Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi ( )

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1 Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi ( ) istadi@undip.ac.id id

2 Instructor s t Background BEng. (1995): Universitas Diponegoro Meng. (2000): Institut Teknologi Bandung PhD. (2006): Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Specialization: Catalyst Design for Energy Conversion Process Design for Energy Conversion Combustion Engineering Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)

3 Course Syllabus: (Part 2) 1. Hydrocarbons Recovery (Pengambilan Kembali Hidrokarbon) 2. Nitrogen Rejection/Removal (Penghilangang g Nitrogen) ) 3. Trace Component Removal (Penghilangan Komponen lainnya) 4. Natural Gas Liquid Processing and Sulfur Recovery (Pemrosesan Cairan Gas Alam dan Penghilangan Sulfur) 5. Gas Transportation and Storage (Transportasi dan Penyimpanan Gas) 6. Liquified Natural Gas #1 (Gas Alam Cair) 7. Liquified Natural Gas #2 (Gas Alam Cair) 8. Second Assignment 9. Ujian Akhir Semester

4

5 Natural gas processing

6 Natural gas processing

7 Natural Gases Raw natural gas typically consists primarily of methane (CH4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule, containing of: Heavier gaseous hydrocarbons: ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), normal butane (n-c4h10), isobutane (i-c4h10), pentanes and even higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. When processed and purified into finished by-products, all of these are collectively referred to as NGL (Natural Gas Liquids). Acid gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptans such as methanethiol (CH3SH) and ethanethiol (C2H5SH). Oh Other gases: nitrogen (N2) and helium (He). Water: water vapor and liquid water. Liquid hydrocarbons: perhaps some natural gas condensate (also referred to as casinghead gasoline or natural gasoline) and/or crude oil. Mercury: very small amounts of mercury primarily in elemental form, but chlorides and other species are possibly present.

8 Natural Gas Supply Pipeline Capacity Storage Gas Drilling Rates Natural a Phenomena, e i.e. hurricane, etc. Technical Issues Imports

9 Why Liquified? The rationale for liquefying natural gas is simple: at atmospheric pressure, the liquid id density at the normal boiling point of methane is approximately 610 times greater than that of the gas at ambient temperature and pressure. consequently, a given volume of liquid contains over 600 times the heating value as the same volume of ambient gas Liquefaction and transport becomes economically feasible when the size of the reserves justify the capital investment of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant.

10 Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes Currently there are 4 Liquefaction processes available: APCI: designed by Air Products and Chemicals, Incorporation. Cascade: designed by ConocoPhillips. Shell DMR Linde The majority of the liquefaction processes use either APCI or Cascade technology. The other processes, used in a small minority of some liquefaction plants include Shell's DMR technology and the Linde technology. APCI technology is the most used liquefaction process in LNG plants

11 PEAK SHAVING/DEMAND PLANTS AND SATELLITE FACILITIES When underground storage is unavailable, aboveground storage of natural gas as LNG becomes attractive, and utilities use relatively small liquefaction, storage, and regasification plants to meet the demand. Plants that combine all three of these tasks are referred to as peak shaving plants. Any LNG facilities like these, which contain only storage and regasification units, are called satellite facilities.

12 Schematic of peak shaving facility

13 Another Technology? When compressed gas pipelines are impractical or impossible, a limited number of conventional options are open : compression and transport of the gas in specially built ships conversion of the natural gas into a liquid through gas to- liquid (GTL) technology, and liquefaction and shipment of the gas in specially built LNG vessels. Presently, LNG is the most viable option in almost all situations involving stranded reserves, if the gas can be pipelined to a seaport

14 Schematic of a baseload plant combined with transporting, receiving, and regasification facilities

15 Gas Distribution bringing the gas from the field to the customer involves four steps: 1. Gas production, gathering, and processing 2. LNG production, including gas treating, liquefaction, NGL condensate removal, and LNG storage and loading 3. LNG shipping 4. LNG receiving facilities, which include unloading, storage, regasification, and distribution Depending on the specific situation, ti not all plants will have all the processes shown, and some plants may have additional processes.

16 Worldwide LNG exports in 2002

17 Worldwide LNG Import in 2002

18 Price of imported LNG compared with Henry Hub price

19 GAS TREATING BEFORE LIQUEFACTION Production of LNG requires temperatures as low as 258 F ( 161 C), the normal boiling point of methane, Consequently, the allowable impurity levels in a gas to be liquefied are much lower than that of a pipeline-quality lit gas Obviously, gas processed for LNG must have much more aggressive removal of water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide than does gas destined for pipelines

20 LIQUEFACTION CYCLES The two most common methods that have been used in engineering practice to produce low temperatures are: Joule-Thomson expansion and expansion in an engine doing external work

21 JOULE THOMSON O CC CYCLES The Joule-Thomson coefficient is the change in temperature t that t results when a gas is expanded d adiabatically from one constant pressure to another in such a way that no external work is done and no net conversion of internal energy to kinetic energy of mass motion occurs. Thermodynamically, it is an irreversible process that wastes the potential for doing useful work with the pressure drop. However, it is as simple as a valve or orifice and finds wide use in refrigeration cycle

