Outline. Wind Power Technology. Rapid technology development. Wind turbine technology. Wind turbine market development

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Otline Wind Power Technology Wind trbine technology and market development Energy conversion and control principles Power flctations and balancing John Olav Giæver Tande Senior Research Scientist,

no Grid connection Cost of energy Rapid technology development Wind trbine technology Copy from: NREL/PR--446, October 6 4 Big wind farms are being developed Wind trbine market development Wind

spaced with some - rotor diameters for avoiding significant wake losses The energy consmed for bilding a wind farm (all inclsive) is normally generated by the wind farm within -6 months.

1 Otline Wind Power Technology Wind trbine technology and market development Energy conversion and control principles Power flctations and balancing John Olav Giæver Tande Senior Research Scientist, Norway Grid connection Cost of energy Rapid technology development Wind trbine technology Copy from: NREL/PR--446, October 6 4 Big wind farms are being developed Wind trbine market development Wind trbines are commonly groped together to constitte big wind farms Sizes varies from some ten to hndreds of MW The generation is fed into the electricity grid jst as other generation Wind trbines are spaced with some - rotor diameters for avoiding significant wake losses The energy consmed for bilding a wind farm (all inclsive) is normally generated by the wind farm within -6 months. Barrow 9 MW wind farm. km. km Capacity (MW) Installed wind power Wind projects sales 7: ~ EUR billions Erope US India China Others EWE press release -7:..Wind energy will be a main contribtor to achieving the target for % of the Eropean Union s overall energy spply to come from renewable sorces by,.. By, 8, MW cold be operating... [in Erope] 6

EU target : % renewable energy Norwegian wind energy potential Offshore : GW (?) Today ~ GW On land : GW (?

contribte with hydro for balancing, bt also take active part in an offshore wind development GW offshore wind means investments of abot EUR billions Very good wind conditions both on land (~ h/y)

TWh/y (heat vale) bot TWh/y is in operation (all on land) Developers and indstry are active expecting improved market conditions Projects totaling + TWh/y are in planning Smøla MW wind farm spplies

m/s Wind speed, R MW time time Ein m dt Pindt ir density =. kg/m ( o C,.

2 EU target : % renewable energy Norwegian wind energy potential Offshore : GW (?) Today ~ GW On land : GW (?) Today ~ GW Map: irtricity 8 GW wind ~ TWh/y ~ % of EU el load n offshore SperGrid may provide for connection of offshore wind farms and efficient trans-national exchange of power Norway can contribte with hydro for balancing, bt also take active part in an offshore wind development GW offshore wind means investments of abot EUR billions Very good wind conditions both on land (~ h/y) and offshore (~4 h/y) Tremendos physical potential on land + TWh/year offshore (- m) TWh/y offshore (-6 m) 87 TWh/y offshore (6- m) 97 TWh/y annal el consmption in Norway ~ TWh oil and gas export TWh/y (heat vale) bot TWh/y is in operation (all on land) Developers and indstry are active expecting improved market conditions Projects totaling + TWh/y are in planning Smøla MW wind farm spplies ~,4 TWh/y (corresponding to the consmption of Norwegian hoseholds) Refs: NVE and Enova 7 8 Energy and power in the wind Wind trbine power otpt m/s Wind speed, R m dt P in Power in wind throgh area m/s Wind speed, R MW time time Ein m dt Pindt ir density =. kg/m ( o C,. mbar) Wind speed Mass of air throgh area Energy in wind throgh area 9 time Power, P P C p (, ) pitch angle tip-speed ratio = ωr/ trbine efficiency air density =. kg/m ( o C,. mbar) Example of measred power crve Power control ctive power (MW),, max mean min Cp,,4,4,,,,,,,, Tip-speed ratio Power (% of rated) passive stall pitch / active stall control, P C p (, ) pitch angle tip-speed ratio = R/ trbine efficiency

Kinetic energy: E m dt Pdt Wind trbine technology b Mass: m dt Power throgh area of flow with density (=.

