Transfer of experience for the development of solar thermal products. Specific Information Package. Slovenia

Transcription

1 Transfer of experience for the development of solar thermal products Specific Information Package Slovenia

2 Solar energy and buildings Heating and cooling Dr. Sašo Medved, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of mechanical engineering

3 Types of solar heating systems passive systems ; integrated in building active systems ; Heating systems high temperature systems ; With concentrator 25 C 90 C 250 C

4 End-use of energy in EU 31% trafic Toplota 49% heat 28% v industry 80% at temperature level below 250 C 20% electricity

5 Heat use and share of solar heating systems Share of solar heating systems Heat use Caloric heat Solar iradiation Solar cooling STV, 100% in summer STV + heating (combi systems) Seasonal storage

6 Število ur Ti > 25 C [h/a] TRL Scenarij A Scenarij B Scenaric C Scenarij D [ C] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Nov. Dec. Število ur Ti > 25 C [h/a] TRY Scenarij A Scenarij B Scenarij C Scenarij D Leto 2003

7 Potential of solar radiation in Slovenia Solar irradiation ranges between 1100 and 1380 kwh/m 2 yearly or PJ on surface SLO. Current consumption of primary energy in Slovenia is 310 PJ. Technical potential is ranges between and PJ yearly. Kastelec D.; Rakovec J., Zakšek K.; Sončna energija v Sloveniji, SAZU 2007

8 PURES, sept 2008 Heating Ventilation Cooling Hot water Environment( air, water, earth) Solar energy Biomass 25%? Geothermal energy Wind energy

9 PURES, sept 2008 Heating Ventilation Cooling Hot water Environment( air, water, earth) Solar energy STC min(6m 2 ; 4+0,02. A bivalno ~ 1000m 2 -> 24 m 2 ) Biomass Geothermal energy Wind energy

10 Types and efficiency of solar thermal systems Gglob, Qsse

11 Solar thermal collector (STC) White glass, high absorption of solar radiation Radiation of hot absorber S = s IR Selectivity S: 1- black paint; 2-4- medium selectivity 20 high selectivity Idealni absorber

12 Vacuum STC Heat pipe with pipe and flat absorber Direct circulation

13 Vacuum STC

14 Types and efficiency of solar thermal systems Energy output of different types of solar thermal collector energy output for selective and vacuum STC 0,7 kw/m 2 Unglassed 250 kwh/m 2 a Selective 350 kwh/m 2 a Selective 500 kwh/m 2 a Vacuum 600 kwh/m 2 a

15 New technologies can contribute to higher market share

16 Air heating using ventilated facade systems Prezračevanje SolarWall is perforated facade coverage with air intake for ventilation using external air Trimo ventilating panels

17 Thermal storage Maintain high exergy (temperature, provided by STC) Storage high amount of heat I H k ura v dnevu mesec v letu Variable flow systems -T is constant Variable flow system

18 Hranilniki toplote With integrated hot water storage Seasonal thermal storage (?) Stratified thermal storage

19 Natural convection circulation - Thermal syfon sytems

20 Forced flow circulation systems New materials used for absorbers of STC, Al and PC Heat storage with temperature stratification and support for building heating Hydraulic unit with efficient pumps and drain back systems Systems connected with heat pump and gas boiler heating Daily efficiency increase ->733 kwh/m 2 Introduction of quality control - Solar Keymark, GSR

21 Forced flow circulation systems Typical heat consumption for hot water for single family house is 18 to 25 kwh/m 2 a Solar heating system can cover 4,5 do 6,5 kwh/m 2 a Building heating support

22 two pipe system: consumption measuring + no legionella problems. Multifamily house heating

23 Large solar thermal systems Debeli rtič, 108 m 2 Impoljca, 90 m 2 Gradišče, 90 m 2 Şežana, 2 x 45 m 2

24 Large solar thermal systems district heating

25 Biomass district heating systems

26 Biomass district heating systems (SLO) Preddvor Vransko

27 STS design and examples of good practice

28 Solar cooling Solar heating system can be used also for solar cooling. Two main principles of solar cooling: Absorption cooling; Cooled water with temperature 7-12 C, used for cooling of buildings with conventional cooling or air conditioning systems. Temperature of water supplied by solar thermal system (80-85 C) Compact absobtion cooling system, cooling power 5kW, temperature of cooling water 5-7 C

29 Solar cooling As part of ventilation systems combined with desiccant cooling of fresh air. Before humidifying the air should be as dry as possible. To achieve that desiccant wheel is used. The wheel absorbs moisture and is dried by return air from STS(70 C)

30 Solar cooling

31 Solar thermal electric power plant

32 Solar thermal electric power plant

33 Market of STS Germany 18 m 2 na 1000 prebivalcev Spain 8 m 2 na 1000 prebivalcev Austria 41 m 2 na 1000 prebivalcev France 4,3 m 2 na 1000 prebivalcev

34 Market of STS Support of solar thermal systems? In 2008 ~ m 2 STS was installed m 2 Število odobrenih subvencij 1000 Newly installed power -> 10,5 MW, in last years 33 MW število sistemov Heat production -> 7,5 GWh Leto Subsidized price kwh (10 let) -> 0,027 /kwh Price (for country) of CO2 emission reduction -> 48 per tone

35 Thank you for the atention

36 European Solar Thermal markets Developments and framework conditions Ljubjlana, 4 June 2009 Pedro Dias- ESTIF Operations Manager Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

37 Introducing ESTIF European Solar Thermal Industry Federation Representing the solar heating and cooling sector at EU level 100 members, representing >95% of the market A founding member of EREC Based in the Renewable Energy House, Brussels 2 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

38 Thanks!!! This conference is supported by the European Commission under their Intelligent Energy- Europe Programme The sole responsibility for the content of this presentation lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. 3 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

39 European Solar Thermal Markets Thermal Energy Innovative market A booming market Promoting market growth 4 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

40 Innovative Market Domestic Hot Water Space Heating Industrial Process Heat Solar Cooling Water Treatment (desalination) Velux/ESTIF S.O.L.I.D./ESTIF 5 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

41 Building + solar thermal: the old add-on approach

42 Integrating solar thermal into buildings

43 Integrating solar thermal into buildings

44 Integrating solar thermal into buildings

45 Integrating solar thermal into buildings

46 European Solar Thermal Markets A booming market Strong industry Constant steady growth Huge growth potential 11 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

47 A strong and growing industry 3.3 GWth of newly installed capacity in GWth of capacity in operation Turnover above meur/year GASOKOL/ESTIF full time jobs (most in small and medium size installation businesses) 12 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

48 EU Solar Thermal market Solar Thermal Collector Market in EU-27 and Switzerland Glazed Collectors ~3.3 GW th of new capacity in 2008 kw th of capacity m² of collector area Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

49 Great opportunities in Europe 700 Solar Thermal Capacity in Operation EU-27 and Switzerland 1.000, ,0 800, ,0 kwth per 1000 capita ,0 500,0 400,0 300,0 m2 per 1000 capita ,0 100,0 0 0,0 Glazed collectors in kw th and m² and per 1000 capita 14 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium info@estif.org Web:

50 Wagner & Co/ESTIF Future development and potential Forthcoming study shows: Heating and cooling responsible for almost 50% of final energy demand in Europe; 75% of this in low-temperatures 50% of low-temperature heating and cooling could come from solar thermal (long-term) > sustainable full-time jobs could be created by Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

51 European Solar Thermal Markets Promoting Market Growth Ambitious National Targets Coherent measures European approach (...Solar Keymark...) Not an EU exclusive Not only at National level 16 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

52 Ambitious Targets & Coherent Measures 17 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

53 European Solar Thermal Markets Awareness Raising Accessible technology Practical/effective Not miraculous 18 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

54 European Solar Thermal Markets Financial Incentives Continuity Coherence of parameters Clear target Quality criteria Monitoring and evaluation Financial resources Simplicity Flanking measures alone not enough!!! 19 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

