Raw material requirements of biorefinery processes Jonas Joelsson Umeå, 9/4 2014

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1 Raw material requirements of biorefinery processes Jonas Joelsson Umeå, 9/4 2014

2 SP Technical Research Ins<tute of Sweden is a leading interna<onal research ins<tute. We work closely with our customers to create value, delivering high- quality input in all parts of the innova<on chain, and thus playing an important part in assis<ng the compe<<veness of industry and its evolu<on towards sustainable development.

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4 Processum organisa<on 21 member companies Processum Intresseförening 40 % 60 % SP Processum AB R&D, projects, programmes and other activities

5 The cluster Forest industries, energy industries, consultants, universices, local administracon,

6 The place, region and outreach We work closely with the local industry and as a partner in national and international projects Our cluster region Our location

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8 Biorefineries feedstock quality requirements Forest Refine hypothesis: Existing forest industry Current supply systems well adapted Feedstock quality requirements well known Emerging biorefineries Current supply systems not adapted Feedstock quality requirements not well known

9 Feedstock quality requirements Method: Contacts with biorefinery stakeholders Ques<onnaire and interviews Literature search

10 General conclusions Industrial- scale emerging biorefineries are lacking There is no complete understanding of the feedstock requirements The biorefinery with mul<ple products is a complex industry within a complex industry sector Each biorefinery is an individual case Feedstock choice is a trade- off feedstock proper<es, price, availability biorefinery configura<on etc. However, some things can s<ll be said more about this later

11 Biorefinery what is that? Experiences from petroleum refining and corn refining Diversifica<on over <me shia from single products e.g. kerosene and starch to op<mum use of each frac<on of the feedstock. Product slate selec<on is a func<on of: market demand feedstock availability, composi<on, and price available processing equipment and capacity opera<ng costs compe<<ve posi<oning government regula<ons Opera<ng flexibility enables shia of outputs over <me on a daily basis for certain petroleum refineries. Process improvement makes the cost of raw material the dominant factor in overall refinery economics.

12 One feedstock one product industry Feedstock (Storage) Process Product

13 Complex biorefinery Feedstock(s) Feedstock prepara<on (Storage) Process A Product A Product B Product C Product D Process B Product E Product F Flexibility products feedstock

14 Roundwood & wood chips Domsjö biorefinery as an example Forest fuel, peat, sawmill residues, etc. Electricity District heat

15 Forest industry flows Saw milling Wood chips Combustion Saw dust Heat & Power Sawn wood products Other Roundwood Pelletizing Wood panel production Wood pellets Chemical pulping Bark Pulping liquors Wood board products Chemical pulp Mechanical pulping Fibre waste Mechanical pulp

16 Various energy and material uses Pelletizing (pulpmill based) Hydrolysis Forest biomass Gasification Pyrolysis Torrefaction Physical Thermochemical Chemical sawing chipping grinding Extraction Sulphate pulping Sulphite pulping Hydrolysis Biochemical Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Torrefaction Sawn wood products Chips Sawdust Mechanical pulp Natural chemicals Black liquor (lignin) Pulp (hemi-/celluloses) Extractives Sulphite liquor (lignin, hemi) Pulp (cellulose) Sugars Lignin Heat CO, H 2, CH 4 Pyrolysis oil, coke Torrefied biomass DME Ethanol Methanol FT-Diesel Methane Butanol Ethen Olefins Plastics Barrier films Thickeners PLA Glue Textiles Glue-lam Carbon fibers Plywood Composites Filters Nutrients Food Fodder Newspapers Catalogues Office paper Brochures Cardboard Sacks Bags Wipes Toilet paper Diapers Furniture Flooring Doors Windows Construction Panels Veneer Fiber board Pallets Boxes District heat Medicines Process steam Anti oxidants Electricity Cosmetics Pellets Firewood

17 General feedstock aspects Low variability is valuable Processes can be adapted to different feedstock proper<es, but proper<es should not vary Contaminants are unwanted Dirt, rocks, metal, Larger- scale industries can accept more problema<c feedstock Dynamic trade- off between price and quality What is the cost op<mal feedstock? Where in the value chain should what be done? Price - Value in the process (quality) +

18 Physical proper<es Moisture content Many thermochemical processes require dry material Drying can oaen be integrated Par<cle size Smaller par<cles increase reac<on rates, but: Small par<cles not as easy to store Comminu<on is costly Properties with respect to storing, feeding and other feedstock handling are important

