October 9, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District Attn: CENWO-ED-ED (Jeffery Skog) 215 North 17 th Street Omaha, NE

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1 Baker Environmental, Inc. A Unit of Michael Baker Corporation Airside Business Park 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA October 9, 2007 (412) FAX (412) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District Attn: CENWO-ED-ED (Jeffery Skog) 215 North 17 th Street Omaha, NE Re: LNAPL Investigation Pilot Study Report Former Atlas E Missile Site Windsor, Colorado Mr. Skog: Provided herein are results of the Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) Investigation Pilot Study performed by Baker Environmental, Inc. (Baker) for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Omaha District (USACE). The pilot study field program was conducted August 6 through 10, This pilot study is the initial phase of the investigation to delineate the LNAPL contamination identified at the site. The pilot study was designed to evaluate investigative methods, including passive soil gas and directpush technology (DPT) drilling, due to the site stratigraphy and unknown source of the LNAPL. Once the most appropriate investigative methods are determined, a more in depth investigation likely will be conducted to delineate the extent of the LNAPL. Delineation will be defined as the lateral boundaries of the plume, the thickness of the LNAPL throughout the plume and the source of the LNAPL. The pilot study was completed according to procedures described in the USACE approved Final LNAPL Investigation Pilot Study Work Plan (Baker, August 2007) prepared for the Site. Copies of the Daily Quality Control Reports, summarizing the daily activities, are provided as Attachment A. A discussion of the field activities, including exceptions to the proposed procedures made necessary by field conditions, is provided in the five subsequent sections including: Section Direct Push Technology Evaluation Section Field Screening Section Soil Gas Survey Section LNAPL Sampling and Sulfur Evaluation Section Conclusions 1.0 Direct Push Technology Evaluation The DPT drilling program pilot study was performed by Vironex, Inc. (Vironex) (13551 West 43rd Drive, Suite L, Golden, Colorado 80403, ) on August 6, The drilling pilot test was conducted using a Geoprobe 6600 equipped a GH62 soil probing hammer mounted on a one ton flatbed truck. Mike Martin, Vironex Rocky Mountain Regional Manager, along with a two man crew, was onsite and directed the drilling pilot test approach, oversaw the activities and provided DPT conclusions. The DPT testing was conducted approximately 20 feet northeast and upgradient of monitoring well MW-7 (Figure 1). Monitoring

2 Mr. Jeffery Skog October 9, 2007 Page 2 well MW-7 contains measurable LNAPL (this issue is discussed further in Section 4.0). The initial DPT evaluation activity involved advancing a 1.5-inch drive point that simulated a Membrane Interface Probe (MIP). Refusal was encountered at 19 feet below ground surface (bgs). Consequently, MIP technology cannot be used since the groundwater at the Site is at an approximate minimum depth of 35 feet bgs and the required depths cannot be obtained using the MIP/DPT configuration. For the DPT continuous soil sampling evaluation, a precleaned steel Macro-Core (MC) sampler was hydraulically pushed over a four-foot sampling interval through the vadose zone. Advancement was slow as two-foot sampling interval runs were employed at 20 feet bgs due to the increasing hardness of the stratigraphy. Refusal was encountered at 34 feet bgs. Note: A gravel-sized piece of competent siltstone was in the nose of the MC sampling upon retrieval. Consequently, DPT cannot be used since the groundwater at the Site is at an approximate minimum depth of 35 feet bgs and the required depths cannot be obtained using the continuous soil sampling/dpt configuration. Also, a fuel sample for total sulfur analysis was not collected from the DPT test borehole. Logging of the DPT soil cores correlated well with logs of boreholes advanced in the vicinity of the test borehole including SB-2 and SB-16/MW-7. Copies of the HTW Drilling Logs for soil boring SB-2 and monitoring well MW-7 are provided as Attachment B. Note: The following stratigraphic details from the SB-2 and SB-16/MW-7 drilling logs correlate with the DPT drilling logs: SB-2: several moderately cemented pieces around 19 ft bgs. SB-2: fine grained, hard, sandstone at the 30 to 31 foot interval, plus the rotosonic core barrel was stuck in the borehole after Run #8 (i.e., 29.5 to 32.5 foot interval). SB-16/MW-7: increase in sandstone pieces and minor increase in cementation around 20 feet bgs. SB-16/MW-7: 0.3 foot lense of moderately cemented sandstone around 33.5 feet bgs and medium hard siltstone around 34.5 feet bgs. Both DPT boreholes (i.e., MIP and continuous soil sampling boreholes) were backfilled with bentonite chips and hydrated with potable water. 2.0 Field Screening Field screening for total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted using a photoionization detector (PID) equipped with a 10.6 ev probe and calibrated to isobutylene. The PID was calibrated prior to use in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. General PID air monitoring for the purpose of health and safety was conducted during the DPT pilot study and included periodic screening of the driller's breathing zone and the top of the borehole. VOC soil screening was conducted by taking a portion of the sample and placing it in a new plastic baggie (filled approximately one-third to one-half full). The sample was allowed to equilibrate and was vigorously agitated prior to screening. The PID probe was quickly inserted into the baggie. Prior to measuring the