55 European Solar Thermal Markets Financial Incentives Options in place Grants Most of the countries (per sqm, per system) Tax reductions France Loans at reduced rates Germany (building renovation) 20 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

56 European Solar Thermal Markets Regulations Solar ordinances (Barcelona model) Energy perfomance of buildings Efficiency and renewables Training Quality assurance sustainability Efficiency and satisfaction Local jobs 21 Rue d'arlon B-1040 Bruxelles Belgium Web:

57 Please do not hesitate to contact me: European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) Renewable Energy House Rue d Arlon B-1040 Brussels Tel: Fax: pedro.dias@estif.org Website:

58 Solar Combi Systems TranSolar Workshop Slovenia Dimitrios Chasapis R.E.S. Systems Technology Engineer

59 Solar Thermal Collectors Flat Plate Vacuum Tube Unglazed

60 Plastic Absorber Unglazed Collector Inlet/Outlet Header Temperature sensor Spacer Absorber tube Cap

61 Flat Plate Collector Transparent Cover Absorber Header Insulation Tube with heat transfer fluid Frame of the collector Section of flat plate collector

62 Flat Plate Collector Aluminium Absorber Aluminium absorber with pressed cooper tubes Pressed tubes between 2 metal sheet Tubes welded on metal sheet

63 Flat Plate Collector Absorber with serpentine tube (All surface cover) Absorber with linear tubes (All surface cover) Absorber with linear tubes (2 flows)

64 Flat plate Collector Losses Radiation Losses (Absorber) Reflection & Conduction Losses (Absorber) Reflection Losses (Glass) Incident Solar Radiation Conduction loses from back and frames Thermal losses from flat plate collector

65 Selective surface

66 Selective surface Source:Vaillant

67 Vacuum tube collector

68 Vacuum tube collectors

69 Concentrated Parabolic Collector - CPC Inlet External glass tube Heat transfer sheet Outlet Internal glass with absorber Reflector Vacuum chamber

70 Solar collector characteristics Collector Type Price Performance (kwh/m²/year) Typical use Unglazed Low 300 Pool heating Flat plate (Black paint) Mid 650 Pool heating, DHW Flat plate (Selective absorber) Mid 700 DHW, Space heating, Air conditioning Vacuum tubes collector Hi 850 Space heating, Air conditioning

71 Solar Key Mark Way to guarantee the collector efficiency -Randomly choose of the collector (Produce line or stored) -Pass all the tests according to EN 12975/ ISO certified production line -Yearly inspection of the production line. -Reinspection of the product every 2 years.

72 Domestic hot water heating DHW heating system

73 Thermal solar systems Thermosifonic Hot water Hot water Cold water Cold water Heat Exchanger OPEN CIRCUIT CLOSED CIRCUIT : Ambiente Source:Target/DGS Italia

74 Thermal Soar Systems Forced circulation Source:IfaS

75 Combi Systems Operational ways, characteristics and examples.

76 Combi Systems General description Solar combisystems or combi : Solar thermal systems used for DHW and space heating. 10 basic versions (International Energy Agency IEA, Solar Combisystems, Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, Task 26).

77 Combi Systems Properties High energy savings: Introduction Solar technology in space heating Cost comparable with central solar systems. Possibility to combine with solar air condition units.

78 Combi systems Advantages Use at: Homes Hotels, Hospitals e.t.c. Industry Already penetrated in European market Ability to cover high thermal load: 30-50% only from sun 100% (Combine with biomass) : Sonnenkraft

79 Advanced market Combi 1997 solar collector market in DE, AT Collector area (m 2 ) Combi Solar DHW 0 DE AT

80 Combi Systems Schematic diagram of a combi system for space heating, DHW and pool heating.

81 Combi System Schematic diagram of a combi system for DHW and space heating

82 Combi Systems tank in tank Mixed balbe Solar Collectors Hot water Auxiliary energy source Inlet Mixed balbe 1 st circulation Pump Cold water Outlet Space heating

83 Combi systems Dimensioning Domestic Consumption (at 45 C): Low Consumption: l /person/day Mid Consumption: l /person/day : l /person/day Washing Machine: l / washing Dishwasher: 20 l / washing Example house with 4 persons total 4*40 = 160 l /day Storage tank for DHW = 0,7-1,5 x water requirement lt storage tank Daily energetic load: = m x cp x ( ) => = 160 l x 1,16 Wh/ (l K) x (45-15)K => E = 5.6 kwh Add energy required for space heating (about 70kWh/100m²)* coverage factor E=70* =33.6kWh : Sonnenkraft Collector output: 1.2kWh/m² so 33.6/1.2=28m² collector area Space Heating Storage 40lt/m² collector = 1120lt

84 The installation of SOLLET project at C.R.E.S Storage tank, 500lt Collector area, 13.5m 2 Heated Offices, 60m 2 Biomass burner, 35kW

85 Schematic diagram of the project

86 European project SOLLET (2): Germany, House, Dormagen Solar Collectors - Heating area 400m² - Pellets s burner 10 KW with heat exchanger air/water - Fire place 10 KW with air/water heat exchanger m² m collector area. - Water tank 3000 l - Auxiliary heating system with natural gas. pellets Backup fire place

87 European project SOLLET (3): Germany, House, Cologne - Heating area 140m² - Pellets s burner 10 KW with heat exchanger air/water - 28 m² collector area - Water tank 1000 l Pellet Burner Solar collectors

88 Combi : Home (FR) Source: IEA Task 26

89 Combi : Apartments ( ) Source: GSWB

90 Combi : Apartments Solar village (GR)

91 Ready Made Systems Pellet Source: Buderus

92 Compact Systems: Plug n n play Dimensions (LxWxH) 10,5m x 2,5m x 2,6m 24 m² collector area kw pellet burner

93 Compact systems: Plug n n play

94 General Observations Solar heating systems can be combine with conventional space heating systems Integrated with already installed systems. Combination with solar chillers to cover cooling loads (Use of excess energy). Cost: 400 /m² Collector area: 20% of the heated area for 40% load coverage (ex. 20m² flat plate collectors for 100m² house). Hot water Storage Volume: 10x heated area (1000lt tank for 100m² house) Must give emphasis at planning. ex. Dimensioning of expansion tank of solar circuit. (stagnation temperatures).

95 Technical description, sizing and calculations methods of large solar systems Stefan Stumpf arsenal research

96 Table of contents Determination of hot water needs Plant hydraulics and dimensioning of solar systems in dwellings Connection of large collector areas Functional and yield control Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

97 Determination of hot water needs Metrological collection Exactly and safe method of determination Warmwasser Measuring devices: volumetric meter (constant T) heat meter (also with varying T) Brauchwasserspeicher T WW T WW Warmwassertemperatur T KW Kaltwassertemperatur WMZ Wärmemengenzähler VZ Volumen mengenzähler At least during some weeks Daily values sufficiently Consider the position! T KW Kaltwasser WMZ VZ Abzweiger Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

98 Average hot water consumption (monthly/year) for 12 different dwellings average water demand per person/month 60 C Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

99 Standard values of hot water consumption Daily hot water consumption dependent on the number of persons, age, living standard, etc.. Hot water consumption per day and person with a temperature of 60 C simple Claims high Claims highest Claims l l l Category social housing Consumption per day and person Hot water consumption [litre] 30 Temperature level [ C] 60 Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

100 Calculation of hot water demand Q WW V c p ΔT = 3600 Δ X = Pers W 33 NF X Pers = n w 2,5 Q BW = V x c p 3600 ΔT Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

101 Plant hydraulics and dimensioning of solar systems in residential buildings Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

102 Table of content Dimensioning of hot water systems Collector area Storage volume Solar supported heat supply concepts 2-pipe net 4-pipe net Boiler integration Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