19 Acceptable ash content varies with applica<on Lignin beneficial for pelle<zing Extrac<ves may be detrimental Sand and dirt cause damage on equipment Pelle<zing Composition Physical properties Other Moisture content ~10% to pelle<zer Max par<cle size typically 4-6 mm, depend on pellet size Small par<cles beneficial for drying Varia<ons in par<cle size and moisture content problema<c Desired proper<es depend on end use applica<on

20 Combus<on Composition Physical properties Other Energy content main Moisture decreases parameter hea<ng value Ash content & But large- scale characteris<cs important technologies not so sensi<ve to moisture Rela<vely insensi<ve to impuri<es content Varies with Par<cle size not combus<on crucial, but affects technology process op<miza<on Metals, salts and large Fines may cause rocks cause problems problems Varia<ons in feed causes feeding problems and emissions Grate boilers more sensi<ve to par<cle size varia<ons than fluidized bed boilers

21 Energy content H/C/O- ra<os should be known S, P and alkali detrimental for cataly<c conversion Ash content and characteris<cs important Gasifica<on Composition Physical properties Other Moisture should typically be below 10-20% Drying could be integrated Par<cle size depends on reactor type Entrained flow <~0.5 mm Fluidized bed <~50mm Low variability important For entrained flow, grindability is important

22 Impuri<es are detrimental High levels of extrac<ves may lower yield Pyrolysis Composition Physical properties Other Moisture should be below 10% Fast pyrolysis requires small par<cles (<~3mm) Drying could be integrated Homogeneity important Varia<ons in feed causes varia<ons in end products

23 Torrefac<on Composition Physical properties Other Energy content Should be dry <~10% Requirements depend Par<cle size not so on intended use cri<cal High share of vola<les lowers yield Fines give dus<ng problems Homogeneity of feed facilitates process op<miza<on, degree of torrefac<on

24 Saccharifica<on (hydrolysis) Composition Physical properties Other Content and Moisture content not composi<on of sugars crucial important Acids and phenols Smaller par<cle size may inhibit generally favorable fermenta<on but also larger can be Extrac<ves may be used problema<c Fine material Impuri<es not big problem for reac<ons problema<c in but damages filtering equipment Par<cle size should be homogenous to control process condi<ons Bark may cause problems, but certain levels probably acceptable

25 Conclusions Cost per unit energy/sugars/etc is the most important factor Other proper<es may add value, for example - Low varia<on Homogeneity Predictability Cleanliness Ease of feeding/handling Storage proper<es Other process- specific parameters Each biorefinery is more or less unique Processes Available feedstock Compe<<on and synergies Value in the process Price +

26 Thank you for your attention! More results on feedstock quality requirements are available at Jonas Joelsson

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28 The Biorefinery Process Engineering Steam, electricity & district heating Ethanol CO2 R & D Cellulose derivatives Ethanol products fuels chemicals Extractives Speciality cellulose Energy Lignosulfonate Biogas

29 Vedråvara Hydrolys & Etanol Extraktivämnen Lignin Socker Cellulosa Hexoser Hemicellulosa Pentoser Aerob fermentering Anaerob fermentering Fermenteringsprodukter Ytterligare processer (bio)kemiska reaktioner Ethanol Methanol Methane Ethylene Acetic acid Acetaldehyde Propandiol Acetone Diethyl ether Propylene Lactic acid Propylene oxide Acrylic acid Malic acid Vinyl acetate N-Butanol Crotonaldehyde Butyraldehyde Butadiene Butandiol Itaconic acid Sorbic acid

30 Nya industrier nya råvarukrav? Relevanta parametrar existerande industri, t.ex.: Massa/papper Trämekanisk industri Fiberlängd Reac<on wood Tjocklek fibervägg Kviststorlek Fibrer/gram Kvistyta Fiberstyvhet Döda kvistar Kärlelement Hartser Veddensitet Densitet Styvhet Styrka Dimensionsstabilitet Hårdhet Utseende Bioenergi Fukthalt Densitet Par<kelstorlek Askhalt Värmevärde Pelleterings- egenskaper Svavelhalt

31 Bioraffinaderi vad är det? Erfarenheter från andra industrier Diversifica<on over <me shia from single products e.g. kerosene and starch to op<mum use of each frac<on of the feedstock. Product slate selec<on is a func<on of: market demand feedstock availability, composi<on, and price available processing equipment and capacity opera<ng costs compe<<ve posi<oning government regula<ons Linear programming algorithms and other sophis<cated analy<cal techniques are used to help op<mize refinery product slates. Opera<ng flexibility enables shia of outputs over <me on a daily basis for certain petroleum refineries.

32 R E F I N I N G