3 Mr. Jeffery Skog October 9, 2007 Page 3 sample headspace, the ambient air background concentration was measured and recorded as 0.0 ppm. The headspace screening results are provided in Table 1 along with screening results recorded during advancement of boreholes SB-2 and SB-16/MW-7 (Attachment B). TABLE 1 DPT Test Boring (1) SB-2 (2) SB16/MW-7 (2) Depth 8/6/ /22/ /15/1996 (ft. bgs) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) BKG (2) NA (3) (1) Background (BKG) PID measurement of 0.0 ppm. (2) Background (BKG) PID measurment of 0.4 ppm. (3) No PID screening since the drill cuttings from this interval were lost due to the rotosocic drill cuttings collection bag breaking. (4) Parts per million (ppm) Considering the different screening methodologies and drilling equipment used during the two investigations, the pilot study headspace screening results generally correlate to screening levels documented during advancement of boreholes SB-2 and SB-16/MW Soil Gas Survey The soil gas survey pilot test was performed in the vicinity of monitoring well MW-7 and southwest of the Launch and Service Building during the period of August 6 through 10, Twenty GORE Modules were installed along an approximate 25-foot grid at the locations identified on Figure 1. The modules were installed to a depth of 3 feet. The narrow diameter holes were advanced using a 1 1/4 -inch DPT drive point. The modules were installed and retrieved according to procedures described in GORE Soil Gas Sampling Storage, Installation and Retrieval Guidelines provided as Attachment C. The GORE TM Surveys Final Report, including data summary tables, total ion chromatograms, five color contour maps, and project specific comments is provided as Attachment D. The five color contour maps represent mass values of the following compounds desorbed from the GORE Modules: benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and total xylenes (BETX) undecane, tridecane and pentadecane (C11, C13 and C15) gasoline-range petroleum hydrocarbons (GRPH) diesel-range petroleum hydrocarbons (DRPH) trichloroethene (TCE)

4 Mr. Jeffery Skog October 9, 2007 Page 4 The GORE Modules results and associated contour maps show that moderate to high mass levels were observed for fuel-related compounds and TCE. The spatial patterns indicate fairly well-defined petroleum soil gas plumes with the suspected source being the former RP-1 fuel tank and a TCE plume west/southwest of the wastewater drainage sump and wastewater drainage sump discharge headwall. Soil gas and product fingerprint analysis suggest that diesel fuel was stored in the former RP-1 tank after facility operations. Additional soil gas sampling is recommended to assist the delineation of the nature and extent of the fuel and TCE contamination. Note: additional soil gas data can be combined and mapped with these data. 4.0 LNAPL Sampling and Sulfur Analytical Results The LNAPL thickness in monitoring wells MW-7 and MW-9 were measured using an interface probe on August 10, An LNAPL thickness of approximately 0.3 feet was measured in MW-7 and a petroleum odor was prevalent. In an effort to confirm that LNAPL was not present in monitoring well MW-9, a new, disposable bailer was lowered into the well and groundwater was retrieved for visible inspection. The groundwater was clear with no visible or olfactory LNAPL evident. LNAPL was not measured in MW-9 and petroleum odor was not evident. An evaluation of sulfur in the fuel was recommended to provide insight to the age of the fuel present at the site. Since a fuel sample for total sulfur analysis was not collected from the DPT test borehole, a sample was collected from MW-7 on August 10, The fuel was collected using a disposable bailer. Since only approximately 0.3 feet of fuel was measured, only approximately 20 ml of LNAPL sample could be retrieved from the well. The product and water sample was placed in a 100 ml plastic bottle. A photograph of the LNAPL/water sample is provided as Attachment E. The sample was described as the following: the top of the sample is product, then degraded product with bacterial/fungal flocs, then water, then minerals (residuals from degradation process). Per an odor test, the degradation appears to be aerobic due to the absence of hydrogen sulfide odor. The observance of degraded product conflicts with the analytical interpretation of the fuel fingerprint analysis of product sampled in 2006 indicating there was no evidence of weathering on the chromatogram of the fuel product, as evidenced by the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons being present in the same ratios as the standard. After confirming the sulfur analysis could be run with the lesser quantity, the sample was placed in a 40 ml glass vial and shipped overnight on August 14, 2007 to Core Laboratories in Houston, Texas. No preservation was required. The sample was analyzed for sulfur by ASTM Method D-4294 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. The analytical report stated WT% (1,590 ppm) total sulfur was detected in the sample. The sulfur analytical report is provided as Attachment F. From a historic perspective, a sulfur concentration of 1,590 ppm is within the historic range (210 to 6,500 ppm) and below the average (2,680 ppm) of sulfur in No.2 diesel fuel in the Rock Mountain Region for 1965 (Mineral Industry Surveys, 1965 [reference in Attachment F]). In addition, prior to 1993, on-road diesel fuels No. 2 contained an average of 2,500 ppm sulfur (U.S. EPA, 2000). In 1993, due to concerns surrounding air emissions, the EPA required that on-road varieties of low sulfur diesel fuel contain less than 500 ppm sulfur. Subsequently, the Highway Diesel rule, published on January 18, 2001 is a comprehensive national program would require refiners to further reduce the sulfur maximum to 15 ppm (ultra low sulfur diesel fuel for 80% of the on-road diesel fuels by June 2006 and the remaining 20% by 2010).

