What is the impact of biorefining of green and yellow biomass in Denmark?

Transcription

1 Faculty of Science Department of Food and Resource Economics Department of Agroecology What is the impact of biorefining of green and yellow biomass in Denmark? Key messages on sustainability and socioeconomics of the green and yellow biomass value chains from the SeSE-group. By Morten Gylling and Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen (KU-IFRO) Tommy Dalgaard, Ranjan Parajuli and Marie Trydeman Knudsen (AU-AGRO) Andrea Corona, Morten Birkved and Michael Hauschild (DTU) BIOVALUE annual meeting, September 11, 2017

2 BIOBASED VALUE CHAINS Colours Flavors Medicin Other chemicals High-value components Oil Harvest Pretreat. Storage Transport Bio-refinery C 6 C 5 Syngas Fibres Fuels Chemicals Materials Lignin Soil conditioner Fertiliser Rest Food F Feed Residual Reactor Biogas Syngas

3 10/10/ Environmental impacts of yellow and green biomass production By Tommy Dalgaard, Aarhus University, Dept. Agroecology BioValue Annual Meeting, ARLA Foods Head Office, Sønderhøj 14, 8260 Viby J, Aarhus September 11, 2017

4 10/10/ Key Messages Primary biomass production matters in the big picture Large differences between yellow and green biomass types Soil carbon effects important The fossil energy balance vary a lot Significant environmental synergies with green biomass production

5 Environmental impacts of biomass production matters 10/10/ Source: Parajuli, Knudsen, Birkved, Djomo, Corona & Dalgaard (2017) Science of Total Environ 598.

6 Per t DM Large differences between biomasses 10/10/ Environmental Impact Categories

7 10/10/ Studies of yellow vs. green biomass production Parajuli, Knudsen and Dalgaard (2015) Multi-criteria assessment of yellow, green, and woody biomasses: prescreening of potential biomasses as feedstocks for biorefineries. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 9, Parajuli, Kristensen, Knudsen, Mogensen et al. (2016) Environmental life cycle assessments of producing maize, grassclover, grass and winter wheat straw for biorefinery. Journ of Cleaner Production 142:4. Parajuli, Knudsen, Djomo, Corona, Birkved and Dalgaard (2017) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of willow, alfalfa and straw from spring barley as feedstocks for bioenergy and biorefinery systems. Science of the Total Environment 586 (2017) Parajuli R, Sperling K and Dalgaard T (2015) Environmental performances of Miscanthus as a fuel alternative for district heat production. Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 72

8 CO 2 eq/ t DM Important Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) effects 10/10/2017 8

9 MJ/ t DM The fossil energy balance vary a lot 10/10/2017 9

10 10/10/ Change from yellow to green biomass production - from winter wheat grain+straw to grass on loamy soils Crop Fertilisation (kg N/ha) Change in DM yield (t/ha) Change in leaching (kg N/ha) Change in GHG emission (t CO2-eq/ha) Grass-clover Ryegrass After: Olesen et al. (2016), Dalgaard et al. (2016), Hermansen et al. (2017)

11 10/10/ Examples on integrated studies Parajuli, Knudsen, Birkved, Djomo, Corona and Dalgaard (2017) Environmental impacts of producing bioethanol and biobased lactic acid from standalone and integrated biorefineries using a consequential and an attributional life cycle assessment approach. Science of the Total Environment 598 (2017) Cong, Termansen, Jensen, Dalgaard et al. (2017) The macro socioeconomic effects of transition to a sustainable agriculture: a case of Green Bio-Refineries. Land Use Policy (in press). Larsen, Bentsen, Dalgaard, Jørgensen, Olesen and Felby (2017) Possibilities for Near-term Bioenergy Production and GHG- Mitigation through Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture and Forestry in Denmark. Environmental Research Letters (submitted) Parajuli, Dalgaard and Birkved (2017) Can farmers mitigate environmental impacts through combined production of food, fuel and feed? - a consequential life cycle assessment of integrated mixed crop-livestock system with a green biorefinery. Science of the Total Environment (submitted). Parajuli, Dalgaard,.. Birkved, Jørgensen, Gylling & Schjørring (2015) Biorefining in the prevailing energy and materials crisis: a review of sustainable pathways for biorefinery value chains and sustainability assessment methodologies. Renew and Sust Energy Reviews 43:

12 The SeSe platform 10/10/

13 A Strategic Platform for Innovation and Research on Value-added products from Biomass (BioValue SPIR) LCA work within the SeSe platform: status & future work Andrea Corona Morten Birkved

14 Sustainability of the green biorefinery value chain EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv EI tot = Total environmental impacts EI agr = Agricultural environmental impacts EI gbr = Biorefinery environmental impacts EI conv = Conventional/replaced products environmental impacts BioValue Annual Assembly

15 Environmental screening of potential biomass for green biorefinery conversion EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv EI tot = Total environmental impacts EI agr = Agricultural environmental impacts EI gbr = Biorefinery environmental impacts EI conv = Conventional/replaced products environmental impacts BioValue Annual Assembly

16 EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv Environmental screening of potential biomass for green biorefinery conversion How the biomass feedstock affects the GBR s environmental performance? Biomass tested, (from agricultural LCA): Alfalfa Grass-clover Ryegrass Festulolium BioValue Annual Assembly

17 EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv Environmental screening of potential biomass for green biorefinery conversion Process Flowsheet Simulation (PFS) Small scale GBR: o Pulp Feed o Juice Protein feed (Animal) PFS quantifies for each feedstock: o Products yield o Energy/material consumption Input to the PFS based on the feedstocks biochemical composition BioValue Annual Assembly