103 Ways to dimension a solar system Most important factors on investment and solar fraction storage and collector area 1. Dimensioning in the cost/use optimum solar fraction 25% appr. 40 l/m² - 45% appr. 65 l/m² storage volume per square meter collector area 2. Dimensioning on almost 100% summer covering solar fraction 60% appr. 65 l/m²- 95% appr. 100 l/m² storage volume per square meter collector area Conditions for the dimensioning; knowledge of: average daily warm water consumption Introduce an auxiliary characteristic number: load load daily hot water consumption = net collecot or area litre with 60 C = m² Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

104 Dependence of solar covering degree and storage volume Nomograph for the determination of the gross collector surface and the solar storage volume in connection with the solar covering degree Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

105 Dimensioning example Residential building with 21 accommodation units Hot water demand: appr Litre with 60 C/day Desired solar covering degree for the water demand: appr. 34 % 1.step: choice of the specific storage volume 34% -> 50 l/m² 2. Step: determination of the load Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

106 Dimensioning example Residential building with 21 accommodation units Hot water demand: appr Litre with 60 C/day Desired solar covering degree for the water demand: appr. 34 % Wanted data: Gross collector surface [m²] Storage volume [litre] Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

107 Dimensioning example 1.step: choice of the specific storage volume 34% -> 50 l/m² Residential building with 21 accommodation units Hot water demand: appr Litre with 60 C/day Desired solar covering degree for the water demand: appr. 34 % 2. step: determination of the load -> 30 litre with 60 C 3.step: determination of the collector area daily hot water consumption with 60 C / day collector area = = area 30litre with 60 C / m² day 1.575litre with 60 C / day collector area = = 53m² 30litre with 60 C / m² day Storage volume: 53m²x50l/m² = 2.650l Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

108 In Austria over 800 realised projects in residential buildings Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

109 Requirements of solar supported heat nets of the 3 rd generation Holistic systems Adapted basic conditions for the use of solar systems Conceptional reduction of calorific losses Highest comfort for occupants Hygienically harmless drinking water heating up Economically meaningfully Modern control of operating Apart from the employment in new buildings an employment in existing buildings must be possible Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

110 Solar supported heat nets of the 3 rd generation Boiler Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher T3 Kaltwasser Warmwasser T2 Boiler Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kessel Boiler Heat distribution from a 2-pipe net Hot water heating with a decentralised storage Meaningful employment with small energy densities (dwellings, etc.) Kaltwasser Warmwasser Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

111 Solar supported heat nets of the 3 rd generation Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher T3 Warmwasser T2 Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Kessel Heat distribution from a 2-pipe net Hot water heating in a decentralised flow principle Meaningful employment with small and high energy densities Warmwasser Kaltwasser Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

112 Advantages of 2-pipe nets Distribution losses are reduced to a minimum Dependent on the system a space heat supply can be achieved automatically Cheaper heat prices compared to 4-pipe systems An increase in comfort and absolutely harmless water hygiene Reduction of the error frequency in industrial manufactured housing stations and no auxiliary energy is needed Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

113 Integration of conventional heating systems flow principle: "Low flow Kollektorfeld Vorlauf konv. Wärmeerzeuger Rücklauf konv. Wärmeerzeuger (Biomasse, Öl) Kollektorfeld Vorlauf konv. Wärmeerzeuger Rücklauf konv. Wärmeerzeuger (Biomasse, Öl) Rücklauf konv. Wärmeerzeuger (Gas-Brennwert, Fernwärme) Rücklauf konv. Wärmeerzeuger (Gas-Brennwert, Fernwärme) Integration of the solar system No need for a layer load device in large plants small impact on solar covering degree Application Need appropriate speed regulation and economical loading strategies 1 feeding height (beyond the readiness and switching volume) 2 feeding heights (one at the top, one at 2/3 of the height) The change is effected by the temperature and made by a 3-way valve Integration of conventional boilers Net supply: upperst part of the storage Return: upper part of the storage (can be used for biomass, oil, gas) Return in the lower third of the storage (can be used for condensing boilers and district heating) Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

114 Solar supported energy nets: 2-pipe systems with decentralised hot water storage Solar system If an energy storage is integrated: > Operational mode: Low (Matched) Flow Conventional boiler: Feeds into the energy storage Heat distribution: With a pair of pipes (2 pipes) Hot water preparation: Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher Decentralised flow principle in the flat on a daily basis T2 Kessel Boiler Boiler Boiler Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

115 Solar supported energy nets: 2-pipe systems with decentralised hot water storage Boiler Important components: Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher Kaltwasser Mixing valve Warmwasser Pump T2 Boiler Decentralized load substations Kaltwasser Warmwasser Application: Kessel Boiler New building, residential buildings in compact building method, reconstruction Kaltwasser Warmwasser (already existing devices can sometimes be further used) Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

116 Hot water preparation / Space heat supply Hot water storage: Dimensioning on a daily use of litres Placement: storage, toilet, bath, possibly cellars > Importantly: short ways to the taps Loading of the hot water storage: external heat exchangers Loading: > Deep return temperatures can be obtained > Importantly: hydraulic uncoupling Low loads, irradiation-strong time periods (at noon), load duration (1h), enough volume of hot water in the storage Space heat supply: Dimensioning of radiators on a max. 65/40 C Usage of low temperature systems possible without any problems During the season without heating the system is just used to heat up hot water Boiler Kaltwasser Warmwasser Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

117 Solar supported energy nets: 2-pipe nets with decentralised district heating substations Solar system If an energy storage is integrated: > Operational mode: Low (Matched) Flow Conventional boiler: Feeds into the energy storage Heat distribution: With a pair of pipes (2 pipes) Hot water preparation: Decentralised flow principle in the flat Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher Kessel Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser

118 Solar supported energy nets: 2-pipe nets with decentralised district heating substations Important components: Mixing valve Pump District heating substations Application: Kollektorfeld New building, residential buildings in compact building method, reconstruction Energiespeicher Kessel Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

119 Substations Advantages of substations: Industrial manufacturing Highest quality criteria No external energy requirement Low investment costs Individual design (finery, in the wall, different geometry) All components for decentralized hot water heating and space heating are contained Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

120 Functions of substations Warmwasser Kaltwasser 45 C 10 C Netz RL C Netz VL 65 C C Heizung RL 65 C Heizung VL 1 Absperrventil 2 Rückschlagklappe 3 Sicherheitsventil 4 Durchflussgesteuerter Temperaturregler 5 Rücklauftemperaturbegrenzer 6 Differenzdruckregler 7 Zählerpassstück 8 Zonenventil 9 Passstück Kaltwasser 10 Zirkulationsbrücke Important components for hot water preparation: Plate heat exchanger: hot water is produced when its needed > Small risk of legionella > Highest hygiene Proportional controller: regulates the hot water temperature and adapts the flow rate to the hot water consumption > No calcification because of the temperature limit Circulation bridge: constant return temperature and comfort Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

121 Functions of substations Warmwasser Kaltwasser 45 C 10 C Netz RL C Netz VL 65 C C Heizung RL 65 C Heizung VL 1 Absperrventil 2 Rückschlagklappe 3 Sicherheitsventil 4 Durchflussgesteuerter Temperaturregler 5 Rücklauftemperaturbegrenzer 6 Differenzdruckregler 7 Zählerpassstück 8 Zonenventil 9 Passstück Kaltwasser 10 Zirkulationsbrücke Important components for heat preparation: Differential pressure regulating valve: hot water is produced when its needed > Provide a constant mass flow in individual units of the dwellings > Inappropriate adjusting can be prevented by fixed pre-setting Return controller: are used in the return and fixed on 40 C Thermostatic valve: control the temperature in the units Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

122 Measuring devices of substations Warmwasser Kaltwasser 45 C 10 C Netz RL C Netz VL 65 C C Heizung RL 65 C Heizung VL 1 Absperrventil 2 Rückschlagklappe 3 Sicherheitsventil 4 Durchflussgesteuerter Temperaturregler 5 Rücklauftemperaturbegrenzer 6 Differenzdruckregler 7 Zählerpassstück 8 Zonenventil 9 Passstück Kaltwasser 10 Zirkulationsbrücke Important components for measuring the demand: Water meter > measures the total amount of hot water used in a unit Heat meter > measures the total amount of hot water and heat used in a unit Can be read out manually or via a bus-sytem Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