( t )( b ) t ( b ) Max power at: Type B Variable slip Gear box Type D Fll converter (IG/PM/SG) Gear box G BETZ EQUTION dpi 6 b Pi db 7 Control system

8.4 / 9 9 9 9 8 Generator MPSG SCIG DFIG PMSG Siemens. MW SCIG wind trbine Freqency converter Gear ratio Fll scale N N 98 Rotor crrent 4.

3 Kinetic energy: E m dt Pdt Wind trbine technology b Mass: m dt Power throgh area of flow with density (=. kg/m for air) and speed : Po Power from ideal trbine Type Fixed speed Gear box Control system IG Type C Dobly-fed IG Gear box Control ~ system ~ DFIG Pi ( t )( b ) t ( b ) Max power at: Type B Variable slip Gear box Type D Fll converter (IG/PM/SG) Gear box G BETZ EQUTION dpi 6 b Pi db 7 Control system Control system ~ ~ 4 Wind trbine technology Wind trbine technology Type ENERCON E7 SIEMENS VESTS V9 SCNWIND Rated power (MW). /.4. Enercon MW MPSG wind trbine Rotor diameter (m) Rotor speed (rpm) / Generator MPSG SCIG DFIG PMSG Siemens. MW SCIG wind trbine Freqency converter Gear ratio Fll scale N N 98 Rotor crrent 4. Fll scale N 6 Power flctations single wind trbine Power flctations single wind trbine Power (kw).4. Power (p) PSD (nit /Hz) Time (s) Freqency (Hz) 7 8

Power flctations - measred.4 s averages - 4 MW wind farm / MW wind trbine ctive power dirnal variations ctive power (p)...9.8 wind trbine wind farm ctive power (p). wind trbine wind farm.7 4 6 Time (s) -.

4 Power flctations - measred.4 s averages - 4 MW wind farm / MW wind trbine ctive power dirnal variations ctive power (p) wind trbine wind farm ctive power (p). wind trbine wind farm Time (s) -. 6: : 8: : 6: : 8: : 6: 6-8 Nov 4 Measred -minte-mean active power otpt from wind trbine and wind farm. Power flctations from wind trbines are ncorrelated with each other 9 Power flctations (estimate hor data) Power flctations ( hor data) Power (p) five wind farms single wind farm Std of delta wind power (p)..... Estimate Observation std P ) std( P ) / ( N Time (hor) # of sites Correlation coefficient between wind power variations from varios sites depending on distance between sites and of the applied averaging period Integration of large scale offshore wind Correlation coefficient for the variations h average h average h average. h average min average min average 4 6 Distance (km) Ernst B. (999) nalysis of wind power ancillary services characteristics with German MW wind data. NREL report TP EnergiNet.dk 4 4

Real life case balance handling t 8 Janary a strong storm crossed over Denmark The wind farms of western Denmark at first prodced close to rated power, bt then started to ct ot de to the excessive

farm Horns Rev Maximm load Minimm load MW,6,67,74 6,78,46 NO +/- MW DK DK Germany 8/ MW 67/6 MW SE MWh/h 8 Janary 7 7 - Exchange DK -> NO - Balancing power (NO) -7 Windpower DK - 4 6 7 8 9 4 6 7 8 9

