Graduate Student Seminar Symposium, ENGI 9100

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1 Dynamic Mdeling and Simulatin f a Small Wind-Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System Graduate Student Seminar Sympsium, ENGI 9100 December 3, 2003 M. J. Khan, mjakhan@engr.mun.ca Faculty f Engineering & Applied Science Electrical Engineering

2 Outline Need fr Hybrid energy systems Wind-fuel cell system analysis Cmpnents f the prpsed system Layut f the wind-fuel cell system Small wind turbines Fuel cell systems Auxiliary cmpnents Matlab/Simulink mdeling Simulatin results Cnclusins

Need fr Hybrid energy systems Renewable hybrid energy systems are cmbinatins f Wind turbine Slar PV Micr-hydr turbine, Tidal energy, Bigas plant Batteries,

3 Need fr Hybrid energy systems Renewable hybrid energy systems are cmbinatins f Wind turbine Slar PV Micr-hydr turbine, Tidal energy, Bigas plant Batteries, Fuel cells, Ultra-capacitrs etc. Hybrid systems are prmising candidates fr Cleaner perfrmance Remte and Standalne peratin Distributed generatin and grid cnnectivity

clean and reliable slutin Simulatin f a wind-fuel cell system: Mdeling is essential fr design, ptimizatin and

4 Wind-fuel cell system analysis Need fr wind-fuel cell system: Canada has excellent wind energy ptential Energy frm the wind is dependant n wind Hybridizatin wuld minimize fluctuatins Wind-fuel cell system is a suitable, clean and reliable slutin Simulatin f a wind-fuel cell system: Mdeling is essential fr design, ptimizatin and perfrmance analysis Prpsed scheme is mdeled based n physical & empirical equatins Simulatin is dne with Matlab/Simulink TM

5 Cmpnents f the prpsed system Primary pwer: Wind turbine (Suthwest Windpwer s AIR403) Backup pwer: PEM fuel cell (Independence 500 f Avista Lab Ltd.) Hydrgen prductin: Electrlyzer (FPM 20 f Idatech Ltd.) Transient pwer: Ultra-capacitrs Fur 435F, 14V units (BMOD 0117 by Maxwell Technlgies) DC/AC cnversin: Single phase 120V 60Hz inverter (TSi pwer s Inv 48v VDC series)

6 Layut f the scheme Main system specificatins : 500watt, 120V, 60Hz Wind turbine prduces electricity depending n availability f wind Excess pwer is used fr hydrgen prductin by the electrlyzer Hydrgen is kept in the strage tank Any deficit in pwer demand is met by the fuel cell stack Sudden changes in the lad demand is ffset by the ultra-capacitr units The inverter cnverter 48V dc int 120V, 60Hz ac A cntrller cntrls pwer flw t and frm the cmpnents

7 Small wind turbine Suthwest Windpwer s Air 403 specificatins: Rtr Diameter: 1.14 meters Weight: 6 kg Start up wind speed: 3 m/s Vltage: 12, 24 and 48 vlts Output: 400 watts at 12.5 m/s Alternatr: PM Generatr Mdeling: Y(s)/X(s)=0.25/(S S+0.25) X(t), Captured pwer Y(t), Electrical pwer

Several cells are cnnected t frm a stack t deliver sufficient pwer Fuel cells are characterized as: Very lw

8 Fuel cell system basics Basics: A Fuel cell generates electricity by electrchemically reacting hydrgen (H 2 ) and xygen (O 2 ) and prducing water (H 2 O). H 2 +O 2 => H 2 O + Heat A cell cntains an ande, cathde and electrlyte. Several cells are cnnected t frm a stack t deliver sufficient pwer Fuel cells are characterized as: Very lw emitting, Quiet, Highly scalable and Efficient Culd be used in Transprtatin, Distributed & Utility generatin and Prtable systems

PEM fuel cell systems Amng varius types f fuel cells, such as, Alkaline (AFC), Phsphric Acid (PAFC), Mlten Carbnate (MCFC), Slid Oxide (SOFC), Prtn Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are the mst

9 PEM fuel cell systems Amng varius types f fuel cells, such as, Alkaline (AFC), Phsphric Acid (PAFC), Mlten Carbnate (MCFC), Slid Oxide (SOFC), Prtn Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are the mst prmising PEM fuel cells are favred fr lw temperature (~80 C)- lw pressure (~3atm) peratin, high pwer density and gd transient capability A PEM fuel cell system cntains auxiliary cmpnents such as: Fuel prcessr Cmpressr Pumps, Blwer, Cling fans Filters, Sensrs Pwer cnditiner, Cntrller etc.