123 Distribution net Characteristics of 2-pipe systems with substations Strongly varying flow due to the decentralized hot water preparation Constant flow temperatures over an entire operational year Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher Warmwasser Kaltwasser Warmwasser Kaltwasser Kessel Warmwasser Kaltwasser Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

124 Distribution net Volume flow Between summer and winter varying volume, usage of two pumps: > Pump for summer > Pump for winter > Reduction of the needed electricity Ascending pipe needs to be regulated correctly, usage of a differential pressure regulating valve Mixing valve: temperatures up to 95 C during summer mean highest requirements on the mixing valve Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

125 4-pipe nets with hot water storage Application: for a maximum of 10 flats Hot water storage Cost-intensive by interior coating or highgrade steel high requirements on water hygiene Kollektorfeld WW Zirkulationsleitung Raumheizung Integration of the solar system Internal heat exchanger Plate heat exchanger KW Temperature delimitation of the storage on 60 C: Calcifying danger of the external heat exchange Kessel Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

126 Zirkulation 4-pipe nets with two-storage systems Application Raumheizun For large hot water consumption (more than 10 flats) Layout Kollektorfeld Energiespeicher T2 Bereitschaftsspeicher Kaltwasser Warmwasser Central energy storage (steel) Central hot water storage to cover peak loads Kessel -> Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

127 Connection of large collector areas Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

128 Requirements on collector connections Heat transfer between absorbers and heat distribution media as good as possible Pressure losses by the collector flow as small as possible Standard dimensions from the manufacturers should be used To reduce the calorific losses, the material and assembly costs a small cross section of pipes is needed Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

129 Advantages of large-scale installations compared to single collectors Large-scale installation Single collector Reduction in installation time by crane Reduction in connection number Daily performance of over 300m² collector surface (100m² inclusive elevation ) Quality increase by process and locally reduced connection expenditure Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

130 Expansion Compensation Expansion loops in the collector Copper with 200 K T: expansion: 3,5 mm/m External expansion loop with flexible pipe Collector manufacturer must indicate the maximum number of single collectors in series and/or the use of expansion loops Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

131 General Aspects Connect as much as possible collectors in series Turbulent flow in the collector should be achieved -> optimal efficiency Use of insulation valves in parallel collector fields -> separate purging of the collector fields In unequal parallel collector fields Alignment of the different mass flows Use of circuit control valves Highest temperature-resistance Positioning of valves so far as possible from the collector (mostly in the return) Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

132 Functional and yield control monitoring

133 Table of content What is a functional and yield control? For what reason are they used? Different quality standards of a functional and yield control Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

134 Functional Control Manual visual control control of the plant operator Selective system temperatures, pressures Heat insulation condition Connection control Selective control of the system operation Optionally readjustment of the system operation after some months During the maintenance all points should be covered!! Automatic functional control intelligent regulation (easily programmable) automated error message (SMS, , call, etc..) continuous monitoring of the plant operation (temperatures, pressures, etc..) Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

135 Yield control Manual yield control Readout of heat meters (monthly, annually...) Automatic yield control Automatic readout of heat meters and further sensors (M-Bus, pulse out,..) Can serve also as rough functional control Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

136 For what reason are they used? In Germany the use of heat meters in solar systems is demanded In some parts of Austria it is a condition for funding Minimum solar yield: 350 kwh/m²y Some companies which build dwellings ask for a specific solar yield where Achievement and/or quality profile is prescribed Guaranteeing is taken over by the installer (mostly common together with the collector supplier) less yield is determined in the first three years and projected on life span disadvantage: guarantee is void from the planer! Mostly manual heat meter readout Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

137 Different quality standards of a functional and yield control Minimal plant monitoring Use of a heat meter Regularly maintenance heat meter should regularly be readout Optional: Use of a simple heat meter combinable with the control device ( amount of heat, flow and return temperatures are saved in the control device; possible readout; for small applications additional also with the pump running time conceivably) Usage: mainly in single family houses Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

138 Large solar applications Routine monitoring (failure safety ) Alarm-steered monitoring of the plant operation By means of appropriate control devices (EMC 2000, Schneid, etc..) or control systems Error message in consequence of programming logic or logic in the data analysis Criterion: temperature and radiation conditions, system pressure No evaluation of plant yields Conditions: easily programmable control device or control system (with the ability to mail alarms automatically), modem, alarm acceptance place) Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

139 Large solar applications Detailed plant monitoring (optimize and research) Flow rate and pair of temperatures in each hydraulic circle (energy balances), storage temperatures, running times, etc.. By means of appropriate control device or own data logger; bus systems are only conditionally suitably, because: Memory interval periods mostly much too roughly (max. 1x daily; e.g. m-bus) Compatibility to other measure systems is only conditionally given Error reporting criterion: Temperature- and/or radiation conditions, system pressure Error message "on-line" or from logic of the daily automatic data analysis Detailed analysis of operational behaviour (energies, temperatures, losses, etc..) in appropriate temporal resolution Conditions: easily programmable control devices or control systems with the ability to buffer data sets and to spend it in an appropriate format and/or to mail alarms automatically, modem, alarm and data acceptance place Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

140 Optimization measures to increase the entire plant efficiency A technical deficiency recognized in the plant monitoring is not only concerning the solar system but also the entire heat supply or hot water system! The recognized technical deficiencies are mostly not acute/serious (save money) The arising technical deficiencies are often very similar and can partly be repeated in individual plants Early recognition can minimize negative effects on the plant efficiency and the solar yield! Erneuerbare EnergieRenewable Energy Technologies

141 Thank you for your attention!

142 Solar Cooling TranSolar Workshop in Slovenia Dimitrios Chasapis R.E. Systems Technology Eng. Solar Thermal Dpt. CRES

143 Solar Cooling or Solar Combi+ Systems that use solar energy for heating, cooling and DHW preparation Use of chillers that utilize hot water as primary energy Closed circuit for cold water production Open Circuit for air conditioning

144 Solar Cooling Systems in Europe (2004) 6 Germany Greece 67 Systems 6 MW total installed capacity m 2 collectors area Spain Portugal Italy Austria France Netherlands Israel Turkey Kosovo Source: IEA Task 25

145 Solar Cooling Systems in Europe (2004) desiccant, liquid 0.6% 1.5% 4.4% collector area cooling capacity number of systems desiccant, rotor 8.7% 14.1% 23.5% adsorption 11.8% 26.3% 32.7% absorption 57.8% 57.9% 58.8% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% Source: IEA Task 25

146 Solar Chiller Technologies Source: Fraunhofer - ISE

147 General Schematic Diagram heat supply system chilled water buffer storage backup heater chiller supply air heat recovery wheel desiccant wheel ambient air building/room return air conditioned air exhaust air Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

148 Compression Chiller

149 Absorption Chiller CHP NORTHEAST

150 Double Stage Absorption Chiller InterEnergy

151 Absorption Chiller Most chillers of high capacity (> 200 kw) 13 chillers of low capacity (<100 kw) The produced cold water can be used for air conditioning in air chillers or for direct space cooling (fan coils, chilled ceilings,...) Smallest chiller 4.5 kw Usual supply temperatures 75 C C Usual supply temperatures of double stage systems > 150 C with COP 1.2 Usual COP Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

152 Absorption Chiller Examples Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

153 Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

154 Adsorption Chillers condenser phase 1 adsorber 1 adsorber 2 phase 4 phase 2 condenser evaporator condenser adsorber 1 adsorber 2 adsorber 1 adsorber 2 evaporator condenser phase 3 evaporator adsorber 1 adsorber 2 evaporator Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

155 Adsorption Chillers The produced cold water can be used for air conditioning in air chillers of for direct space cooling (fan coils, chilled ceilings,...) Usual chiller capacity range 50 kw kw Smallest Capacity 7.5kW Usual supply temperature > 55 C COP 0.65 Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