5 Mr. Jeffery Skog October 9, 2007 Page 5 Based on the historic sulfur information and the site s sulfur concentration, the site s fuel is most likely refined prior to Conclusions Advancement of DPT tools, including continuous soil sampling and MIP, were unsuccessful at attaining the required depths. Typical drilling technologies (e.g., air rotary, coring, rotosonic) are required for subsurface investigations at the Site. The field screening results generally correlated to screening levels documented during advancement of boreholes SB-2 and SB-16/MW-7 in The GORE Modules results and associated contour maps show that moderate to high mass levels were observed for fuel-related compounds and TCE. The spatial patterns indicate fairly well-defined petroleum soil gas plumes with the suspected source being in the former RP-1 fuel tank and a TCE plume southwest of the wastewater drainage sump and wastewater drainage sump discharge headwall. Additional soil gas sampling is recommended to assist the delineation of the nature and extent of the fuel and TCE contamination. Note: additional soil gas data can be combined and mapped with these data. Based on the historic sulfur information and the Site s sulfur concentration, the Site s fuel was likely refined prior to Baker is pleased to be involved with completion of this pilot study project for USACE. Should you have any questions or require clarification of this report, or any other issues related to this project, please do not hesitate to contact me by phone at or by at sfrund@mbakercorp.com. In my absence, please contact Mr. Robert Roselius at or at rroselius@mbakercorp.com. Sincerely, BAKER ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. Susan R. Frund, P.G. Project Manager

6 Baker Environmental, Inc. FIGURES

8 Baker Environmental, Inc. ATTACHMENT A Field Daily Quality Control Reports

15 Baker Environmental, Inc. ATTACHMENT B SB-2 and SB-16/MW-7 Drilling Logs

29 Baker Environmental, Inc. ATTACHMENT C GORE TM Soil Gas Sampling Storage, Installation and Retrieval Guidelines

33 Baker Environmental, Inc. ATTACHMENT D GORE TM Surveys Final Report

57 Baker Environmental, Inc. ATTACHMENT E MW-7 LNAPL Photograph

58 SITE NAME: BAKER ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD Atlas E Missile Site, Windsor, Colorado PHOTOGRAPH 1 VIEW Petroleum Sample MW-7 PHOTOGRAPHS BY Baker Comments: Petroleum sample collected from MW-7 on August 10, PHOTOGRAPH 2 VIEW Petroleum Sample MW-7 After Shaking PHOTOGRAPHS BY Baker Comments: Petroleum sample collected from MW-7 on August 10, 2007 (after shaking).

59 Baker Environmental, Inc. ATTACHMENT F Sulfur Analytical Report

60 8210 Mosley Rd. Houston, TX Telephone Facsimile CORE LABORATORIES BARBARA JO HALL TEST AMERICA LABS 450 WILLIAM PITT WAY PITTSBURGH, PA Sample Number: Sample Date: Date Reported: 8/17/07 Date Received: 8/16/07 Sample ID: MW-7, Windsor,Co,8/10/07 Description: Analytical Report Test Result Units Method Date Analyst Sulfur, Total by X-Ray Fluoresc WT % ASTM D /16/07 ANM Approved By: Pat Gideons Laboratory Supervisor The analytical results, opinions or interpretations contained in this report are based upon information and material supplied by the client for whose exclusive and confidential use this report has been made. The analytical results, opinions or interpretations expressed represent the best judgment of Core Laboratories. Core Laboratories, however, makes no warranty or representation, express or implied, of any type, and expressly disclaims same as to the productivity, proper operations or profitableness of any oil, gas, coal, or other mineral, property, well or sand in connection with which such report is used or relied upon for any reason whatsoever. This report shall not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without the written approval of Core Laboratories. Page 1

62 References AEHS. Soil Sediment & Water. The Influences of Refining on Petroleum Fingerprinting, Part 3. Distillate Fuel Production Practices. January/February Scout, S.A., et al. Marten Law Group. Environmental News. Chemical Fingerprinting of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel What is it? Where did it come from? Who is Responsible? August 23, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines. Mineral Industry Surveys. Diesel Fuel Oils, Petroleum Products Survey No. 42, January Table 6.

Comments provided by Dave Kacheck, CENWO-ED-GG Dated: November 2, 2007

Comments provided by Dave Kacheck, CENWO-ED-GG Dated: November 2, 2007 Baker Environmental, Inc. A Unit of Michael Baker Corporation Airside Business Park 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA 15108 (412)-269-6300 FAX (412) 375-3986 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District