Fuel cell technlgy challenges and prspects Challenges fr Fuel cell technlgy: Fuel prcessr develpment Hydrgen strage develpment High perfrmance material develpment Increasing

10 Fuel cell technlgy challenges and prspects Challenges fr Fuel cell technlgy: Fuel prcessr develpment Hydrgen strage develpment High perfrmance material develpment Increasing Energy density Cst reductin Prspects: Fuel cell technlgy is expected t revlutinize pwer generatin scenari Wrldwide R&D schemes wuld reduce its cst and increase perfrmance, drastically

PEM fuel cell mdeling The thermdynamic ptential: E=1.229 0.85x10-3 (T - 298.15) + 4.3085x10-5.T. (lnp H2 + 0.5 lnp O2 ) The cncentratin f disslved xygen: c O2 = P O2 /(5.

11 PEM fuel cell mdeling The thermdynamic ptential: E= x10-3 (T ) x10-5.T. (lnp H lnp O2 ) The cncentratin f disslved xygen: c O2 = P O2 /(5.08x10 6 exp(-498/t)) Activatin vltage drp: η act = T T ln (i) +7.4x10-5 T ln (c O2 ) Internal resistance: R int = x 10-5 T + 8x10-5 i Activatin resistance: R a = -η act /i Cell vltage: V = E -v act + η hmic Vltage transients: dv act /dt=i/c v act /R a /C Ohmic vltage lss: η hmic = - i R int Stack vltage: V stack = 65 V cell

12 Auxiliary cmpnents mdeling Electrlyzer: n H2 = n F.n c.i e /(2F) n F = 96.5exp(0.09/i e 75.5/i e 2 ) Ultra-capacitr: One R-C branch with R=16mhms and C=108.75F Inverter: PSB mdel Single phase full bridge inverter fr 120V-60Hz utput Cntrller: PID cntrller as given by : G r (s) = K p (s + T d s 2 + 1/T i )/s O 2 flw cntrller : Kp=2.17, T i =0.5, T d = 0 H 2 flw cntrller : Kp=5.0, T i =0.5, T d =0

13 Matlab/Simulink mdeling Wind turbine Pwer flw cntrller Fuel cell stack Electrlyzer Ultra-capacitr Reactant flw cntrller Inverter

14 Results Distributin f lad demand current amng fuel cell stack and wind turbine DC vltage utput with and withut ultra-capacitr Change in wind speed and wind turbine s pwer utput Reactant pressures within the fuel cell stack

Cnclusins A small 500W wind fuel cell hybrid energy system is prpsed System dynamic mdeling, simulatin and design f cntrller are reprted Transients

15 Cnclusins A small 500W wind fuel cell hybrid energy system is prpsed System dynamic mdeling, simulatin and design f cntrller are reprted Transients fr the 48V system are fund t be between 45V t 53V Transient s duratin is between 1 t 5 secnds Culd be investigated further fr similar hybrid systems

16 Further wrk Cst analysis and sizing Detailed mdeling f wind turbine, electrlyzer, fuel cell peripherals, inverter etc. Cntrller design Studies fr efficiency ptimizatin by cgeneratin mde peratin Implementatin Testing Acknwledgement Dr. T. Iqbal, Faculty f Engineering & Applied Science, MUN Schl f Graduate Studies, MUN & NSERC Faculty f Engineering & Applied Science, MUN

17 References Danish Wind Industry Assciatin: Fuel Cells 2000: Natinal Renewable Energy Labratry: Q & A Thank yu

Center for Energy Research at UNLV. Hydrogen Filling Station and related renewable energy projects

Center for Energy Research at UNLV. Hydrogen Filling Station and related renewable energy projects Hydrgen Filling Statin and related renewable energy prjects Renewable Filling Statin In a jint prject with the U.S. Department f Energy, the Las Vegas Valley Water District, and Prtn Energy Systems, the