A guide for installers, architects and engineers

Transcription

1 I A guide for installers, architects and engineers

2 Contents Foreword CHAPTER : Solar radiation and arguments for its use. Solar radiation.. Solar energy..2 Astronomical and meteorological bases..3 Influence of orientation and tilt angle..4 Collection of dust and need for cleaning.2 The finiteness of energy resources.3 Clima te change and its consequences.4 Good arguments for solar systems xi CHAPTER 2: Components of solar thermal systems How does a solar thermal system work? Collectors Unglazed collectors Glazed flat-plate collectors Vacuum collectors Collector accessories Collector characteristic curves and applications Stagnation temperature Heat stores Storage materiais Domestic hot water stores Buffer store Combination stores The thermostatic mixing valve Connection of washing machines and dishwashers Legionella contamination Solar circuit Pipelines Solar liquid Solar pumps Solar heat exchanger (heat transfer unit) Return-flow prevention Rapid air bleeders Flowmeters Safety devices in lhe solar circuit Solar station Controller Control principies for temperature difference control Digital controller with special functions Temperature sensors Overheating protection CHAPTER 3: Systems for single-family houses Introduction Systems for charging/discharging the store Charging by means of solar energy

3 vi PLANNING ANO INSTALUNG SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMSA guide for installers. architects and engineers Charging by means of auxiliary heating Store discharge Systems for heating domestic water Standard system Water heating using the flow-through principie Water heating by means of tank-in-tank store Water heating over external heat exchanger Drain back system Systems for heating domestic water and space heating Combined store system (store-in-store system) System with buffer store, internal heat exchanger for heat rernoval and downpipe Stratified store with hot water heating in once-through flow and heating support Twin store system Planning and dimensioning Important features for preparing the quotation The dimensioning of systems for domestic water heating Dimensioning of systems for heating domestic water and heating support (central European conditions) Costs and yields Prices and performance Normalised solar heat costs 94 CHAPTER 4: Installation, commissioning, maintenance and servicing A brief study of roofing and materiais The purpose of the roof Types of roof The components of the roof Pitched roofs Roof installations and mountings Flat roofs Materiais Installation methods and safety UK safety regulations UK personal access and working at heights Working equipment Transport techniques Installation techniques Installation 4.3. Delivery of material Setting up the site, preparatory work Collector installation Installation of the solar circuit Store installation Installation of fittings Installation of sensors and controllers Starting up, maintenance and servicing Flushing out the solar circuit Leak testing Filling with solar liquid Setting the pump and controller Maintenance Detecting and rectifying faults 39

4 CONTENTS vii Information sources for specific countries USA Australia Canada CHAPTER 5: Large-scale systems The fundamentais of designing the system size Possible application areas Initial data required for planning the solar system System planning and design Systems Systems with domestic water store(s) Systems with thermal buffer stores Integration of circulation systems Control 0'the systems Collector circuit/storage charging circuit Buffer tank circuit discharging Heat exchangers Design types Collector circuit heat exchangers Buffer tank discharge circuit heat exchangers Safety technology Collector field Collector circuit Buffer store circuit Expansion vessels Fittings on the domestic water line Economic considerations Annuity method Types of costs for solar energy systems Solar contracting Solar district heating Solar energy systems with short-term heat storage Solar systems with long-term heat storage Guide values for the design of solar district heating systems Components of solar district heating systems Practical experience CHAPTER 6: Solar concentrating systems Concentration of solar radiation Concentrating systems providing process heat Concentrating solar thermal systems for electricity generation Parabolic trough plants Solar tower plants Dish/Stirling systems Economics and outlook CHAPTER 7: Solar heating of open-air swimming pools Introduction Components Absorbers Piping and header pipes Materiais

5 viii PLANNING ANO INSTALlING SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS A guide for installers, architects and engineers Purnps, heat exchangers and other components Contrallers Covering of the swimming pool Systems Solar private open-air pool heating Solar heating of public open-air swimming pools Combined solar domestic water heating, open-air pool heating and room heating support Planning and dimensioning Fundamental considerations Approximation formulae for establishing absorber surface area, volumetric flow and pressure loss Computer-aided system dimensioning 24 7.S Installation Absorbers Pipeline installation Operation and maintenance Costs and yields Examples Solar heating of a private swirnrning pool Solar heating of a municipal open-air pool complex 220 CHAPTER 8: Solar air systems Introduction Components Collector types Fans, blowers Piping Heat exchangers and heat recovery units (air/water), recoverysolar-box ContraI Systems Central systerns, decentralized systems and hybrid systems Further terms of ventilation technology Air collector systems in housing construction Solar drying Factories, halls and office buildings Planning and dimensioning Fundamental considerations Calculation of required flow rate, required collector surface area and connections of collectors Calculation offan power Dimensioning of an air-to-water heat exchanger Cornputer-assisted system sizing S Installation Collector installation Installation of pipelines Positioning of the fan Costs and yields Examples Domestic building, Potsdam, Germany Solarwall on General Motors building in Ontario 250

6 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER9: Solar cooling Introduction Theoretical bases Overview of thermally driven cooling processes Absorption cooling Adsorption cooling Desiccant cooling system Integrated planning of solar coolinglair-conditioning systems System technology Autonomous solar-powered systems versus solar-assisted systems Which collector technology for which cooling technology? Circuit variants System design General procedure when designing systems System design using empirical values System design according to the peak load Design of autonomous solar-powered systems System design according to primary energy saving More information CHAPTER0: Electronic media and software within the area of solar thermal energy Simulation programs for solar thermal systems Utilization and possibilities of simulation programs Market overview, organization and selection of simulation programs Brief description of simulation programs Evaluation of simulation results Supplementary programs and data sources Tools and utility programs Materiais from manufacturers CD-ROMs, documentation, product catalogues Simulation programs from manufacturers Internet Internet portais on the topic of solar energy Manufacturer websites Internet-based simulation CHAPTER: Marketing and promotion The fundamentais of solar marketing Customer orientation: the central theme The iceberg principie The 'pull' concept More success through systematic marketing In the beginning is the benefit The four pillars of the marketing concept The range of marketing options To the goal in six steps The Soltherm Europe Initiative: European network of solar thermal marketing campaigns Publications Partnership Campaigns and market activities Co-operation

7 x PLANNING AND INSTALlING SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS A guide for installers. architects and engineers A good sales discussion can be enjoyable What does 'successful selling' mean? Build a bridge Establish need Offer a solution Achieve a result Subsidies General information on financial support Sources of information in the UK Sources of information in the USA Sources of information in Canada EU sources APPENDIX A: Glossary APPENDIX B: Relevant UK solar regulations and technical standards B.l B.2 B.3 B.4 B.4. B.5 General construction regulations General construction standards Solar standards Roof standards Acronyms for roof standards Working on site, height and Iifting regulations APPENDIX C: Nomenclature C.l C.2 Heat Radiation C.3 Thermal losses C.4 Temperature C.5 Etliciency C.6 Pressure C.7 Material-specific variables C.8 Volume, volumetric flow rate and flow speed C.9 Angles C.lO Surfaces and lengths C. System variables C.U Financing C.3 Constants References and further Index information