156 Adsorption Chiller Examples Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

157 Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

158 Desiccant Evaporative Cooling (DEC) Simple mechanism, use of common materials About 6 desiccant wheel manufacturers worldwide Use of low temperatures (down to 45 C) Chemical storage and higher COP by the use of liquid desiccant (ClLi) Large installation area Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

159 DEC: Operating Principle 51,0 Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

160 DEC Examples Air Collectors : 100 m 2 DEC system (10200 m 3 /h) with silica gel Seminar room chilling Chamber of Commerce in Freiburg/ Germany Simple collector system with direct integration in the conditioning unit No back-up system and storage Best use of solar chiller since cooling load is proportional to sun radiation Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

161 DEC Example Mataro/Spain Public Library DEC system ( m 3 /h) with air collectos 105m m 3 Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

162 Fraunhofer ISE Liquid DEC office cooling Source: Fraunhofer -ISE

163 Hybrid Systems exhaust air ambient air dehumidifier wheel heat recovery wheel buffer storage humidifiers compr. chiller return air supply air kwh primary energy per kwh cold m 2 Solar collectors with 2.25 m 3 tank Reference system (same caracteristics - conventional) DEC system with integrated compression chiller in Palermo, Italy (240 m 2 )

164 House Chilling Source: SolarNext

165 Small Scale Solar Chillers EAW SK SonnenKlima GmbH

166 House with small chiller 4.5kW Source: Rotartica

167 Heat Rejection Dry Cooling Tower The heat is dissipated thought a heat exchanger with the use of fans Problems: Big construction, problem with rejection in summer high temperatures (above 32 C)

168 Heat Rejection Crossflow wet cooling tower

169 Heat Rejection Counterflow wet cooling tower

170 Heat Rejection Wet Cooling Towers Problems: -Water Consumption -Formation of Legionela Bacteria

171 Heat Rejection Hybrid cooling tower

172 Solar Cooling, Technical aspects SAC SAC = = solar solar air air coll. coll. CPC CPC = = stationary stationary CPC CPC FPC FPC = = selectively selectively coated coated flat flat plate plate EHP EHP = = evacuated evacuated heat-pipe heat-pipe EDF EDF = = evacuated, evacuated, direct direct flow flow SYC SYC = = stationary stationary concentrated, concentrated, Sydney-type Sydney-type coll CPC desiccant SAC adsorption FPC 1-effect absorption EHP EDF SYC 2-effect absorption T/G [Km 2 /W]

173 Solar Cooling Technical Aspects Chillers have 2 COP: Thermal COP = Qc/Qinth Electrical COP = Qc/Qelectical Split unit Geothermal Heat pump Adsorption Absorption DEC COPel COPth

174 Solar Cooling Technical Aspects Energy from collectors Qin Chiller Rejected heat Qr=Qin+Qc Cooling Energy Qc Required Power from Collector Field Q in = Q c / COP th Rejected power Q r = Q in + Q c For 10kW chiller with COP th = 0.6: Q c = 10kW Q in = 10kW / 0.6 = 16.67kW Q r = = 26.67kW Electrical consumption For 10kW chiller with COP th = 60: Q c = 10kW Q el = 10kW / 80 = 166.7W

175 Solar Cooling System Dimensioning Cooling Load Calculation (from EM calculations) Definition of coverage percentage Available space for: Solar collectors (about 1.5 x collector area) Storage tanks Chiller Cooling tower Connection with existing distribution system Connection with back-up chiller Calculation of Cooling Power (according to load and % of coverage) Calculation of Solar Collector Field Power Calculation of Cooling Tower Dimensioning of collector filed according to Solar Combi systems

176 Solar Cooling Component Dimensioning Component dimensioning follows the rules of general hydraulic dimensioning but required flow is given by the manufacturer

177 Solar Cooling System Design Hot Storage: - Maximize the efficiency of the collectors - Energy Storage (about 40lt/m²) Cold Storage: -Maximize efficiency of Chiller (operation at maximum COP conditions) -Energy Storage (about 15lt/m²)

178 Solar Cooling Detailed System Design Operational experiences of a solar cooling plant Ahmed Hamza H. Ali, P. Noeres,C. Pollerberg and C. Doetsch

179 General Information Seasonal coinherance of load and energy supply Small scale solar chiller industry still under developement High chiller cost for chillers of less than 30kW (1000 /kw ) Integration on existing systems (use of Fan coils underfloor heating) Solar Chillers in split unit format expected soon General Solar Field dimensioning: 3m²/kW c for closed circuit chillers 10m² per 1000m³/h for open circuit chillers

180 Quality of solar thermal systems dr. Ciril Arkar, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of mechanical engineering

181 Quality of solar thermal systems Slovenia has a lot of experiences with STS and system parts in 80s the amount of yearly installed solar collector is similar to amount yearly installed today m 2 quality of components was bed a lot of systems is not operational any more similar experiences in other European countries In last years, great development: technical development quality control design and control of operation

182 Quality of solar thermal systems Technological development great increase in quality of solar collectors new technologies adopted implementation Quality control development of new standards and procedures of testing, also for the whole system upgrade of standards with quality control

183 Quality of solar thermal systems Proper design of solar thermal systems life expectancy depends on proper operation design based on known heat demand use of software Monitoring of operation of solar thermal system sufficient measuring equipment enables flaws detection required for subsidy approval recover confidence in solar thermal systems

184 Efficiency of solar thermal collector Technical development of STC increased efficiency of STC. Efficiency of STC is defined as quotient between output heat flow and solar radiation. It can be calculated using equation: SSE = Q SSE A. SSE G glob, SSE= = F. pokrov. abs F. U SSE. SSE ((T sr T ok )/G glob, )

185 Solar collectors SSE= = F. pokrov. abs F. U SSE. SSE ((T sr T ok )/G glob, ) Higher temperature Low solar radiation

186 Testing of solar collectors Usually all construction and optical parameters of solar collectors are not known That is why the efficiency of solar collector should be measured. Heat gained by the collector is not calculated but measured using calorimetric method. The method is defined by standard SIST EN and SIST ISO F. U SSE SSE= o F. U SSE T sr T ok ( ). SSE G glob, SSE= o a. 1 T *

187 Testing of solar collectors Efficiency of glassed collectors (SIST EN 12975) can be approximated using second order polynomial ( o, a 1, a 2 ), with unglazed solar collectors the wind velocity should be evaluated also ( o, b 1, b 2 ). SSE= o a. 1 T * a. 2 G. T*2 G = 800 W/m 2 u=4 m/s u=0 m/s SSE= o (b 1 + b. 2 u). T *

188 Testing of solar collectors Test of efficiency based on SIST EN consists of heat loses and also tests of durability, reliability, safety and life expectancy

189 Testing of solar collectors Tests carried out on external test site. Durability test are performed in clear weather and high air temperatures.