18 PFS results: Sankey Diagram GBR (alfalfa) EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv Environmental screening of potential biomass for green biorefinery conversion Results: Climate change impact conversion of 1tonDM of biomass Agricultural stage carries most of the impacts across all ICs (50%- 90%) Similar credits from protein and press-pulp despite different yield BioValue Annual Assembly

19 Techno-environmental analysis of Green Biorefineries EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv EI tot = Total environmental impacts EI agr = Agricultural environmental impacts EI gbr = Biorefinery environmental impacts EI conv = Conventional/replaced products environmental impacts BioValue Annual Assembly

20 ALFALFA EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv Techno-environmental analysis of Green Biorefineries PRESSING 1 SILAGE FEED RUMINANT FEED Evaluation of: PRESSING PULP COMPOSITE 2 INSULATION MAT 1. Different product from press-pulp JUICE LYSINE/ FERMENT CONV LYSINE 2. Different process configuration THERMAL BIOLOGICAL SEPARATION 1 SEPARATION 2 LIQUID AD BIOGAS NATURAL GAS SOLID DRYING ANIMAL PROTEIN SOYMEAL DRYING HUMAN PROTEIN SOYMILK Process Baseline Alternative Pros Cons Pressing 1 Step 2Step Protein in juice Energy protein in pulp Coag Thermal Biological Temperature Efficiency Feedstock Products Separation Centrif Membrane+ Platform Credits Centrif High-quality protein energy input BioValue Annual Assembly

21 ALFALFA EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv Techno-environmental analysis of Green Biorefineries PRESSING 1 SILAGE FEED RUMINANT FEED Evaluation of: THERMAL PRESSING PULP COMPOSITE 2 JUICE BIOLOGICAL LYSINE/ FERMENT INSULATION MAT CONV LYSINE Different product from press-pulp Press-pulp Carbohydrates LIQUID AD SEPARATION 1 SOLID DRYING SEPARATION 2 DRYING Different utilization strategies: 1. Ruminant feed (silage) 2. Insulation fibres (composite) 3. Fermentation feedstock (Lysine) BIOGAS ANIMAL PROTEIN HUMAN PROTEIN Feedstock Products NATURAL GAS SOYMEAL SOYMILK Platform Credits BioValue Annual Assembly

22 EI tot = EI agr + EI GBR EI conv Techno-environmental analysis of Green Biorefineries Savings ICs depending on the substituted product Agricultural or Non-Agricultural Silage Agricultural ALO, EP Composite Non-Agric+Energy intensive GWP, NRE Lysine Agric+Energy intensive EP, GWP BioValue Annual Assembly

23 FURTHER WORK IN THE PIPELINE BioValue Annual Assembly

24 Yellow Biorefinery Enzyme C6 Sugar stream Sugar conc (optional) C6 sugar Fermentation Separation Lysine Wheat Straw Preprocessing HTP Hydrolysis Separation CELLULOSE Lignin stream HTL Resin Prepraration Binder LIGNIN Drying CHP Energy C5 Sugar stream Detox C6 conversion Separation Xylose HEMICELLULOSE Gluconic Acid What is the reduction of environmental burden by using 2 nd generation sugars compared to 1 st generation? What are the benefits connected to lignin utilization? What are the benefits connected to hemicellulose utilization? BioValue Annual Assembly

25 Economic value chain for Green Biorefining Jørgen Dejgård Jensen & Morten Gylling

26 10/10/ Value-added in Green Biorefinery value chain Pulp transport Pulp feed value Brown juice transport Biogas, net Field Grass transport Pre-treat Pressing Coagulation Separation Drying/ storing DKK/t DM DKK/kg pure protein DKK/kg pure protein

27 Economic model analysis: increased protein feed self-sufficiency Effects of 5 percentage point increase in protein self-sufficiency via Green Biorefinery on allocation of agricultural land and domestic livestock production the price of biomass and protein feed the agricultural profitability at the sector level and on different farm types agricultural employment Using Biorefinery 1

28 Type Distribution on farm types Protein self-sufficiency +5% Biomass area pr. farm (ha) Share of biomass area D profit, DKK/ha Small conv. crop full time farm, clay 19 5% +945 Large conv. crop full time farm, clay 54 8% +993 Small conv. crop full time farm, sand 21 3% Large conv. crop full time farm, sand 62 8% Conventional cattle full time farm 19 20% -749 Small conv. pig (+other) full time farm 14 13% Large conv. pig (+other) full time farm 53 16% Conventional part time farm 6 26%

29 Sector-economic impacts Baseline +5% Average price of protein feed index Biomass area 1000 ha Trad. cash crop area 1000 ha 1,701 1,368 Roughage area 1000 ha Total area grown 1000 ha 2,330 2,439 Dairy cows 1000 hds Produced finisher pigs 1000 hds 29,782 39,578 Gross factor income Mill. DKK 22,291 20,849 Sector employment 1000 * full-time eq. 39,776 39,700 1

30 10/10/ Issues Primary production constitutes the main cost component in green protein (about 50%) Year-to-year variation in the primary production cost Transportation is another major cost item (about 25%) Refining processes constitute the remaining about 25% of the cost The organic green protein value chain appears to be closer to being competitive than the conventional

31 Department of Food and Resource Economics Questions? The SeSE group Gylling et al., 2016