5 Real life case balance handling t 8 Janary a strong storm crossed over Denmark The wind farms of western Denmark at first prodced close to rated power, bt then started to ct ot de to the excessive wind speed (+ m/s) the wind prodction were redced from abot MW to MW in a matter of hors Data for DK, west Denmark Central power plants Decentralised CHP nits Decentralised wind trbines Offshore wind farm Horns Rev Maximm load Minimm load MW,6,67,74 6,78,46 NO +/- MW DK DK Germany 8/ MW 67/6 MW SE MWh/h 8 Janary Exchange DK -> NO - Balancing power (NO) -7 Windpower DK Hor Sorce: NORDPOOL The case demonstrates that the existing marked based mechanisms can handle large variations in (wind) generation and demand 6 Wind impact on need for balancing power is small Wind and hydro annal and seasonal variations Normalised annal prodction (%) 4 8 (% of annal) Wind Power Hydro inflow Consmption 6 4 Wind Hydro Copy from: IE Wind Task : Design and operation of power systems with large amonts of wind power - State-of-the-art report (7) % wind energy spply of gross demand in the Nordic power system gives an extra balancing power of.%-4% of the installed wind capacity, corresponding to a cost of abot,8 øre per kwh wind, and abot half if investment in new reserve capacity is not needed. [Holttinen ] Year Week of year Wind and hydro a win-win case: Combining wind and hydro provides for a more stable annal energy spply than hydro alone, and wind generation will generally be higher in the winter period than in the smmer. 7 8 Wind generation impact on power system Modern wind farm control possibilities Wind will replace the generation with the highest operating cost, and redce the average market price of electricity. Redctions in CO emissions will be achieved by wind generation replacing se of fossil fel. NOK/MWh Demand (by) System price Volme Spply (sale) MWh Power Power vailable power Set-point power Time vailable power Reserve power Reactive power Power droop Freqency droop Copy from: Kostnader ved prodksjon av kraft og varme, NVE 7 Time Voltage 9

6 Grid connection of wind power plants Big modern wind farms complying with grid codes are power plants, and grid connection is mainly as for any other generator (standard wind trbines cannot be the only generators in a grid) Grid reinforcements may be needed for handling larger power flows and maintaining a stable voltage, and is commonly needed if new generation is installed in weak grids far from load centers. This is tre for any generation technology, be it e.g. a nclear power plant or a modern wind farm Given the same location the cost of connection is the same per MW, bt may differ per MWh depending on the nmber of fll load hors of the generation technology Grid reinforcements shold in general be held p against the option of crtailing generation or altering system operation, and these latter options may in some cases be cost efficient. System reqirements for wind farms Statnett FIKS (8) Operation at varying grid freqency (47.- Hz) Operation at varying grid voltage (.9-. p) Control of power otpt (remote control of maximm prodction, normally not participating in freqency control) Reactive power capability cos =.9 (ind./cap.) Participate in voltage control (set-point and droop) Falt ride-throgh capabilities: U>kV: voltage at PCC to. p for ms,.9 p at 7 ms U<KV: voltage at PCC to. p for 4 ms,.8 p at 6 ms Verification of characteristic properties Qantification of characteristics - IEC 64- Wind trbine data (Rated data) Flicker (Continos operation, Switching operations) Harmonics, Interharmonics and Crrent Distortions (<9 khz) Response to voltage dips ctive Power Characteristics (maximm otpt, ramp rate limitation and set-point control) Reactive Power Characteristics (reactive power capabilities and setpoint control) Grid Protection (tripping levels of over/nder voltage magnitde and freqency) Reconnection time Energy otpt calclations Distribtion (%) Power (kw) f() P() Time (hor) E k876 P( ) f ( ) d Site parameter (availability, wake, etc.) Capacity factor = E/(876P n ) Fll load hors = E/P n Time (hor) The statistical distribtion is determined from measred time-series of wind speed ( min averages over one year) Weibll distribtion with shape k and scale can normally well approximate the measrements k k k f ( ) e x Pr( x) f d e ( ) k k avg f ( ) d k e d k Distribtion (%) k avg k = gives a Raileigh distribtion: 4 ( ) f e avg avg 4 avg Pr( x) e Wind speed distribtion The wind speed distribtion shall be the expected annal average distribtion of -minte-mean wind speed at a specified location and height (h) above grond level (agl) The wind speed distribtion can be given as a table (. m/s bins), or fitted to a Weibl (, k) or Rayleigh ( a ) distribtion Extrapolation to hb-height (h h ) of wind trbines shall be prepared sing specified assmptions; for simplified assessment assming or a to scale according to a logarithmic profile for a specified terrain roghness length (z ): h ln( hh z) ln( h z ) h 6 6