22 The thermodynamic definition of the Joule-Thomson coefficient: Combination of the above relation with the ideal gas law (PV = RT) gives µ= 0, and thus no temperature change occurs when an ideal gas undergoes a Joule-Thomson expansion. For a real gas, the Joule-Thomson coefficient i may be positive (the gas cools upon expansion), negative (the gas warms upon expansion), or zero. The temperature t increase remains constant t because the Joule- Thomson coefficient remains nearly constant over the temperature range considered

23 The behavior of several gases upon expansion from 101 bar (1,470 psia) to 1 bar (14.5 psia)

24 Simple Joule Thomson liquefaction cycle

25 Joule Thomson liquefaction plant

26 EXPANDER CYCLES Joule-Thomson expansion that it was a thermodynamically irreversible ibl process Expansion of high-pressure gas to the lower pressure in a reversible or nearly reversible manner provides two distinct improvements over the Joule-Thomson expansion: First, in the reversible expansion, a large fraction of the work required to compress the gas can be recovered and used elsewhere in the cycle. This property provides an increase in cycle efficiency. Second, the reversible process will result in a much larger cooling

27 Simple closed cycle liquefaction process

28 Open cycle expander plant

29 Peak shaving plant with ih open cycl

30 Schematic of commercial closed cycle PRICO system

31

32 STORAGE OF LNG Discussions of LNG storage facilities are normally divided into two major categories: aboveground and in ground

33 CRYOGENIC ABOVEGROUND STORAGE Three basic types of aboveground storage vessels are in use: Steel Prestressed concrete Hybrid (combinations of steel and concrete)

34 Single containment tank

35 Double containment tank

36 Full containment tank

37 CRYOGENIC IN GROUND STORAGE Three basic types of in ground storage have been used: Conventional concrete or steel tanks in an underground configuration Tanks formed around a frozen-earth cavity Mined caverns

38 Conventional o Tankage age With aboveground tank storage discussed in the previous section, the walls must supply all of the mechanical strength. In ground tanks may use either the surrounding earth to provide mechanical support or an in-pit construction in which the tank is built as a separate unit and the pit provides containment t in case of leakage or rupture. The tanks are unique not only because of their size but also because of the fact that the entire tank, including the domed roof, is buried.

39 Frozen Earth Cavities The cavity is initially cooled by spraying LNG into the vapor space. The roof reaches its steadystate t t temperature t rapidly. Because of the low thermal conductivity of the frozen earth, the surrounding soil may take several years to reach its steady-state temperature. t

40 Mined Caverns In this storage concept, a subterranean cavity is created to hold the LNG, with the cavity walls either in direct contact with the liquid or separated by an insulating wall. Presently, neither of the above techniques has been applied commercially

41 TRANSPORTATION large gas reserves often the only alternative to pipelines is shipping by LNG. Three options are possible for transporting LNG: Truck transport LNG pipelines Marine carriers

42 TRUCK TRANSPORT Cryogenic liquids, including liquid helium, liquid hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, and liquid oxygen, are routinely moved by truck transport. Thus, over-the-road movement of LNG is a relatively simple, straight-forward process that requires no new technology. The major consumers of trucked LNG are vehicle fueling stations and stranded local utilities, those who are not connected to the national network of natural gas pipelines

43 PIPELINES long-distance LNG pipelines Pumping liquid id instead of compressing gas makes the concept seem attractive

44 Marine Transport the evolution of LNG ship design several basic design criteria: 1. The low density of LNG and the requirement for separate water ballast containment require a large hull, with low draft and high freeboard*. 2. The low temperature of LNG requires the use of special and expensive alloys in tank construction. For free-standing tanks, only aluminum or 9% nickel steel are suitable, whereas for membrane tanks, stainless steel or Invar is used. 3. The large thermal cycling possible in the storage tanks demands special supporting arrangements for free standing tanks and membrane flexibility in membrane designs. 4. The hull of the vessel is carbon steel, so good thermal insulation is required between the tanks and the hull. In addition, for membrane tanks, the insulation must be capable of supporting the full weight of the cargo. 5. The cargo handling equipment must be carefully designed to account for thermal expansion and contraction.

45 Application of these principles in the design of LNG carriers resulted in a number of different LNG containment concepts, but today only three systems are in general use, and they may be grouped into two designs: Independent tanks membrane tanks, which use different membrane configurations Presently, all LNG carriers are double-hulled. With two exceptions, they use steam-powered turbines fueled by boil-off natural gas. Movement has begun toward use of duel-fuel diesel engines, with efficiencies of 38 to 40%, compared with steam-powered turbines, with efficiencies of 28%. Diesel engines also have lower NOX emissions

46 Spherical LNG storage tank before installation on carrier hull

47 Ship with three of four storage tanks installed

48

Instructor s t Background

Instructor s t Background Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi ) Email: il iistadi@undip.ac.id di di id Instructor s t Background BEng. (1995): Universitas Diponegoro Meng.

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