190 Thermal storage requirements and testing Thermal storage used with solar thermal system should fulfill safety requirements, anti corrosive requirements and health requirements: Life expectancy of water thermal heat storage is important factor. Thermal storage should be constructed from anticorrosive materials or coated with anticorrosive substances, e.g. enamel. Enameled thermal storage should have cathode protection magnesium anode. damaged and porous places are filled by hard water deposits Temperature between 40 in 55 C, usual in thermal storages, are most suitable for legionella growth (35 species, at least 17 dangerous to human health). water heating above 60 C kills the bacteria thermal storage overheated daily circulating lines should be overheated also

191 Testing and operation of solar thermal systems Operation of solar thermal system for heating and hot water production can be predicted based on measurement of system or use of simulation programs: SIST EN Result of test is yearly prediction of heat gained by solar thermal system for arbitrary location in Europe. 60 SSE 5,2 m 2 ; V hranilnika = 300 l -10 Daily operation of solar thermal system can be predicted using charts. Charts preset the operation of solar thermal system regarding solar radiation, daily air and environment temperature. Zbrana toplota s solarnim sistemom [MJ/dan] Sončno obsevanje [MJ/m 2 dan]

192 Testing and operation of solar thermal systems Sevanje [W/m2] Meteorološki parametri Sevanje Difuzno sevanje Hitrost vetra 9,0 8,5 8,0 7,5 7,0 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Hitrost vetra [m/s] Test based on SIST EN consists of multiple one-day measurements of heat use (empty thermal storage) at the end of the day. Temperatura [ o C] Temperature Izstop bojler Tem-okolice Tem-izstop (streha) Vstop bojler 7:00 8:53 10:46 12:40 14:33 16:26 18:20 20:13 22:06 0:00 1:53 3:46 5:40 Tekoča ura

193 Testing and operation of solar thermal systems Result of test of solar thermal system are chart and equation of heat gained by solar thermal system, chart and equation predicted temperature of water in heat storage and yearly heat gained for different locations. Proizvedena toplota s solarnim sistemom [MJ/dan] ta(day) - tmain = 20 K ta(day) - tmain = 10 K ta(day) - tmain = 0 K ta(day) - tmain = -10 K izmerjene vrednosti A SSE = 3.70 m 2 ; V HT = 200 l Sončno obsevanje [MJ/m 2 dan]

194 Solar Keymark Solar Keymark is European sign for quality solar collectors and solar thermal systems. Products certified by Solar Keymark must fulfill SIST EN or standard and additional requirement: production line must fulfill quality control standards (ISO 9000) tested produced are randomly selected from production line quality of system assures quality of system parts Annual periodic test of quality of system Periodic biennial repeated test of system and solar collectors

195 Solar Keymark Solar Keymark is European sign for quality solar collectors and solar thermal systems. It is recognized by many European countries More than 255 producers and more than 557 certificated products list of certificated solar thermal collectors and solar thermal systems is available at Solar Keymark web site

196 Solar Keymark Solar Keymark is European mark for quality of solar collectors and solar thermal systems. Quality mark is acknowledged by many European counties Also in Slovenia higher subsidies for Solar Keymark approved solar thermal systems

197 Monitoring of solar thermal systems EPBD directive requires monitoring of energy use in buildings There are no information available about the amount of heat gained by solar thermal system or use of hot water.

198 Monitoring of solar thermal systems EPBD directive requires monitoring of energy use in buildings Monitoring of solar thermal system enables: set of parameters of operations operation monitoring control of efficiency of operation sophisticated control flaws detection detailed analysis of operation in Germany heat meters are obligatory in France and Austria heat meters are required for subsidized systems helps regaining trust in solar thermal systems

199 Monitoring of solar thermal systems Method of assured heat supplied by solar thermal system developed in France and used in many EU countries procedure of design and control of large solar thermal systems document signed by owner and installer of solar thermal system - installer of STS takes all responsibility for supply of sufficient amount of heat contract makes no risk for owner of STS - monitoring of system operation at least for 3 years - system of remote monitoring of STS operation was developed method introduced also in Slovenia

200 Monitoring of solar thermal systems Method of assured heat supplied by solar thermal system Method of assured heat supplied by solar thermal system developed in France and used in many EU countries developed in France and used in many EU countries je postopek načrtovanja in preverjanja kakovosti večjih SOS je tudi dokument, ki ga podpišeta lastnik in izvajalec SOS - izvajalec prevzame odgovornost za kakovostno izdelavo in količino dobavljene toplote s SOS pogodba za investitorja ne predstavlja tveganja - spremljanje delovanja sistema poteka vsaj 3 leta - razvit je bil sistem daljinskega spremljanja delovanja SOS metodo želimo uveljaviti tudi v Sloveniji pilot project of remote monitoring of STS operation in Preddvor

201 Investor motivation and examples of good practice Ljubljana, June 2009 Aljoša Pajk, PSP d.o.o., Slovenia

202 Energy environment Climate changes requires action. The trend of emissions threatens the human race survival, Enormous grout of fossil fuel has stopped in 2008, the prices are decreasing because of recession. The prices are now rising again, Promotion of use of renewable energy sources and building of new modern energetic facilities is necessary.

203 RES strategy Goal To assure sufficient amount of renewable energy sources at competitive prices, To assure competitive energetic solution, More efficient energy use, Environment and health care, Motivation of people on leading positions and social facilities e.g. schools, elderly houses, health and sport facilities, etc.

204 Incentives for use of RES Adopted to users Subsidies (nonrefundable grants, favorable credits), Awareness rising and presentation of advantages of RES to the investors, Use of RES results in cost operation decrease, Favorable cost to efficiency ratio, Products Customer Care Center, which offers monitoring of operation

205 Role of Community of social institutions in Slovenia In Community of social institutions in Slovenia are interested in decrease of costs of operation (efficient use of energy) of their facilities and gather funds for renovation. It is nor an easy task. There are more than 70 facilities to be renewed.

206 DU Sežana spring 2008

207 DU Sežana oughtom 2008

208 Result of project Decrease of electricity use, Decrease of use of energy for heating, Better thermal comfort, Decrease of CO 2 and NoX emission cleaner environment.

209 Solar system in DU Sežana Realization Producer SONNENKRAFT SK 500 Size of STS 90 m 2 Orientation and inclination -15 /30 Number and volume of thermal storages Solar gain Solar gain per size of STS Yearly savings of fossil fuel 1x2m 3,1x4m kwh 604 kwh/m 2 STS m 3 of natural gas

210 20 years old solar thermal system in DU Gradišče in year 2008

211 Renewed solar system in DU Gradišče Realization Type and size of STS Number and volume of thermal storages Solar gain Yearly savings of fossil fuel CO 2 emission savings Payback period (including subsidy) flat, selective 90 m 2 3 x 2 m kwh l fuel oil 23,7 t 8 years

212 New solar thermal system in DU Gradišče

213 Solar thermal system DUO Impoljca in construction installed in 2009

214 Monitoring of operation

215 Measurement of operation - necessity

216 Greek Solar Thermal Market Market Development and Tools Awareness, International Trade

217 Greek Solar Industry Association Dimosthenous Str. 267, Athens, Greece. Tel Fax

218 GSIA Members Est.1979 NOBEL XYLINAKIS SIELINE ROMINA

219 Products in Greece Solar water heater Thermosiphonic 95% - Private customers Central pump systems - Mainly professional customers - Hot water for hotels (95%), hospitals, etc - Process hot water - Solar cooling

220 Domestic Pump System

221 Thermosiphonic Water Heater

222 Thermosiphonic Water Heater Requires flat roof or integration on roof or acceptance by customer Inexpensive installation Simple installation No mistakes by installers No negative influence on customers by installers

223 Sales Greek Market. Annual Sales Home market Exports Year 1980 Collector Area (sq.m) 1978

224 Medium Term Trend Sales Volume (sq.m) Sales Volume Development Stable Market Increasing Market Trend Years

225 Market Structure Now Manufacturer Wholesaler Retail, installer HVAC Final customer

226 Initial Market Structure Manufacturer Manufacturer Wholesaler (solar only) Final customer

227 Advertising/Awareness Campaigns Industry, State (benefits of solar energy) Industry, State (economy) 1995 Public Power Corporation

228 Awareness for Solar Hot water : Complete Process heat : not satisfactory Space heating : only futuristic Solar cooling : startup phase Other in project level (drying, etc.)