Site parameters k ir density Wake & terrain effects site factor Technical availability (wind trbines & grid) Internal wind farm grid losses Icing, dirt, rain performance factor Power system

7 Site parameters k ir density Wake & terrain effects site factor Technical availability (wind trbines & grid) Internal wind farm grid losses Icing, dirt, rain performance factor Power system constraints - tilization factor ref IE Recommend Practices, Estimation of cost of energy from wind energy conversion systems : Cost.pdf ref: Risø-i Fll load hors (h/year) 6 Cost of energy E k876 P( ) f ( ) d Site parameter (availability, wake, etc.) Capacity factor = E/(876P n ) Fll load hors = E/P n I LPC OM ae n ( r) a r Levelised prodction cost (NOK/kWh) Investment (NOK) Operation and maintenance cost (NOK/KWh) nnal energy otpt (kwh) Lifetime (years) Discont rate nnity factor 9 4 Cost of energy from wind farms (onshore) Cost of energy from onshore wind farm (example) Steady cost redction since 98 ( % LR) % price increase from 4 to 6 I LPC OM ae n ( r) a r Base assmptions: NOK/kWh Investment:,4 MNOK/MW, O&M:, verage wind speed, NOK/kWh,8 Energy otpt Lifetime Investment (average wind speed,6 O&M = 7,4 m/s, FLH),4 Discont rate (7 %), Discont rate Lifetime ( years),,4,6,8,,,4,6 Parameter variation factor EUR ~ 8 NOK 4 4 7

Cost of energy from offshore wind farms (example) Reasons for cost increase Base assmptions: Investment: 4 MNOK/MW O&M:,6 NOK/kWh Energy otpt (average wind speed = 8,9 m/s, 4 FLH) Discont rate (7 %)

Better nderstanding of risk (higher risk aversion) Contingencies (past contingencies have proven insfficient) Higher profit margins (profit is necessary for the contined growth of the indstry)

8 Cost of energy from offshore wind farms (example) Reasons for cost increase Base assmptions: Investment: 4 MNOK/MW O&M:,6 NOK/kWh Energy otpt (average wind speed = 8,9 m/s, 4 FLH) Discont rate (7 %) Lifetime ( years) NOK/kWh,4,,,8,6,4, O&M Investment verage wind speed Discont rate Lifetime,,4,6,8,,,4,6 Parameter variation factor Sellers market; both for wind trbine manfactrers and sb-sppliers Better nderstanding of risk (higher risk aversion) Contingencies (past contingencies have proven insfficient) Higher profit margins (profit is necessary for the contined growth of the indstry) Increase in cost of raw materials Increase in cost of labor 4 44 Possibilities for cost redctions Norway is developing offshore wind technology OWEC Tower ker Soltions HyWind SWY Market balance; both for wind trbine manfactrers and sb-sppliers Increase volme of manfactrers and sppliers Balanced view on risk and contingencies Competitive profit margins Cost of raw materials? Cost of labor? R&D and development of technology Large potential for offshore cost redctions Learning crve! ScanWind P ChapDrive SmartMotor WindSea M G 4 46 Offshore wind technology needs to be developed Technology mst be developed for improved reliability and redced cost The whole vale chain can be improved: Design Manfactring Installation Grid connection and system integration Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Technical isses can be solved R&D mst be go in parallel with test, demonstration and large scale implementation Cost of offshore wind energy ~ NOK/KWh Seller s market R&D Goal: Cost redction EUR ~ 8 NOK Ronding p The wind sector has gone throgh a remarkable development now offering technology for large scale generation of power Strong drive in Erope to increase wind generation (EU) Wind variations mst be balanced by other generation, bt cost is modest wind and hydro fits nicely together Wind generation replacing coal or gas fired power stations redces CO emissions, and is an effective means to battle climate change Grid connection is an isse especially for wind farms installed at remote locations far from load centres Cost of installing wind farms has increased sellers market Big potential for cost redctions and developing offshore technology

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