fuels, methane/sabatier process) Η 2 + CO C x Η y (Plastics) Sustainable Storage of Carbon AND Hydrogen!

30 Carbon Neutral Solar Fuel Plant Clean Energy and Green Mobility H 2 H 2 O Electric Energy CO 2 CH 4,C x H y Fuels & Chemicals Waste Heat for Solar Desalination H 2 O EXPO 2005 IPHE 2006 Descartes Prize 2007 EU IDEAS Award 2010 Advanced Grant

31 Biomimetic Integration of North and South CO 2 producing North VEINS: CO 2 pipelines from Carbon Capture ARTERIES: Carbon Neutral Solar Fuels Pipelines Solar Fuel South

32 Green Mobility and Clean Energy for the Future Multifunctional Nanoparticles Solar Fuel Reactor H 2 O redox H H H 2 material CO CO 2 O C O CO H H O clean exhaust Multifunctional Emission Control Reactor CO, HC NOx, soot ICE ICE Solar fuels Eco responsible Aerosol Based Nanotechnology Solar Reactors/Carbon Neutral Solar Fuels Compact multifunctional emission control reactors

33 Size Specific Nanoparticle Biological Responses Size Specific Particle Sampler (SPS) % induction vs control IL8 gene promoter activity Control Large particles * Small particles * 130 nm 54 nm 1 st generation 2 nd generation End Points Papaioannou E., et al. (2006), SAE Tech. Paper No Asimakopoulou A et al.. (2011), J. Physics: Conference Series, 304 (1), Art No % induction vs control % induction vs control Control Large particles Small particles 130 nm IL4 gene promoter activity Control Large particles Small particles NFkb gene promoter activity 130 nm * p<0.05 vs control * # 54 nm * p<0.05 vs control # p=0.011 vs large particles * # 54 nm * p<0.05 vs control # p=0.05 vs large particles

34 Conclusion All I m saying is NOW is the time to develop the technology to deflect an asteroid

35 Acknowledgments The European Commission for supporting our research in combustion engines and their emissions through >24 projects over the last 17 years including projects APT STEP, CLEANER D, HCV and our partners in these projects. The European Commission for supporting our Hydrogen and Solar Fuels research with >16 projects including projects ARMOS, RESTRUCTURE, STORRE, NEMESIS2+, ARTIPHYCTION, BIOROBUR, EU SOLARIS, HYDROSOL 3D and our partners in these projects The Greek Secretariat for Research and Technology for supporting our research through projects HYDROSOL+ and NANOREDSOL. Past and Current Industrial Partners including Molycorp, Tenneco, Ibiden, Honda, CR Fiat, AVL My colleagues at APTL