Ammonia Production & Baseload Solar Power
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1 Ammonia Production & Baseload Solar Power 700 o C 500 o C Solar Concentrator (Dish or Trough) Rebecca Dunn & Dr Keith Lovegrove rebecca.dunn@anu.edu.au, keith.lovegrove@anu.edu.au
2 Overview Concentrating Solar Power Ammonia-based Storage for Solar Power Happy snaps of new Big Dish Ammonia Fuel Production & Solar Power
3 Concentrating Solar Power The Basics Nevada Solar One 64 MW Typical coal power station ~ 2000 MW Home photovoltaic array ~ 2 kw
4 Concentrating Solar Power The Basics 1. Parabolic mirror. 2. Receiver at focus. 3. Solar Radiation heats fluid (oil).
5 Types of Concentrated Solar Power Linear Fresnel Arrays (Concentration Ratio ~ 20)
6 Types of Concentrated Solar Power Parabolic Troughs (Concentration Ratio ~ 80)
7 Types of Concentrated Solar Power Power Towers (Concentration Ratio ~ 1500)
8 Types of Concentrated Solar Power Dishes (Concentration Ratio > 1500)
9 Concentrating Solar Power at the 1. Parabolic dish - 400m Receiver at focal point. 3. Solar Radiation drives a chemical reaction - dissociation of ammonia.
10 Global Solar Resource
11 Area of the USA and Australia US mainland land area = 7,981,610 km 2 Australian land area = 7,617,930 km 2
12 Solar Power station to provide all of Australia s energy needs? Australia s energy needs 5,500PJ/a = 138km x 138km, 20% coverage of land with 20% efficient collectors Legend greater than 24MJ/(m 2.day) less than 24 but greater than 23MJ/(m 2.day) less than 23 but greater than 22MJ/ (m 2.day) All of Japan s energy; 338km x 338km less than 22 but greater than 20MJ/ (m 2.day) less than 20 but greater than 18MJ/ (m 2.day) less than 18 but greater than 16MJ/ (m 2.day) less than 16MJ/(m 2.day)
13 Current Storage Methods concentrator storage Molten salt Hot oil Superheated steam 24 hour electricity
14 Ammonia-based storage 700 o C 500 o C 2NH 3 + H iron catalyst N 2 + 3H 2 ammonia (liquid) heat nitrogen (gas) hydrogen (gas)
15 Heat recovery from synthesis reaction Source: UHDE
16 ANU Solar-Ammonia Lab Ammonia thermochemistry 20m 2 (Big Dish 400m 2 )
17 ANU Solar-Ammonia Lab 2NH 3 + H N 2 + 3H 2
18 ANU Commercial Partner Wizard Power Pty Ltd Exclusive licence to ANU dish technology AusIndustry REDI project: $3.5m to a $7m project over Build new dish Australian Greenhouse Office AEST project: $7.4m to a $14.8m project over 4 years Demo array of dishes with ammonia based energy storage
19 The old dish looks like this
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21 Happy snaps of Big Dish
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25 Baseload Solar Power & Net production of ammonia? Oversize synthesis reactor. Produce hydrogen via solar thermochemistry. H 2 from solar thermochemistry + N o C 500 o C Solar Concentrator (Dish or Trough) Excess NH 3 for fuel
26 Producing hydrogen with solar thermochemistry Thermochemical water splitting (similar to electrolysis, but uses high temperature and catalyst rather than electricity) 2H 2 O O 2 + 2H 2 Biomass gasification: C x H y + XH 2 O XCO + (X+Y/2)H 2 CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2
27 Baseload Solar Power & Net production of ammonia? Hydrogen production (thermochemical water splitting or biomass gasification) Ammonia dissociation
28 Trade-off between producing H 2 and dissociating ammonia H 2 from solar thermochemistry + N o C 500 o C Solar Concentrator (Dish or Trough) Excess NH 3 for fuel
29 Questions?
30 Solar Gasification C+2H 2 O CO 2 + 2H 2 take 176kJ/mol from solar energy The hydrogen can be burnt / oxidized 2H 2 +O 2 2H 2 O giving off 570 kj/mol Compared to just burning coal C+O 2 CO 2 giving off 394kJ/mol Ie solar enhanced gas is 176/570 = 30% solar energy, Other hydrocarbons are gasified according to: C x H y + XH 2 O XCO + (X+Y/2)H 2 Department Of Engineering
31 Some clues Its bigger (from 400m 2 to 500m 2 ) Square mirrors rule Joining frames like this is bloody expensive
32 Land Area for a Solar Future Assume: 5000Wh/m 2 /day average insolation 5000PJ = 5x10 18 J required per year Conversion of solar energy at 20% efficiency 5000Wh/m 2 /day x 365days x 0.2 = 1314MJ/m 2 /year (5 x J/year)/(1.314 x 10 9 J/m 2 /year) = 3.81 x 10 9 m 2 =3805km 2 = 61.7km x 61.7km Allowing for spacing between 10% coverage; 38052km 2 = 195km x 20% coverage; 19026km 2 = 138km x 138km
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