229 International Trade Positive European safety requirements CE mark European standards Solar Keymark Negative National & regional requirements

230 Exported Products Solar water heaters ( Mediterranean, 37 countries all over) Solar collectors (Europe, mainly central) Small solar tanks - suitable for thermosiphonic systems- (Mediterranean) Absorbers, etc.- (Eastern Europe)

231 Key to Enlarge Solar Market Simple and long term rules for subsidies

232 Viessmann solar thermal systems Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 1 06/2009 Viessmann Werke

233 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 2 06/2009 Viessmann Werke VITOSOL Solar collectors

234 VITOSOL 200-F Flat collector Quality flat collector: gross area: 2,51 m ² absorber area: 2,30 m ² Frame from aluminum profile and laths colored in RAL 8019 (brown), also possible in other RAL colors Glassed with 3,2 mm thick glass, sealed two component seal and covered with aluminum lath Copper absorber b with Sol-Titan coating, shaped like meander with integrated collecting rail 50 mm thick insulation at the back, and 15mm at the side Connections between collectors with flexible pipe from stainless still material Dimensions: 1056 x 2380 x 90 mm Trans solar /2009 Viessmann Werke Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 3

235 VITOSOL 200-F Cross section Frame from aluminum profile colored RAL 8019 Stable, high transparent cover made of special glass Copper absorber Insulating material 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 4

236 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 5 06/2009 Viessmann Werke VITOSOL 200-F Connection of two collectors (Viessmann system)

237 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 6 06/2009 Viessmann Werke VITOSOL 200-F

238 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 7 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Examples of installation of Vitosol 200-F

239 Elderly house in Maribor Solar thermal system with 100 m 2 of flat collectors used for heating of hot water. Collectors are installed on flat roof in two rows of 50 m 2. Trans solar /2009 Viessmann Werke Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 8

240 VITOSOL 200-T Vacuum tube collector Direct flow With Sol-Titan coating Can be installed horizontally on flat roof, inclined or vertically on a facades Trans solar /2009 Viessmann Werke Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 9

241 VITOSOL 200-T High efficiency vacuum tube collector Vacuum tube collector, ideal for all types of installation Installation of tubes using O ring seal Size of absorber: 2,05 / 3,07 m² Number of tubes: 20 / 30 axially revolvable Vacuum tube collector with direct flow Absorber attached in vacuum zone coated with Sol-Titan coating Frame efficiently isolated using insulating foam and melamine foam Interconnection of more collector using flexible stainless steal tube Trans solar /2009 Viessmann Werke Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 10

242 VITOSOL 200-T Intersevtion High efficient thermal insulation Croaks connecting tube Connecting rail Absorber with direct flow Quality glass with small amount of Iron 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 11

243 VITOSOL 200-T Innovative plug-in system Simple installation using Viessmannovim fixing system with stainless still connection pipes Connection of inlet and outlet pipe at the same side, integrated collector rail Attractive design of collectors, colored in RAL 8019 (brown) Highly efficient insulation of frame and collector rail Trans solar /2009 Viessmann Werke Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 12

244 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 13 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Examples of installation of Vitosol 200-T

245 VITOSOL 300-T High efficient vacuum tube collectors Vacuum tube collector with heat pipe principle of operation Absorber coated with Sol-Titan coating Energy efficient Duotec heat exchanger with double pipe Absorber size: 2,05 and 3,07 m² 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 14

246 VITOSOL 300-T Cross section High efficiency thermal insulation Dry connection Quality glass with small amount of Iron Duotec heat exchanger with double tubing and integrated overheating connection Heat pipe Absorber coated with Sol-Totan coating 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 15

247 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 16 06/2009 Viessmann Werke VITOSOL 300-T Structure/Operation D Condenser E Heat exchanger with double tubing

248 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 17 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Example of installation of Vitosol 300-T

249 Solar thermal system Solar collectors Vitosol 200/300 Regulation unit Vitosolic 100/200 Pump Solar-Divicon and accessories Bivalent ali multivalent l t heater of hot water Vitocell 100/300 Boiler 06/2009 Viessmann Werke 4 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 18

250 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 19 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Use of solar collectors Heating of hot water Upg grade ofexisting heating system of hot water

251 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 20 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Use of solar collectors Support of heating

252 VITOSOLIC 100/200 Solar regulation Control unit for hot water heating control Temperature difference control Graphical display Integrated diagnose system and balancing of heat Simple handling KM-BUS communication with boiler Control of pump power Vitosolic 100 Solar unit for hot water heating, building heating and pool heating control Similar to Vitosolic 100, plus additional: Support of 4 temperature differential control Support of different languages 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Vitosolic 200 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 21

253 Pumping station Solar-Divicon Assurance of hydraulic functions and protection Compact unit housing all necessary safety function elements e.g. thermometer, valves, pump, flow meter, manometer, safety valve, thermal insulation Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 22 06/2009 Viessmann Werke

254 VITOCELL 100-B Heating of hot water. Ceraprotect protection with and magnesium or current anode Heat from solar collectors is transferred to hot water using the lower heat exchanger Volume 300, 400, 500 liters 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Uvojni kotnik Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 23

255 VitocelI 100-U Hot water heater with preinstalled component for solar thermal system Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 24 06/2009 Viessmann Werke

256 VITOCELL 340-M, 360-M Types/Differences Combined heat thermal storage/ heater of hot water Option of additional heat sources Ideal for combination with solar thermal system Stratification unit (360-M) provide faster stratification and higher amount of available hot water Heating coil made of stainless steal for hot water heating Volume: 750 and 950 liters 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Vitocell 340- M Vitocell 360-M Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 25

257 VITOCELL 140-M, 160-M Volume: 750 and 950 liters Ideal thermal storage to upgrade existing building heating system. Option of additional heat sources e.g. heat pump or wood furnace Stratification unit at Vitocell 160-E Option of additional heating of hot water using additional module Option of additional electrical heater. 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Vitocell 140-E Vitocell 160-E Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 26

258 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 27 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Components of solar thermal system Plate heat exchanger Vitotrans 100 Heat exchanger Vitotrans 200 for pool heating

259 Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 28 06/2009 Viessmann Werke Components of solar thermal system Membrane expansion vessel Pumping unit for filling of solar thermal system

260 Viessmann Slovenia - company located in Maribor, - 4 salesman/ technical adviser on field, - 4 salesman at company headquarters, - system of education an training of partners in Viessmann academy, - network of installers, - sales enhanced by installer and design companies. Trans solar /2009 Viessmann Werke Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 29

261 Thank you for the attention Trans solar 2009 Viessmannovi sončni kolektorji 30 06/2009 Viessmann Werke

262 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. LEPO POZDRAVLJENI Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

263 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Zgodovina podjetja Ustanovljena je firma WOLF GmbH Prevzem s strani firme Preussag AG (prej: Salzgitter AG) 2002 Nova poslovna orientacija Wolf kot sistemski ponudnik Firmo WOLF prevzame firma Centrotec Sustainable AG, Brilon Prevzem izdelovalca kogeneracijskih naprav Kuntschar+Schlüter, Klima tehnika: Vodilni v Europi Ogrevalni kotli: Plinske terme: Solarna tehnika: Biomasa: 3 v Nem iji v vodilni skupini v vodilni skupini v vodilni skupini Eden najve jih zaposlovalcev v svojem okolju. Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

264 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Wolf Centrotec Idealno partnerstvo Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

265 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Podjetje Wolf sodelavcev na samem sedežu v Mainburgu 87 vajencev 350 pri partnerskih podjetjih po vsem svetu Proizvodnja Tehnika in razvoj Marketing in prodaja Servis Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

266 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Promet Konstantna rast tudi v težkih asih : 4 Mio. 1982: 38 Mio. 1990: 110 Mio. 2002: 188 Mio., Export 22% 2003: 195 Mio. 2005: 203 Mio. 2007: 228,3 Mio., 2008: 273,7 Mio., Export 40% Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

267 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Izdelano v letu Ogrevalnih kotlov Klima naprav Prezra evalnih naprav Solarnih kolektorjev Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

268 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Sistemi za var evanje z energijo Toplotne rpalke Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

269 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Sistemi za var evanje z energijo Solarna tehnika CRK Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

270 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Sistem za var evanje z energijo WOLF solarni sistem Primer: Solarni kolektor F3-1 Oljni kondenz. kotel COB Bojler BSP Regulacija WRS Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

271 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Reference Allianz Arena, München Kreml, Moskau Abgeordnetenhaus, Berlin Banca d Italia, Rom Porsche-Zentrum, Dortmund Limbecker Platz, Essen Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

272 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Hvala za vašo pozornost Das Unternehmen Heizung Lüftung Klima Regenerative Energien Referenzen

273 WOLF Solar technology Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme.

274 Fossil fuel reserves Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Alternative SUN

275 Base knowledge Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. For almost years sun provides free energy which will be available for next years. Half hour of solar radiation could cover yearly earth energy consumption Europe receives yearly from 900 to 1400 kwh/m² of solar irradiation.

