Compressed Air Storage

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Paul Patterson
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1 Internationale Konferenz "Energieautonomie durch Speicherung Erneuerbarer Energien", Oktober 2006 Compressed Air Storage Fritz Crotogino KBB Underground Technologies GmbH, Hannover

2 Compressed air energy storage 1. Demand for energy storage (power plant scale) 2. Concept 3. Salt cavern storage 4. Existing and planned storages 5. Applications

3 Germany #1 in installed wind power capacity North America installed wind power: MW Europe MW000 MW Germany MW MW MW

4 New factor: Wind energy Typical features: Fluctuating generation No correlation with demand High output peaks and slumps (increasingly) decentralised generation in north Priority ahead of conventional power sources Tage

5 Wind power feed-in creates add. demand for balance and reserve power Missmatch between generation and demand 8 GW grid load 6 Out put 4 2 medium & peak load Wind power feed in base load generation 0 Idea: Prof Leonhard TU Braunschweit Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Time

6 Need for reserve power in case of calms 8 GW Grid load 6 Output 4 2 Reserve Windeinspeisung power feed in Base load generation 0 Idea: Prof Leonhard TU Braunschweit Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Time

7 Need for balance power for balancing deviations between forecast and actual state 8 GW 6 Excess = storage Grid load Output 4 2 Extra demand = withdrawal Base load generation 0 Mo Idea: Prof Leonhard TU Braunschweit Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Time

8 Future wind energy feed in will require large scale energy storage large scale MW ouput d storage capacity storage options 1. pumped hydro 2 hydrogen 3 compressed air energy storage (CAES)

9 Pumped hydro plant Goldisthal P = MW / W = 8h * MW / eta > 80% upper pond 12 mio m³ lower pond 1000m

10 Compressed air energy storage η = 55 % Fuel consumption & CO2 emissions: minus % compressor motor gas turbine caverns

11 Hydrogen Storage: wind power hydrogen - H2 gas turbine produces power

12 Compressed air energy storage 1. Demand for energy storage (power plant scale) 2. Concept 3. Salt cavern storage 4. Existing and planned storages 5. Applications

13 CAES plant (Huntorf) ambient air compressors motor/ generator M Expansions- Gasturbinen cooler cooler Erdgas Brennkammern Abgas heat air storage Input: 0,83 kwh elektr. energy 1,56 kwh fossil energy Output: 1 kwh elektr. energy efficiency η = 42 %

14 CAES GT-Kraftwerk w/ heat recuperator (McIntosh) compressors motor/generator G gasturbine recuperator cooler cooler nat. gas Input: heat 0,69 kwh elektr. energy 1,17 kwh fossil energy Output: 1 kwh elektr. energy air storage efficiency: η = 54 % exaust gas

15 Advanced Adiabatic CAES (EU-funded R&D project) ambient air compressor motor/generator M expansion turbine heat storage air storage Input: 1,42 kwh elektr. energy 0,00 kwh fossil energy Output: 1 kwh elektr. energy efficiency: η = 70 %

17 Compressed air energy storage 1. Demand for energy storage (power plant scale) 2. Concept 3. Salt cavern storage 4. Existing and planned storages 5. Applications

18 Compressed air storage in salt caverns Aquifer-Speicher

19 3D view of salt dome

20 Compressed air energy storage 1. Demand for energy storage (power plant scale) 2. Concept 3. Salt cavern storage 4. Existing and planned storages 5. Applications

21 EON 290 MW CAES power plant in Huntorf Cavern NK2 Cavern NK1 output 290 MW * 2h input 60 MW * 8h 2 caverns à m³ pressure range bar Power plant

22 AEC 110 MW CAES Plant, McIntosh USA output 110 MW * 26h input 60 MW 1 cavern à m³

23 Planned MW CAES plant, Norton, Ohio, USA P = MW Δt = 8 d Former limestone mine V = m³ l = 700 m

24 Interior view of EON Huntorf CAES gas turbine hp compressor lp compressor gear box motor / generator cooler not visible 27

25 Compressed air energy storage 1. Demand for energy storage (power plant scale) 2. Concept 3. Salt cavern storage 4. Existing and planned storages 5. Applications

26 General areas of application copyright for background graphics: E.ON Netz option 2 option 1

27 Option I: CAES power plant as part of a wind farm Wind output [MW] wind power (Input) Expected Expected benefits: benefits: better better grid grid utilisation utilisation not notlaid laidout outfor for peak peak loads loads WEA WEA equivalent equivalentof of normal normal power powerplant plant WEA WEA not not switched switchedoff off when when there there is is over over capacity capacity semi-constant output Time/Days

28 Option II: Generation and storage of balance power actual feed in Output / MW MW Demand for positive balance power prognosis Demand for negative balance power Copyright: E.ON Netz Time / h

29 Summary (1) 1. Wind energy will require in future more regulating power (minute reserve) reserve power in case of calms 2. Options for regulating power production: - conventional gas turbine plants - CAES plants 3. Advantage of CAES plants % less or 0%* fuel consumption + CO2 - disposal of regulating power in case of excess power (base laod or wind energy) * in case of pumped hydro or AA CAES plants

30 Summary (2) CAES plants 4. can balance fluctuating wind power for a limited period of time 5. limit the need for fossil reserve power plants 6. avoid shut down of wind converters in case of grid low load and high wind 7. reduce need for additional grid capacity

Energy storage in salt domes

Energy storage in salt domes IVG Cavern Storage Etzel Challenges in Energy supply - Energy Symposium Eemshaven, June 3rd 2013 Carsten Reekers Topics 1 Cavern development at the Cavern Field Etzel 2 Importance of Caverns for energy