276 Solar radiation Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Clear sky can happen also in winter! Clear blue sky Partly cloudy Sun behind the clouds Sad winter day 1000 W/m² 600 W/m² 300 W/m² 100 W/m² 50-70% of global radiation consists of diffusive light. Collectors should be adopted to that:

277 Parts of solar thermal system Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Evacuating valve Collectors field Inlet Outlet Solar regulation Extension vessel Thermal storage

278 Collector TopSon F3-1 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Blue angel sign : - High efficiency - Environment friendly - Recyclable material -Different options for connecting 5 years warenty

279 Solar Keymark Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme.

280 Cross section Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Al-frame Glass - EPDM seal Fitting 3/4 sealed High selectivity absorber Insulation Al container Stone wool A1-60 mm

281 Sealing Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Al seal holder EPDM seal profile Protective glass tempered Al container

282 9DFXXP WXEH FROOHFWRU :2/) &5. Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Number of tubes: 12 Gross area: 2,28 m² Used area: 2,00 m² Weight: 37,60 kg Volime: 1,60 l DIN hail test

283 Pump Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Insulated incl. 2 valves flow control (30-90 l/h) Safety valve 6 bar 3 or no degrees of power control 2 sizes evacuating valve compact design Single heating loop Extension v 380mm x š 250mm x g 200mm

284 Thermal storage Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Thermal storage for hot water SEM-1 Volume: L ( 5 sizes) Double thermal storage SED Volume: 750 L 280 L of hot water 470 L thermal storage

285 Solar thermal storage Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. SEM-2 Thermal storage SEM / SEM Integrated pump and control SM 1

286 Solar thermal support of building heating Thermal storage SPU-2 Volume: l Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Thermal storage SPU-2-W Volume: l mit Glattrohrwärmetauscher

287 Thermal storage with stratification BSP Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Typ: BSP 800/1000 Size: 800 L 1000 L included hot water module two heating loops included solar loop option of regulation solar heat exchanger 2,5m² (800), 3,0m² (1000) 80mm PU-insulation system of hot water supply with constant temperature

288 Thermal storage with stratification SL Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Hydraulic scheme

289 Compact solution WOLF CSZ Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. CSZ -11/300 CSZ -20/300 Compact system solution With gas boiler, solar thermal storage, pumps and controller Advantages: Small space Everything on hand from the front Fast installation Connections on left and right Compact electrical wiring Nice look Modular installation

290 Construction Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Solar Gas boiler CGB 11 or 20kW Earth gas E, LL, and liquefied gas (20kW) with class A pump And flat heat exchanger 300 l solar thermal storage with thermal Insulation and foil Integrated controller BM For single heating loop + BW Heating Pump with integrated controller SM-1 25 l expansion valve 10 l can for solar cycle fluid

291 Controller Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Controller for single heating loop SM-1 Controller for two heating loops SM-2 Controller for three heating loops

292 Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme. Discount Solar heating set: 2 WOLF collectors extension valve solar controller SM 1 pump 300 l thermal storage SEM 1 BM controller unit compensator for connecting set for roof mounting solar fluid All this for less than EUR

293 Thank you for your attention Die Kompetenzmarke für Energiesparsysteme.

294 System solutions

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297 hot water heating

298 system solution

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302 system scheme

303 system scheme

304 example in practice

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306 system solution Solution Target group Thermal storage PSR with internal heat exchanger and pump Single family house Reliable and compact solar system for hot water heating and support of building heating. Thermal storage PS with module for stratification of thermal storage (external heat exchanger) Single and multifamily house of higher comfort standard (NEH and passive house) Reliable and compact solar system for hot water heating and support of building heating. Suitable for larger buildings.

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308 advantage for users

309 advantages

310 system solution

311 dimensioning

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313 Reaching the set temperature, the mixing valve is used

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317 examples

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319 advantages

320 advantage for users

321 system solution

322 dimensioning

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324 1.Upward turned pipe 2.Stratification plate mixing obstacle Vroča voda, npr. pri 90 C, ohrani 3. Plate for radial water diversion 4.Plote for calming of fresh water Pri ogrevalnem obratovanju popolno premešavanje

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327 Reaching the set temperature, the mixing valve is used

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333 examples

334 Thank you for the attention!

335 June 2009

336 POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ENERGY Technical potential of solar energy in EU was in 2004 evaluated to 1,4 billion m2 This would be sufficient to produce 682 GWh (59 million ton of oil equivalent) of heat per year, This would be sufficient for: 6% end use of energy in EU-15 members, 30% oil imported to EU from middle east.

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340 Trends

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345 Selection of colors e T =0.45, a S =0.87 e T =0.30, a S =0.90 e T =0.34, a S =0.80 e T =0.34, a S =0.82

346 Perforated thin plate

347 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Outside Inside

348 Rotacijski izmenjevalec vlage Rotacijski toplotni izmenjevalec Ploščni rekuperator Regulacijska žaluzija Regulacijska žaluzija Ventilator Central ventilation system with integrated system for solar supported cooling Mešalna komora Toplotni izmenjevalec zrak voda Pršni vlažilec Kontaktni vlažilec Filter Sončni kolektor za ogrevanje zraka Difuzor

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350 INTERSOLAR 2009

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352 Jan. 2007

353 Project information Project name Tehnološki park II Project location Celje tehnopolis Prepared by STS Project type Heating Technology Solar air heater Analysis type Method 2 Heating value reference Lower heating value (LHV) Climate data location Latitude N 46,1 46,1 Longitude E 15,3 15,3 Cooling design temperature C 23,7 Earth temperature amplitude C 20,1 Project location

354 Unit Base case Proposed case Heating MWh 73 0 Resource assessment Solar tracking mode Fixed Slope 90,0 Azimuth 0,0 Daily solar radiation - horizontal Daily solar radiation - tilted Month kwh/m²/d kwh/m²/d January 1,39 2,59 February 2,33 3,38 March 3,36 3,29 April 4,16 2,82 May 5,02 2,68 June 5,21 2,53 July 5,37 2,69 August 4,83 2,95 September 3,53 2,93 October 2,15 2,49 November 1,44 2,42 December 1,14 2,29 Annual 3,33 2,75 Annual solar radiation - horizontal MWh/m² 1,22 Annual solar radiation - tilted MWh/m² 1,00

355 Solar air heater Type Manufacturer Model Other STS Solar collector area m² 88 Solar collector shading - season of use % 0% Solar collector efficiency % 75,0% Incremental fan power Electricity rate Heating system Fuel type W/m² /kwh Base case Natural gas - m³ Seasonal efficiency 70% Fuel consumption - annual m³ ,8 Fuel rate /m³ 0,400 Fuel cost Percent of month used Month January 100% February 100% March 100% April 50% May 25% June 0% July 0% August 0% September 25% October 50% November 100% December 100%

356 Base case system GHG summary (Baseline) Fuel mix Fuel consumption GHG emission factor GHG emission Fuel type % MWh tco2/mwh tco2 Natural gas 100,0% 104 0, Total 100,0% 104 0, GHG emission reduction summary Heating project Base case GHG emission Proposed case GHG emission Gross annual GHG emission reduction Net annual GHG emission reduction t CO2 t CO2 t CO2 t CO Net annual GHG emission reduction 20,5 t CO2 is equivale nt to Litres of gasoline not consumed

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364 Feb. 2007

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373 SOLARNI TERMO SISTEMI - STS d.d. Kidričeva ulica 24b, 3000 Celje, Slovenija Telefon: (0) Telefax: (0) Mobilni: (0) E-pošta1: info@sts-inc.eu

374 Hvala za vašo pozornost! Sistemske rešitve